Bu çalışma CAM Amerikan otolojik Derneği bir hibe ve KNA ve CAM Üniversitesi Hastaneleri Case Tıp Merkezi&#39;nde bir hibe ile desteklenmiştir. Biz Focus Medical Group, Inc (Hinckley, OH) Jeff Churney mikroskop kamera ile sunduğunuz için teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Video prodüksiyon hizmetleri hazırlanması sırasında video CWRU Jonathan Frankel ve Alex Levitt yorum yaptıkları için teşekkür ediyorum Fusion Yaratıcı Pazarlama A.Ş. (Valdosta, GA) nezaket sağladı.

Bölüm 1: Anestezi ve cerrahi girişim hazırlığı <ol><li> Bir yetişkin, kadın Duncan-Hartley kobay Charles River Laboratuvarları, Inc (Wilmington, MA) ile anestezi ketamin 60 mg / kg ve xylazine 12 mg / kg intramusküler. </li><li> Petrol yağ kurutma nedeniyle kornea yaralanması hayvan korumak için gözlerine uygulanır. </li><li> Hayvan, omuzları, başın üst ve kulakları arasındaki traş. </li><li> Traş alanı% 7.5,% 70 oranında etil alkol povidon-iyot ile ilk steril bir moda prepped. </li><li> Hayvan ısınma battaniye ile bir işletim masaya, baş ve boyun şişiriyor yücelten bir platform üzerine yerleştirilir. Hayvanın baş cerrah uzak yönetti. Boyun Yeterli fleksiyon oksipital çıkıntı yeterince açığa çıkarmak için gereklidir. </li><li> Hayvan steril bir moda dökümlü. </li></ol> Bölüm 2: İnsizyon ve kemik oksiput maruz kalma <ol><li> % 0.25 bupivakain epinefrin (Marcaine) prospektif kesi yeri (oksiput boyunca orta hat dorsal cilt insizyonu) boyunca uygulanır. Bu, yerel vazokonstriksiyon kanama sınırlayıcı neden olur, ve hayvan uyanır sonra süren post-operatif analjezi sağlar. </li><li> Oksiput boyunca kafa derisi üzerinde orta hat dorsal cilt insizyonu yapılır. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1728/1728fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1: Cilt insizyonu, yukarıda gösterildiği gibi dorsal orta hat boyunca yapılır. </li><li> Yeterli maruz kazanmak için, cilt insizyonun her iki tarafında küçük bir kavisli hemostat koyarak laterale retrakte. </li><li> Kemik oksiput maruz boyun kası boyunca yatay bir kesi yapılır. Bu aşamada hayvan, büyük oksipital sinir kesisi nedeniyle yeterli anestezi rağmen seğirme olabilir. Spinal kord transeksiyonu suboksipital bölgeye yatay kesi ile bir tehlikedir. Bu komplikasyon, altta yatan kemik, her zaman neşter bıçak altına hissedilir sağlanarak önlenebilir. </li><li> Suboksipital kas ile kemik kazıma, üçüncü hemostat üstün kas kenarına geri çekmek için kullanılır. Bu hemostat cerrahi asistan tarafından yerinde tutulur. </li><li> Bir Lempert periosteal asansör temporo-oksipital dikiş ortaya çıkarmak için kullanılır. </li></ol> Bölüm 3: temporo-oksipital dikiş Delme <ol><li> Temporo-oksipital dikiş (Şekil 2), 1.5 mm elmas tur ile bir otolojik matkap maruz kalması üzerine dikiş inferio-yanal delmek için kullanılır. </li><li> Kafatasının dış tablo Aşağıda, diploe süngerimsi doku (kafatasının tablolar arasında müdahale süngerimsi kemik) görünür hale gelecektir. Diploe uzakta delinmiş edildikten sonra, kafatasının iç tablo sigmoid sinüs bir soluk mavi renk ile birlikte görünür. </li><li> Sigmoid sinüs marjları gemi nüfuz olmadan tanımlanmıştır. </li><li> Sigmoid sinüs üzerinde kemik yeterince inceltilmiş edildikten sonra, yüksek büyütmede kullanılan ve düz bir seçim dikkatle sigmoid sinüs üzerinde kemik kaldırmak için kullanılır. </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1728/1728fig2.jpg" alt="Şekil 2" /> Şekil 2 kısmen delinmiş alan temporo-oksipital dikiş üzerler. Bölüm 4: Kanal tıkanması <ol><li> Iskeletize sigmoid sinüs operculum&#39;un ortaya mediale retrakte. </li><li> A 0.5 mm lik elmas tur operculum&#39;un medial ve endolenfatik kese ve kanal içine delmek için kullanılır. </li><li> Endolenfatik kanal, daha sonra düz bir seçim kullanarak kemik balmumu ile doludur. </li><li> Kafatası defekti Gelfoam (Pfizer, New York, NY) ile takviye edilmiştir. </li><li> 4-0 POLYSORB (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Cerrahi, Norwalk, CT) dikiş kas bir araya getirmek için kullanılır. Sonra cilt insizyonu kapatılması için bir subkutan sütür tekniği ile sorunsuz bir geçiş vardır. Bu kapatılması sonrasında sütür kaldırmak için gerek yoktur ve hayvan yerinde pençe ve dikiş çekin riski yoktur. </li></ol> Bölüm 5: Post-Operatif Bakım Kobay vücut sıcaklığını korumak için bir kuluçka makinesi koymak ve uyanık ve bir sternal konumunu korumak kadar en az 30 dakikalık aralıklarla kontrol edilir. Hayvan, solunum hızı ve vücut rengi için denetlenir. Bu merkez, sırasıyla enrofloxacin (22,7 mg / ml subkutan 0,2 ml) ve buprenorfin (subkutan 0.3mg/mL 0.05 ml), post-operatif enfeksiyon profilaksisi ve ağrı kontrolü için kullanır. Analjezik kez ameliyat günü ve post-operatif bir ve iki gün iki kez verilir. Antibiyotik aseptik su için gerekli olmamasına rağmenrgery, profilaktik antibiyotik beş günlük, iki kez günlük kurs post-operatif üç gün givenonce olabilir. Komplikasyonlar ve Yönetim <ol><li> Solunum depresyonu cerrah her zaman hayvan s solunum farkında olmalıdır. Solunum yavaşlar ya da durursa, cerrahi durdurma ve görsel torasik hareket olup olmadığını kontrol edin. Hayvan, solunum güçlüğü yaşıyor veya nefes almada zorluk ise, ağız ve solunum yolu tıkalı olmadığını kontrol edin. </li><li> Kanama kadar emme ucu ile birlikte sigmoid sinüs penetrasyon Kullanım Gelfoam ve sıkıştırma durdurulur. </li><li> Dural penetrasyon Gelfoam kusur örtün. </li><li> Vestibüler hasar sigmoid sinüs lateral fazla 1 mm matkap etmeyin. Posteriyor semisirküler kanal, kobay için tüm verileri geçersiz kılacak yaralandı risklerin yapmak. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Andrews, J. C., Bohmer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+surgical+approach+to+the+endolymphatic+sac+and+the+cochlear+aqueduct+in+the+guinea+pig.">The surgical approach to the endolymphatic sac and the cochlear aqueduct in the guinea pig.</a> Am J Otolaryngol. 10, 61-66 (1989).</li><li>Kimura, R., Schuknecht, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membranous+hydrops+in+the+inner+ear+of+the+guinea+pig+after+obliteration+of+the+endolymphatic+sac.">Membranous hydrops in the inner ear of the guinea pig after obliteration of the endolymphatic sac.</a> Pract Otolaryngol. , (1965).</li></ol>

Case Western Reserve Üniversitesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Kurulu tarafından belirlenen kurallara ve yönetmeliklere uygun olarak hayvanlar üzerinde deneyler yapıldı.

Endolenfatik kanal cerrahi tıkanıklığı takip eden hafta içinde, hayvan konusu işitsel uyarılmış beyin sapı cevabı ile ölçülen gibi dalgalanan sensorinöral işitme kaybı yaşar. Işitsel beyin sapı cevabı (ABR) kayıt örneği Şekil 3&#39;te gösterilmiştir. Sol kulak unoperated bir kontrol olarak hizmet vermektedir. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1728/1728fig4.jpg"><img border="0" src="/files/ftp_upload/1728/1728fig3tmb.jpg" alt="Şekil 3" /></a> Şekil 3:</stro...

surgical induction of endolymphatic hydrops by obliteration of the endolymphatic duct

Obliterasyonu ve endolenfatik kanal tıkanıklığı tarafından kobay endolenfatik hidrops Cerrahi indüksiyon (ELH) durumu ve insan Meniere hastalığı için önemli bir korelasyon iyi kabul hayvan modeli. 1965 yılında, Robert Kimura ve Harold Schuknecht ilk intradural endolenfatik kanal tıkanıklığı için bir yaklaşım (Kimura 1965) nitelendirdi. Etkili olmasına rağmen, beyin koruyucu kaplama penetrasyon gerektiren bu tekniği, hayvan kişilerde istenmeyen bir düzeyde morbidite ve mortalite kaydedilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, Andrews ve Böhmer, tahmin edilebileceği gibi, merkezi sinir sistemi (MSS) penetrasyon (Andrews ve Böhmer 1989) ile ilişkili komplikasyonları daha az üreten bir ekstradural yaklaşım geliştirdi Ekstradural yaklaşım burada açıklanan ilk alttaki kas tabakasının maruz oksiput bölgede orta hat kesi gerektirir. Biz sadece sağ tarafında çalışır. Örten doku uygun retraksiyon sonra, sağ temporo-oksipital dikiş hattı ortaya çıkarmak için doğru oksiput kas içine yatay bir kesi yapılır. Sigmoid sinüs görünür hale gelene kadar kemik inferio-lateral hemen sonra dikiş hattı (Şekil 1) otolojik bir matkap ile delinir. Endolenfatik kese evler endolenfatik kanal, sigmoid sinüs medial retraksiyonu operculum&#39;un ortaya koymaktadır. Endolenfatik kese alana operculum&#39;un medial Delme endolenfatik kanal tıkanıklığı ve sonuçta ELH üretmek için kemik balmumu ile doludur ortaya koymaktadır. Bunu izleyen haftalarda, hayvan, ilerici, dalgalı işitme kaybı ve histolojik kanıt ELH gösterecektir.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Induction of Endolymphatic Hydrops by Obliteration of the Endolymphatic Duct at JoVE.com

Surgical Induction of Endolymphatic Hydrops by Obliteration of the Endolymphatic Duct

Bu video cerrahi endolenfatik hidrops üretmek için kobay endolenfatik kanal nasıl engel gösterir.

Endolenfatik Kanal obliterasyonu endolenfatik hidrops Cerrahi İndüksiyon

Surgical induction of endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) in the guinea pig by obliteration and obstruction of the endolymphatic duct is a well-accepted animal ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.3K Görüntüleme.  Case Western Reserve University. Bu video cerrahi endolenfatik hidrops üretmek için kobay endolenfatik kanal nasıl engel gösterir.

Video: Surgical Induction of Endolymphatic Hydrops by Obliteration of the Endolymphatic Duct

Imaging Effector Memory T cells in the Ear After Induction of Adoptive DTH

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an immune reaction in which the main players are CCR7- effector / memory T lymphocytes. Here, we demonstrate a method for inducing and recording the progress of a DTH reaction in the rat ear. This is followed by a demonstration of the preparation of rat ear tissue for two-photon imaging of the CCR7- effector / memory T cell response.
An adoptive DTH is induced by the intraperitoneal injection of GFP-labeled Ova-specific CCR7- effector / memory T cell line (Beeton, C J. Visualized Experiments, Issue 8). Cells are then allowed to equilibrate in the rat for 48 hours before challenge by injecting one ear with saline (control ear) and the other with a 1:1 mix of Ova and Ova conjugated to Texas-Red (Ova-TR) to allow visualization of resident antigen-presenting cells.
We describe a method of tissue preparation useful for imaging the motility of cells within the deep dermal layer during an immune response, in conjunction with visualization of collagen fibers by second harmonic generation. Ear tissue is cut into 5 x 5 mm squares (slightly larger is better) and mounted onto plastic cover slips using Vetbond&trade;, which are then secured using silicone grease in an imaging chamber and superfused by oxygen-bubbled tissue culture medium at 37&deg;C.

Here we demonstrate a method for inducing and recording the progress of a delayed type-hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in the rat ear. This is followed by a demonstration of the preparation of rat ear tissue for two-photon imaging of the effector / memory T cell response.

Kabul edilmiş DTH indüksiyonu sonra Kulak Görüntüleme Efektör Bellek T hücreleri

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an immune reaction in which the main players are CCR7- effector / memory T lymphocytes. Here, we demonstrate a ...

Biyoloji

Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying the formation and initial patterning of the nervous system. This video demonstrates how to graft organizer tissue into a host, a method by which Hensen s node (the organizer in the chick embryo) is grafted to a host competent ectoderm. The organizer graft instructs overlying na ve tissue to adopt a neural fate via neural inducing signals. This mechanism is referred to as neural induction, and constitutes the initial step in the formation of brain and spinal cord in amniotes. This method is essentially used for the characterization of putative neural inducing molecules in chick. This video demonstrates the different steps in the assay for neural induction; First, the donnor embryo is explanted and pinned on a dish. Then, the host embryo is prepared for New culture. The graft is excised and transplanted to the host area pellucida margin. The host is cultured for 18-22 hrs. The assembly is fixed and processed for further applications (e.g. in situ hybridization). This method was originally devised by Waddington 1,2 and Gallera 3,4.

Neural induction is the first step in the formation of the brain. It is a mechanism by which Hensen's node (organizer), instructs adjacent tissue to adopt a neural fate, i.e. to give rise to the nervous system. This video demonstrates an assay for neural induction in chick embryo.

Civciv Embriyo Sinir İndüksiyon için Testi

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Microsurgical Clip Obliteration of Middle Cerebral Aneurysm Using Intraoperative Flow Assessment

Cerebral aneurysms are abnormal widening or ballooning of a localized segment of an intracranial blood vessel.  Surgical clipping is an important treatment for aneurysms which attempts to exclude blood from flowing into the aneurysmal segment of the vessel while preserving blood flow in a normal fashion.  Improper clip placement may result in residual aneurysm with the potential for subsequent aneurysm rupture or partial or full occlusion of distal arteries resulting in cerebral infarction.  Here we describe the use of an ultrasonic flow probe to provide quantitative evaluation of arterial flow before and after microsurgical clip placement at the base of a middle cerebral artery aneurysm.  This information helps ensure adequate aneurysm reconstruction with preservation of normal distal blood flow.

Description of the surgical obliteration of a cerebral aneurysm utilizing an ultrasonic flow probe to assess arterial flow prior to and after aneurysm clip placement.

İntraoperatif Akış Değerlendirme Orta Serebral Anevrizma Mikrocerrahi Klip obliterasyonu

Cerebral aneurysms are abnormal widening or ballooning of a localized segment of an intracranial blood vessel.  Surgical clipping is an important ...

Isolation of Basal Cells and Submucosal Gland Duct Cells from Mouse Trachea

The large airways are directly in contact with the environment and therefore susceptible to injury from toxins and infectious agents that we breath in 1. The large airways therefore require an efficient repair mechanism to protect our bodies. This repair process occurs from stem cells in the airways and isolating these stem cells from the airways is important for understanding the mechanisms of repair and regeneration. It is also important for understanding abnormal repair that can lead to airway diseases 2. The goal of this method is to isolate a novel stem cell population from the mouse tracheal submucosal gland ducts and to place these cells in in vitro and in vivo model systems to identify the mechanisms of repair and regeneration of the submucosal glands 3. This production shows methods that can be used to isolate and assay the duct and basal stem cells from the large airways 3.This will allow us to study diseases of the airway, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Currently, there are no methods for isolation of submucosal gland duct cells and there are no in vivo models to study the regeneration of submucosal glands.

Here we demonstrate our protocol for isolation of basal and submucosal gland duct cells from mouse tracheas. We also demonstrate the method of injecting stem cells into the dorsal mouse fat pad to create an in vivo model of submucosal gland regeneration.

Fare Trakea gelen Bazal Hücre ve Submukozal Bezi Kanal Hücre İzolasyonu

The large airways are directly in contact with the environment and therefore susceptible to injury from toxins and infectious agents that we breath in 1. ...

Culturing Primary Rat Inner Medullary Collecting Duct Cells

Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) facilitates water reabsorption by renal collecting duct principal cells and thereby fine-tunes body water homeostasis. AVP binds to vasopressin V2 receptors (V2R) on the surface of the cells and thereby induces synthesis of cAMP. This stimulates cellular signaling processes leading to changes in the phosphorylation of the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2). Protein kinase A phoshorylates AQP2 and thereby triggers the translocation of AQP2 from intracellular vesicles into the plasma membrane facilitating water reabsorption from primary urine. Aberrations of AVP release from the pituitary or AVP-activated signaling in principal cells can cause central or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, respectively; an elevated blood plasma AVP level is associated with cardiovascular diseases such as chronic heart failure and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.
Here, we present a protocol for cultivation of primary rat inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells, which express V2R and AQP2 endogenously. The cells are suitable for elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying the control of AQP2 and thus to discover novel drug targets for the treatment of diseases associated with dysregulation of AVP-mediated water reabsorption. IMCD cells are obtained from rat renal inner medullae and are used for experiments six to eight days after seeding. IMCD cells can be cultured in regular cell culture dishes, flasks and micro-titer plates of different formats, the procedure only requires a few hours, and is appropriate for standard cell culture laboratories.

Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) controls fine-tuning of body water homeostasis through facilitating water reabsorption by renal principal cells. Here, we present a protocol for the cultivation of primary rat inner medullary collecting duct cells suitable for the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying AVP-mediated water reabsorption.

Kanal Hücreleri Toplama kültür İlköğretim Rat İç Medüller

Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) facilitates water reabsorption by renal collecting duct principal cells and thereby fine-tunes body water homeostasis. AVP ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

Mezenkimal Geçiş indüksiyon ve Epitel Analizi

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure

The liver, an organ with an exceptional regeneration capacity, carries out a wide range of functions, such as detoxification, metabolism and homeostasis. As such, hepatocytes are an important model for a large variety of research questions. In particular, the use of human hepatocytes is especially important in the fields of pharmacokinetics, toxicology, liver regeneration and translational research. Thus, this method presents a modified version of a two-step collagenase perfusion procedure to isolate hepatocytes as described by Seglen 1.
Previously, hepatocytes have been isolated by mechanical methods. However, enzymatic methods have been shown to be superior as hepatocytes retain their structural integrity and function after isolation. This method presented here adapts the method designed previously for rat livers to human liver pieces and results in a large yield of hepatocytes with a viability of 77&plusmn;10%. The main difference in this procedure is the process of cannulization of the blood vessels. Further, the method described here can also be applied to livers from other species with comparable liver or blood vessel sizes.

A modified two-step collagenase perfusion procedure for isolation of human hepatocytes is described. This method can also be applied to other mammalian livers. The isolated hepatocytes are available in high yield and viability, making them a suitable model for scientific research in areas such as liver regeneration, pharmacokinetics and toxicology.

Bir iki aşamalı kolajenes perfüzyon prosedür ile insan Hepatositlerin İzolasyonu

The liver, an organ with an exceptional regeneration capacity, carries out a wide range of functions, such as detoxification, metabolism and homeostasis. ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the turnover of all mature blood cell lineages. The coordination of the complex signals leading to specific HSC fates relies upon the interaction between HSCs and the intricate bone marrow microenvironment, which is still poorly understood[1-2].
We describe how by combining a newly developed specimen holder for stable animal positioning with multi-step confocal and two-photon in vivo imaging techniques, it is possible to obtain high-resolution 3D stacks containing HSPCs and their surrounding niches and to monitor them over time through multi-point time-lapse imaging. High definition imaging allows detecting ex vivo labeled hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) residing within the bone marrow. Moreover, multi-point time-lapse 3D imaging, obtained with faster acquisition settings, provides accurate information about HSPC movement and the reciprocal interactions between HSPCs and stroma cells.
Tracking of HSPCs in relation to GFP positive osteoblastic cells is shown as an exemplary application of this method. This technique can be utilized to track any appropriately labeled hematopoietic or stromal cell of interest within the mouse calvarium bone marrow space.

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

The nature of the interactions between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and bone marrow niches is poorly understood. Custom hardware modifications and a multi-step acquisition protocol allow the use of two-photon and confocal microscopy to image ex vivo labeled HSPCs homed within bone marrow areas, tracking interactions and movement.

Yetişkin Fare Kalvaryal Kemik İliği içinde Hematopoietik kök hücrelerin Vivo 4-Boyutlu Takip

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus in the brain. This stimulates the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland. In horses the glucocorticoid corticosterone is responsible for several adaptations needed to support equine flight behaviour and subsequent removal from the aversive situation. Corticosterone metabolites can be detected in the feces of horses and assessment offers a non-invasive option to evaluate long term patterns of adrenal activity. Fecal assessment offers advantages over other techniques that monitor adrenal activity including blood plasma and saliva analysis. The non-invasive nature of the method avoids sampling stress which can confound results. It also allows the opportunity for repeated sampling over time and is ideal for studies in free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay (EIA) used to assess feces for corticosterone, in addition to the associated biochemical validation.

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. The method offers a non-invasive option to assess long term patterns in both domestic and free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay involved and the associated biochemical validation.

Fekal Glukokortikoid Analizi: Tek tırnaklılarda in Non-invaziv Adrenal İzleme

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, ...

Partial Bile Duct Ligation in the Mouse: A Controlled Model of Localized Obstructive Cholestasis

In rodents, complete bile duct ligation (cBDL) of the common bile duct is an established surgical technique for studying obstructive cholestasis and bile duct proliferation. However, long-term experiments can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. In select mouse strains with underlying liver disease, meaningful comparisons can be made even with ligation of a single lobe of the liver, which can reduce animal losses and expenses. Here, we describe partial bile duct ligation (pBDL) in the mouse, in which only the left hepatic bile duct is ligated, causing biliary obstruction in the left lobe but not the remaining lobes. With careful microsurgical technique, pBDL experiments can be cost-effective, since the unligated lobe serves as an internal control to the ligated lobes, when subjected to the same conditions in the same animal. Unlike cBDL, a separate sham-operated control group is not necessary. pBDL is highly useful to directly compare localized versus systemic effects of cholestasis and other retained bile components. pBDL can also be repurposed as a novel method to investigate mechanisms related to medications and cell migration.

Here, we present partial bile duct ligation as a surgical model of liver injury and regeneration in rodents.

Kısmi safra kanalı ligasyonu fare: kontrollü manken yerelleştirilmiş obstrüktif Histiositoz olgusu

In rodents, complete bile duct ligation (cBDL) of the common bile duct is an established surgical technique for studying obstructive cholestasis and bile ...