DP Uyuşturucu İstismarı Ulusal Enstitüsü Ruth Kirschstein Ödülü 1F32 DA021977-01A1 alıcı. Bu çalışma, Margaret M. RHF Alkek Vakfı tarafından desteklenmiştir.

<html> I. Şematik Bakış: <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/1027_2009_1_22_2/Figure1.png" alt="Şekil 1" width="460" height="384" /> Bu video civciv embriyo sinir indüksiyonu için tahlil farklı adımları gösteriyor. İlk olarak, ana embriyo Yeni kültür eksplante [NI1]. Sonra, donnor embriyo tuzlu ve Hensen düğüm (civciv &quot;organizatör&quot;) eksplante, floresan boya DII ile etiketlenmiş [NI2]. Hensen düğümünden donnor embriyo eksize [NI3] ve [NI4 konak embriyo nakledilen NI5]. Ana embriyo sonra donnor doku ana alanda bir ektopik ekseni indüklenen hangi süre sonra, 22 saat, kültüre opaca [NI6]. Kültür ardından, ev sahibi embriyo sabit ve DAB varlığında oksidasyona karşı savunma için işlenmiş: DAB kahverengi aşağıdaki reaksiyon haline önce oksidasyona karşı savunma mekanizmalarını [NI7] FITC floresanı altında kırmızı görünen bu kimyasal reaksiyon, donnor elde edilen hücreler, [NI8]. Embriyo daha sonra bir sinir marker [NI8] in situ hibridizasyon için işlenmiş; ev sahipliği elde edilen doku donnor greft varlığı, sinir doku oluşturmuştur. Bu doku mavi görünür. 1: Yeni kültür için ana embriyo hazırlanması <ol><li> Bu sinir indüksiyon tahlil protokolü, Hamburger ve Hamilton evre 3 inkübe edilmiştir yumurta ile başlar (veya HH3 +) . Bu yumurtalar, 13 saat boyunca nemli bir inkübatör kendi tarafında belirtilen inkübe edilmiştir. </li><li> Yeni kültür (adımları 3.1 5.5 9) ev sahipliği embriyo hazırlayın . </li><li> 200 ul salin ile ev sahibi embriyo yüzeyini kaplayan. Bu, daha sonra transfer ve donnor greft konumlandırma kolaylaştıracaktır. </li><li> Son olarak, ters bir Falcon 35 mm kültür çanak montaj kapsar. </li></ol> 2: donnor embriyo tuzlu Explanting <ol><li> Forseps ile kabuk dokunarak ve etrafında kabuk kabuk parçalarını kaldırarak yumurta açın. Kabuğun üst çıkarın ve atın. </li><li> Forseps ile kalın albümin çıkarın ve embriyo yukarı bakacak şekilde kaba forseps ile yumurta sarısı kesesi eğin. </li><li> Ince makas kullanarak, yolk kesesi embriyo etrafında bir kare kesti. Bir kaşık ile yumurta sarısı embriyonun çıkarın ve PBS içeren bir yemek yer. </li><li> Forseps kullanarak, alan pellusida donnor embriyo ayırmak. </li><li> PBS içeren bir Sylgard kapalı çanak donnor embriyo transfer. </li></ol> 3: Etiketleme, eksize ve donnor greft nakli <ol><li> Mikroelektrot çektirmenin kullanarak, 50 ul cam microcapillary pipetler çekin. Mikroskop altında, ince forseps kullanarak mikropipet ucu kesilir. Petri Yeri mikropipet plasteline bir kurdele ile kaplı. </li><li> Greft nakli için önce etiketlemek için kullanılacak boya çözüm hazırlayın: carbocyanine boya DII (1,1 &#39;-dioctadecyl-3, 3,3&#39;, 3&#39;-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perklorat): Birinci, 1ml DII bir stok hazırlamak % 0.5 &#39;lik mutlak etanol. Bu stok-20C karanlıkta saklanabilir. Bir su banyosunda 42 ° C, mix 360μl 0.3M sakkaroz 40 ul DII stok prewarmed. Su banyosu sıcaklığı, yağış DII ve çözünmeyen kristalleri oluşumu önlemek için gerekli. Kısaca bir mini spectrafuge solüsyonu (5-10 saniye) dönerler. DII çözüm artık kullanıma hazırdır. </li><li> Böcek pimleri kullanarak, Sylgard kaplı çanak alt donnor embriyo güvenli. </li><li> Geri dolgu DII ile mikropipet. Bir aspiratör boru montaj kullanarak nazik bir basınç uygulayarak, Hensen düğümünden DII bir küçük bolus uygulanır. Tüm Hensen düğümü etiketli olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> Microcapillary bir pipet veya microdissecting bıçak kullanarak, Hensen düğüm (&quot;organizatör&quot;, donnor greft) kesti. </li><li> Karmin ile greft ventral yan ve arka uç işaretleyin. Bu adım 4.3 &#39;te uygun dorso-ventral yönlendirme ile greft yerleştirilmiş olmasını sağlayacaktır. </li><li> 200μl Gilson pipet kullanarak, greft ev sahibi embriyo transferi. </li></ol> 4: greft ve kültür ev sahibi embriyo koruma <ol><li> Greft, ana sitesi ile yakın konumlandırılmış kalır emin olmak için, ev sahibi embriyo tuzlu çıkarın. </li><li> Microcapillary bir pipet veya microdissecting bıçak kullanarak, ev sahibi embriyo, Hensen düğüm düzeyinde alanında pellusida / alan opaca sınır bölgesi, küçük bir kesi (80-100μm). </li><li> Microcapillary pipet veya microdissecting bıçak, pozisyon greft kullanarak bu ventral yan ve arka sonuna doğru bakacak şekilde ev sahibi embriyo eşdeğer bölgeye paralel. </li><li> Kalan tuzlu su çıkarın ve 81-22 saat (adım 6.1 6.6 9) Yeni kültür için ana embriyo süreci. </li><li> Ana embriyo sonra 4 ° C (adım 7,1-7,7 9) geceleme sabittir. </li></ol>e &quot;&gt; 5: floresan altında greft Photooxidise <ol><li> Davlumbaz altında, Tris tampon bir DAB çalışma çözeltisi hazırlayın: 500μg/ml Tris tampon (100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4) (3,3 &#39;-diaminobenzidin tetrahydrochloride) DAB substrat çözülür; buz üzerinde, koyu çözüm tutmak. </li><li> Tris buffer her 5 dakikada bir kez 5 milyon için PBS içinde embriyo iki kez yıkayın. </li><li> 1 ml Tris tamponu içeren bir cam boşluğuna slayt embriyo transferi. </li><li> Tris tampon çözeltisi 1.5 ml DAB solüsyonu ile değiştirin. DAB dekontamine için% 10 çamaşır suyu çözeltisi içeren kova Eppendorf ucu atın. Lamel kavite slayt üstüne yerleştirin. </li><li> FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) floresan mikroskop altında, greft (donnor hücreler floresan kırmızı görünecektir) objektif odak ve tüm floresan kırmızı kan hücrelerinin kahverengi (DII bir sonucu olarak gerçekleşir hale gelmiştir kadar FITC floresan maruz photoconverted olmak florokrom çözünmez kahverengi kristaller, DAB varlığında FITC eksitasyon dalga boyu (488nm) maruz Bu süreç, 20 milyon ve 2 saat arasında sürer. </li><li> Oksidasyona karşı savunma reaksiyon tamamlanmasının ardından, ince forseps kullanarak lamel çıkarın. Cam PBTw (veya% 0.1 Tween 20 içeren PBS) içeren 20 ml sintilasyon flakon embriyo transferi. </li><li> % 10 çamaşır suyu çözeltisi kuluçka lamel ve cam boşluğuna slayt DAB devre dışı bırakın. </li></ol> 6: in situ hibridizasyon, fotoğraf embriyo Süreci ve kesit <ol><li> Sadece etiketli prob DIG embriyo kuluçka, in situ hibridizasyon (adım 3.7 ve 6.5 9) ile devam edin . </li><li> Fotoğrafını (8.2 9 basamak) ve kesit (adımları 8.3 ve 8.4 9) ile devam edin. </li></ol> Temsilcisi Sonuçlar Nöral indüksiyon testinin Aşağıdaki örnekte, donnor greft konak elde edilen doku sinir işaretleyici Kuyruksuz ifade neden gösterilir. Donnor greft &quot;organizatörü&quot; bölge cerrahi donnor embriyo aşamasında kaldırılmış olan bir embriyo kaynaklanır: bu özel örnekte, normalde &quot;organizatör&quot; yeteneklerine sahip değiliz embriyonik bölgelerin sinir indükleyici yeteneği kazanılması değerlendirdi 3 +. Ablasyon sonrasında, delik iyileştikten ve Hensen düğümünden benzeri bir yapı oluşana kadar donnor embriyo, Yeni kültür geliştirmek için izin verilir. Bu yapı, daha sonra DII ile etiketli donnor embriyo eksize ve bir dizi embriyo alan pellusida / alan opaca sınır için aşılı. Yeni kültür ardından, minyatür bir eksen ev sahibi embriyo bitişik oluşur: Bu minyatür ekseni kırmızı hücrelerin (donnor türetilmiş) bir çubuk ve bir kafa gibi bir yapı (host edilen) oluşur: (A), donnor elde edilen DII etiketli hücreleri önce fiksasyon FITC floresan mikroskobu altında gösterilmiştir. Bu donnor kökenli hücrelerin kırmızı hücrelerin çubuk gibi görünen bir minyatür notokord oluşturmak için çoğaldı. (B) DII ardından Fotoçevrim, bu donnor kökenli hücrelerin kahverengi görünür. Donnor greft konak sinir doku oluşumuna neden vardır: Bu doku, beyin öncüleri oluşur, in situ hibridizasyon marker Kuyruksuz aşağıdaki kendi ifadesi ile ortaya [6 yeniden basıldı. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/1027_2009_1_22_3/Figure 2.png" alt="Şekil 2" width="230" height="154" /> Not: Bu yöntemde, &quot;sinir&quot; doku (mavi) elde edilen konak sinir indükleyici donnor doku (kırmızı / kahverengi) ayırt etmek için DII etiketli hücreleri kullandık. Edilen bir civciv, DII etiketli donnor greft kullanarak yerine, bazı yazarlar da donnor yerine civciv bıldırcın embriyolar elde edilen doku [örneğin 6]. Bu alternatif bir yöntem de, konakçı doku donnor ayırt sağlar. Bu durumda, greft (donnor doku) bıldırcın yumurtası tavuk yumurtasına yerine kaynaklanır. Adım 4.5 ardından, ev sahibi doku (QCP1) ve adımları 3.1 5,7 - 3.4 ve 5.1 bıldırcınlar için özel bir antikor ile tüm montaj immünohistokimya işlenir protokol atlanmıştır. Bu alternatif prosedür bir örnek aşağıda gösterilmiştir: (QCPN antikor [kahverengi] ifadesi ile gösterildiği gibi) Bu durumda, A, B olarak aynı deneysel prosedür kullanılır, ama biz bıldırcın-türevli donnor doku rejenere bıldırcın embriyo elde edilen düğüm host pan-nöral işaretleyici Sox2 ifade indüklenen [6 yeniden basıldı]: <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/1027_2009_1_22_4/Figure 3.png" alt="Şekil 3" width="154" height="230" />

<ol>
	<li>Waddington, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experiments+on+the+development+of+chick+and+duck+embryos,+cultivated+in+vitro.">Experiments on the development of chick and duck embryos, cultivated in vitro.</a> Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 221, 179-230 (1932).</li><li>Waddington, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+by+the+primitive+streak+and+its+derivatives+in+the+chick.">Induction by the primitive streak and its derivatives in the chick.</a> J. Exp. Biol. 10, 38-46 (1933).</li><li>Gallera, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excision+et+transplantation+des+diff&amp;eacute;rentes+r&amp;eacute;gions+de+la+ligne+primitive+chez+le+poulet.">Excision et transplantation des diff&amp;eacute;rentes r&amp;eacute;gions de la ligne primitive chez le poulet.</a> C. R. Ass. Anat. 49, 632-639 (1964).</li><li>Gallera, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+induction+in+birds.">Primary induction in birds.</a> Adv. Morph. 9. , 149-180 (1971).</li><li>Serbedzija, G. N., Fraser, S. E., Bronner-Fraser, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathways+of+neural+crest+cell+migration+in+the+mouse+embryo+as+revealed+by+vital+dye+labeling.+Development+108.">Pathways of neural crest cell migration in the mouse embryo as revealed by vital dye labeling. Development 108.</a> , 605-612 (1990).</li><li>Psychoyos, D., Stern, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+the+organizer+after+radical+ablation+of+Hensen's+node+and+the+anterior+primitive+streak+in+the+chick+embryo.+Development+122.">Restoration of the organizer after radical ablation of Hensen's node and the anterior primitive streak in the chick embryo. Development 122.</a> , 3263-3273 (1996).</li><li>Joubin, K., Stern, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+interactions+continuously+define+the+organizer+during+the+cell+movements+of+gastrulation.">Molecular interactions continuously define the organizer during the cell movements of gastrulation.</a> Cell. 98, 559-571 (1999).</li><li>Streit, A., Berliner, A. J., Papanayotou, C., Sirulnik, A., Stern, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initiation+of+neural+induction+by+FGF+signaling+before+gastrulation.">Initiation of neural induction by FGF signaling before gastrulation.</a> Nature. , 406-474 (2000).</li><li>Psychoyos, D., Finnell, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+Culture+of+Early+Chick+Embryos+ex+vivo+(New+Culture.">Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture.</a> JoVE. 20, 10-3791 (2008).</li></ol>

Bu video nöral indüksiyonu için bir test farklı adımları gösteriyor; Bu testte aslında piliç varsayılan sinir indükleyici moleküllerin karakterizasyonu için kullanılır ve böylece embriyolojik micromanipulations 1-4 arasında değişen çok çeşitli uygulamalar için kullanılabilir; 6 çözülüyor yeni sinyalizasyon kaskadlar 7,8, beyin oluşumu ve sinir sisteminin geri kalan ilk adım anlayışı hedefliyor.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Eggs</td>
<td>Animal</td>
<td>Charles River Laboratories</td>
<td>Premium Fertile</td>
<td>Fertilized, HH3+ (14 hr)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
<td>Microscope</td>
<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
<td>MZ9.5 or similar</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hybridization Incubator</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Robbins Scientific</td>
<td>M1000</td>
<td>Use with inverted Pyrex dish and 500 ml ddH2O beaker</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Marsh Automatic Incubator</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Lyon</td>
<td>RX</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pyrex dish </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Watchmaker's glass 50mm</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>66112-060</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glass rings</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Physical Plant facility</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>cut 4 mm thick sections of glass tubing (27 mm outer diam, 25 mm inner diam). Do not fine polish.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Curved Forceps (1)</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>72991-4C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Forceps (2)</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>11002-13</td>
<td>blunt ended using sharpening Stone and 100ul mineral oil</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fine scissors</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>14161-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Plastic dishes</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Falcon</td>
<td>353001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Rubber Bulb</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>70980</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DiI</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>D-282</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Aspirator tube assembly</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A5177-5EA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microelectrode puller</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
<td>Sutter Instruments	P-97 Flaming/Brown Micropipette</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pasteur Capillary Pipette</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>70950-12</td>
<td>round edge under flame</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Culture chamber</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Pioneer Plastics</td>
<td>030C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microcapillary tube</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P1049-1PAK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microdissecting knife</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>10056-12</td>
<td>Use to puncture cavities prior to in situ hybridization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Minuten pins 0.2mm diam</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>26002-20</td>
<td>Mix 1 part Curing Agent, 9 parts Base; set O/N at 37C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Diethylpyrocarbonate (depc)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>15710</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sylgard 184 Silicon Elastomer Curing Agent and Base</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dow Corning</td>
<td>0001986475</td>
<td>Mix 1 part Curing Agent, 9 parts Base; set O/N at 37C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Diethylpyrocarbonate (depc)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Acros Organics</td>
<td>10025025</td>
<td>Add 1ml depc to 1l PBS; shake; autoclave</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16% PFA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>15710</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

assay for neural induction in the chick embryo

Civciv embriyo erken embriyonik gelişim çalışmaya değerli bir araçtır. Şeffaflık, erişilebilirlik ve manipülasyon kolaylığı, sinir sisteminin oluşumu ve ilk desenlendirme çalışmak için ideal bir araçtır. Bu video bir konak içine greft düzenleyen doku Hensen s düğümü (civciv embriyo düzenleyen) bir yöntem olan bir ana yetkili ektoderm aşılı nasıl gösteriyor. Organizatörü greft dokusu, sinir indükleyici sinyalleri aracılığıyla bir sinir kaderi kabul ettik na örten bildirir. Bu mekanizma nöral indüksiyon olarak adlandırılır ve amniotları beyin ve omurilik oluşumunda ilk adım teşkil etmektedir. Bu yöntem aslında piliç varsayılan sinir indükleyici moleküllerin karakterizasyonu için kullanılır. Bu video tayininde sinir indüksiyonu için farklı adımları gösteriyor; İlk olarak, donnor embriyo eksplante ve bir çanak üzerine tutturulmuş. Sonra, ev sahibi embriyo Yeni kültür için hazırlanmıştır. Greft eksize ve ev sahibi pellusida marjı nakledilen. Ev sahibi 18-22 saat kültüre. Montaj sabit ve başka uygulamalar (örneğin in situ hibridizasyon) işlenir. Bu yöntem başlangıçta Waddington icat edildi<sup&gt; 1,2</sup&gt; Ve Gallera<sup&gt; 3,4</sup&gt;.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo at JoVE.com

Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo

Sinir indüksiyon beyin oluşumunda ilk adımdır. Hensen düğüm (düzenleyen), sinir kaderi kabul komşu doku talimatını hangi bir mekanizma, yani sinir sistemi yol açmaları. Bu video civciv embriyo sinir indüksiyonu için bir test göstermektedir.

Civciv Embriyo Sinir İndüksiyon için Testi

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

assay-for-neural-induction-in-the-chick-embryo

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

17.1K Görüntüleme.  Texas A&M University (TAMU). Sinir indüksiyon beyin oluşumunda ilk adımdır. Hensen düğüm (düzenleyen), sinir kaderi kabul komşu doku talimatını hangi bir mekanizma, yani sinir sistemi yol açmaları. Bu video civciv embriyo sinir indüksiyonu için bir test göstermektedir.

Video: Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo

Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying antibody expression in developing brain, neural tube and somite. This video demonstrates the different steps in whole-mount antibody staining using HRP conjugated secondary antibodies; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, endogenous peroxidase is inactivated; The embryo is then exposed to primary antibody. After several washes, the embryo is incubated with secondary antibody conjugated to HRP. Peroxidase activity is revealed using reaction with diaminobenzidine substrate. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for photography and sectioning. The advantage of this method over the use of fluorescent antibodies is that embryos can be processed for wax sectioning, thus enabling the study of antigen sites in cross section. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell 1.

This video demonstrates whole mount immunohistochemistry, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of an antigen can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell.

Chick Tüm Dağı Antikor Boyama Yöntemi

Biyoloji

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite isolated from each other, with largely independent histories and scientific communities. However, the interface between these usually disparate fields is the developmental programs underlying acquisition of functional electrical signaling properties and differentiation of functional chemical synapses during the final phases of neural circuit formation. This interface is a critically important area for investigation. In Drosophila, these phases of functional development occur during a period of &lt;8 hours (at 25&deg;C) during the last third of embryogenesis. This late developmental period was long considered intractable to investigation owing to the deposition of a tough, impermeable epidermal cuticle. A breakthrough advance was the application of water-polymerizing surgical glue that can be locally applied to the cuticle to enable controlled dissection of late-stage embryos. With a dorsal longitudinal incision, the embryo can be laid flat, exposing the ventral nerve cord and body wall musculature to experimental investigation. Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques can then be employed to record from individually-identifiable neurons and somatic muscles. These recording configurations have been used to track the appearance and maturation of ionic currents and action potential propagation in both neurons and muscles. Genetic mutants affecting these electrical properties have been characterized to reveal the molecular composition of ion channels and associated signaling complexes, and to begin exploration of the molecular mechanisms of functional differentiation. A particular focus has been the assembly of synaptic connections, both in the central nervous system and periphery. The glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is most accessible to a combination of optical imaging and electrophysiological recording. A glass suction electrode is used to stimulate the peripheral nerve, with excitatory junction current (EJC) recordings made in the voltage-clamped muscle. This recording configuration has been used to chart the functional differentiation of the synapse, and track the appearance and maturation of presynaptic glutamate release properties. In addition, postsynaptic properties can be assayed independently via iontophoretic or pressure application of glutamate directly to the muscle surface, to measure the appearance and maturation of the glutamate receptor fields. Thus, both pre- and postsynaptic elements can be monitored separately or in combination during embryonic synaptogenesis. This system has been heavily used to isolate and characterize genetic mutants that impair embryonic synapse formation, and thus reveal the molecular mechanisms governing the specification and differentiation of synapse connections and functional synaptic signaling properties.

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Electrophysiological recordings from Drosophila embryos allow analyses of developing muscle and neuron electrical properties, as well as characterization of functional synaptogenesis at the glutamatergic neuromuscular junction and central cholinergic and GABAergic synapses.

Elektrofizyolojik Kayıt Drosophila Embriyo

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite ...

Microinjection Techniques for Studying Mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial Embryo

This protocol describes the use of the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo for studying mitosis1. Drosophila has useful genetics with a sequenced genome, and it can be easily maintained and manipulated. Many mitotic mutants exist, and transgenic flies expressing functional fluorescently (e.g. GFP) - tagged mitotic proteins have been and are being generated. Targeted gene expression is possible using the GAL4/UAS system2. 

The Drosophila early embryo carries out multiple mitoses very rapidly (cell cycle duration, &asymp;10 min). It is well suited for imaging mitosis, because during cycles 10-13, nuclei divide rapidly and synchronously without intervening cytokinesis at the surface of the embryo in a single monolayer just underneath the cortex. These rapidly dividing nuclei probably use the same mitotic machinery as other cells, but they are optimized for speed; the checkpoint is generally believed to not be stringent, allowing the study of mitotic proteins whose absence would cause cell cycle arrest in cells with a strong checkpoint. Embryos expressing GFP labeled proteins or microinjected with fluorescently labeled proteins can be easily imaged to follow live dynamics (Fig. 1). In addition, embryos can be microinjected with function-blocking antibodies or inhibitors of specific proteins to study the effect of the loss or perturbation of their function3. These reagents can diffuse throughout the embryo, reaching many spindles to produce a gradient of concentration of inhibitor, which in turn results in a gradient of defects comparable to an allelic series of mutants. Ideally, if the target protein is fluorescently labeled, the gradient of inhibition can be directly visualized4. It is assumed that the strongest phenotype is comparable to the null phenotype, although it is hard to formally exclude the possibility that the antibodies may have dominant effects in rare instances, so rigorous controls and cautious interpretation must be applied. Further away from the injection site, protein function is only partially lost allowing other functions of the target protein to become evident.

Microinjection Techniques for Studying Mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial Embryo

This protocol describes the use of microinjection and high resolution imaging in the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo to study mitosis.

Mitoz incelenmesi için Mikroenjeksiyon Teknikleri Drosophila melanogaster Sinsityal Embriyo

This protocol describes the use of the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo  for studying mitosis1.  Drosophila has useful genetics with a sequenced ...

Chick ex ovo Culture and ex ovo CAM Assay: How it Really Works

Chicken eggs in the early phase of breeding are between in vitro and in vivo systems and provide a vascular test environment not only to study angiogenesis but also to study tumorigenesis. After the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has developed, its blood vessel network can be easily accessed, manipulated and observed and therefore provides an optimal setting for angiogenesis assays. Since the lymphoid system is not fully developed until late stages of incubation, the chick embryo serves as a naturally immunodeficient host capable of sustaining grafted tissues and cells without species-specific restrictions. In addition to nurturing developing allo- and xenografts, the CAM blood vessel network provides a uniquely supportive environment for tumor cell intravasation, dissemination, and vascular arrest and a repository where arrested cells extravasate to form micro metastatic foci.
For experimental purposes, in most of the recent studies the CAM was exposed by cutting a window through the egg shell and experiments were carried out in ovo, resulting in significant limitations in the accessibility of the CAM and possibilities for observation and photo documentation of effects. When shell-less cultures of the chick embryo were used1-4, no experimental details were provided and, if published at all, the survival rates of these cultures were low. We refined the method of ex ovo culture of chick embryos significantly by introducing a rationally controlled extrusion of the egg content. These ex ovo cultures enhance the accessibility of the CAM and chick embryo, enabling easy in vivo documentation of effects and facilitating experimental manipulation of the embryo. This allows the successful application to a large number of scientific questions: (1) As an improved angiogenesis assay5,6, (2) an experimental set up for facilitated injections in the vitreous of the chick embryo eye7-9, (3) as a test environment for dissemination and intravasation of dispersed tumor cells from established cell lines inoculated on the CAM10-12, (4) as an improved sustaining system for successful transplantation and culture of limb buds of chicken and mice13 as well as (5) for grafting, propagation, and re-grafting of solid primary tumor tissue obtained from biopsies on the surface of the CAM14.
In this video article we describe the establishment of a refined chick ex ovo culture and CAM assay with survival rates over 50%. Besides we provide a step by step demonstration of the successful application of the ex ovo culture for a large number of scientific applications. 
Daniel S. Dohle, Susanne D. Pasa, and Sebastian Gustmann contributed equally to this study.

Chick ex ovo Culture and ex ovo CAM Assay: How it Really Works

The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a unique, naturally immunodeficient supportive culture environment to study angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. This video article demonstrates the different steps in chick ex ovo culture, application of potentially angiogenic substances and successful inoculation of tumor cells and tissues on the surface of the CAM.

Civciv Ex ovo Kültür ve Ex ovo CAM Testi: Gerçekten Nasıl Çalışır?

Chicken eggs in the early phase of breeding are between in vitro and in vivo systems and provide a vascular test environment not only to study ...

Deciphering Axonal Pathways of Genetically Defined Groups of Neurons in the Chick Neural Tube Utilizing in ovo Electroporation

Employment of enhancer elements to drive expression of reporter genes in neurons is a widely used paradigm for tracking axonal projection. For tracking axonal projection of spinal interneurons in vertebrates, germ line-targeted reporter genes yield bilaterally symmetric labeling. Therefore, it is hard to distinguish between the ipsi- and contra-laterally projecting axons. Unilateral electroporation into the chick neural tube provides a useful means to restrict expression of a reporter gene to one side of the central nervous system, and to follow axonal projection on both sides 1 ,2-5. This video demonstrates first how to handle the eggs prior to injection. At HH stage 18-20, DNA is injected into the sacral level of the neural tube, then tungsten electrodes are placed parallel to the embryo and short electrical pulses are administered with a pulse generator. The egg is sealed with tape and placed back into an incubator for further development. Three days later (E6) the spinal cord is removed as an open book preparation from embryo, fixed, and processed for whole mount antibody staining. The stained spinal cord is mounted on slide and visualized using confocal microscopy.

Deciphering Axonal Pathways of Genetically Defined Groups of Neurons in the Chick Neural Tube Utilizing in ovo Electroporation

This video demonstrates how to visualize axonal pathways of genetically defined groups of neurons in the embryonic chick spinal cord utilizing in ovo electroporation of reporter genes under the control of specific enhancer elements.

Nöronlar, Genetik Tanımlı Gruplar Aksonal tanımında kullanılması Civciv Nöral Tüp Deşifre Ovo Elektroporasyon

Employment of enhancer elements to drive expression of reporter genes in neurons is a widely used paradigm for tracking axonal projection. For tracking ...

Xenotransplantation of Human Stem Cells into the Chicken Embryo

The chicken embryo is a classical animal model for studying normal embryonic and fetal development and for xenotransplantation experiments to study the behavior of cells in a standardized in vivo environment. The main advantages of the chicken embryo include low cost, high accessibility, ease of surgical manipulation and lack of a fully developed immune system. Xenotransplantation into chicken embryos can provide valuable information about cell proliferation, differentiation and behavior, the responses of cells to signals in defined embryonic tissue niches, and tumorigenic potential. Transplanting cells into chicken embryos can also be a step towards transplantation experiments in other animal models. Recently the chicken embryo has been used to evaluate the neurogenic potential of human stem and progenitor cells following implantation into neural anlage1-6. In this video we document the entire procedure for transplanting human stem cells into the developing central nervous system of the chicken embryo. The procedure starts with incubation of fertilized eggs until embryos of the desired age have developed. The eggshell is then opened, and the embryo contrasted by injecting dye between the embryo and the yolk. Small lesions are made in the neural tube using microsurgery, creating a regenerative site for cell deposition that promotes subsequent integration into the host tissue. We demonstrate injections of human stem cells into such lesions made in the part of the neural tube that forms the hindbrain and the spinal cord, and into the lumen of the part of the neural tube that forms the brain. Systemic injections into extraembryonic veins and arteries are also demonstrated as an alternative way to deliver cells to vascularized tissues including the central nervous system. Finally we show how to remove the embryo from the egg after several days of further development and how to dissect the spinal cord free for subsequent physiological, histological or biochemical analyses.

In this paper we present a method for transplanting human stem cells into various regions of the central nervous system of the chicken embryo. This provides an in vivo model for assessing the proliferation and differentiation of various types of human stem cells in embryonic tissue environments.

Tavuk embriyo haline İnsan Kök Hücre Xenotransplantation

The chicken embryo is a classical animal model for studying normal embryonic and fetal development and for xenotransplantation experiments to study the ...

Clonogenic Assay: Adherent Cells

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. Apart from documenting the method, the initial landmark study generated the first radiation-dose response curve for X-ray irradiated mammalian (HeLa) cells in culture1. Basically, the clonogenic assay enables an assessment of the differences in reproductive viability (capacity of cells to produce progeny; i.e. a single cell to form a colony of 50 or more cells) between control untreated cells and cells that have undergone various treatments such as exposure to ionising radiation, various chemical compounds (e.g. cytotoxic agents) or in other cases genetic manipulation. The assay has become the most widely accepted technique in radiation biology and has been widely used for evaluating the radiation sensitivity of different cell lines. Further, the clonogenic assay is commonly used for monitoring the efficacy of radiation modifying compounds and for determining the effects of cytotoxic agents and other anti-cancer therapeutics on colony forming ability, in different cell lines. A typical clonogenic survival experiment using adherent cells lines involves three distinct components, 1) treatment of the cell monolayer in tissue culture flasks, 2) preparation of single cell suspensions and plating an appropriate number of cells in petri dishes and 3) fixing and staining colonies following a relevant incubation period, which could range from 1-3 weeks, depending on the cell line. Here we demonstrate the general procedure for performing the clonogenic assay with adherent cell lines with the use of an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (FEP-1811)2. Also, our aims are to describe common features of clonogenic assays including calculation of the plating efficiency and survival fractions after exposure of cells to radiation, and to exemplify modification of radiation-response with the use of a natural antioxidant formulation.

The applicability of the clonogenic assay for evaluating reproductive viability has been established for more than 50 years. Here we demonstrate the general procedure for performing the clonogenic assay with adherent cells.

Clonogenic Testi: yapışkan Hücreler

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. ...

Modified Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell based Assay for Quantifying  Cardiogenic Induction Efficiency

Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is tightly controlled by temporal and spatial regulation of multiple key signaling pathways. One of the hurdles to its understanding has been the varied methods in correlating changes of key signaling events to differentiation efficiency. We describe here the use of a mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell based assay to identify critical time windows for Wnt/&beta;-catenin and BMP signal activation during cardiogenic induction. By scoring for contracting embryonic bodies (EBs) in a 96-well plate format, we can quickly quantify cardiogenic efficiency and identify crucial time windows for Wnt/&beta;-catenin and BMP signal activation in a time course following specific modulator treatments. The principal outlined here is not limited to cardiac induction alone, and can be applied towards the study of many other cell lineages. In addition, the 96-well format has the potential to be further developed as a high throughput, automated assay to allow for the testing of more sophisticated experimental hypotheses.

We describe the use of a mouse ES cell based assay to identify critical time windows for Wnt/&#946;-catenin and BMP signal activation during cardiogenic induction. The method provides a standardized platform that reliably quantifies cardiogenic efficiency, and it is applicable to the study of other cell lineages.

Kardiyojenik İndüksiyon Verimlilik miktarının için modifiye Fare Embriyonik Kök Hücre tabanlı Testi

Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is tightly controlled by temporal and spatial regulation of multiple key signaling pathways.  One of the hurdles ...

Tracking Morphogenetic Tissue Deformations in the Early Chick Embryo

Embryonic epithelia undergo complex deformations (e.g. bending, twisting, folding, and stretching) to form the primitive organs of the early embryo. Tracking fiducial markers on the surfaces of these cellular sheets is a well-established method for estimating morphogenetic quantities such as growth, contraction, and shear. However, not all surface labeling techniques are readily adaptable to conventional imaging modalities and possess different advantages and limitations. Here, we describe two labeling methods and illustrate the utility of each technique. In the first method, hundreds of fluorescent labels are applied simultaneously to the embryo using magnetic iron particles. These labels are then used to quantity 2-D tissue deformations during morphogenesis. In the second method, polystyrene microspheres are used as contrast agents in non-invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to track 3-D tissue deformations. These techniques have been successfully implemented in our lab to studythe physical mechanisms of early head fold, heart, and brain development, and should be adaptable to a wide range morphogenetic processes.

This article describes surface labeling and ex ovo tissue culture in the early chick embryo. Techniques amenable to time-lapse bright field, fluorescence, and optical coherence tomography imaging are presented. Tracking surface labels with high spatiotemporal resolution enables kinematic quantities such as morphogenetic strains (deformations) to be calculated in both two and three dimensions.

Erken Civciv Embriyo morfogenetik Doku deformasyonlar Takibi

Embryonic epithelia undergo complex deformations (e.g. bending, twisting, folding, and stretching) to form the primitive organs of the early embryo. ...

Mouse Embryonic Development in a Serum-free Whole Embryo Culture System

Mid-gestation stage mouse embryos were cultured utilizing a serum-free culture medium prepared from commercially available stem cell media supplements in an oxygenated rolling bottle culture system. Mouse embryos at E10.5 were carefully isolated from the uterus with intact yolk sac and in a process involving precise surgical maneuver the embryos were gently exteriorized from the yolk sac while maintaining the vascular continuity of the embryo with the yolk sac. Compared to embryos prepared with intact yolk sac or with the yolk sac removed, these embryos exhibited superior survival rate and developmental progression when cultured under similar conditions. We show that these mouse embryos, when cultured in a defined medium in an atmosphere of 95% O2 / 5% CO2 in a rolling bottle culture apparatus at 37 &#176;&#8203;C for 16-40 hr, exhibit morphological growth and development comparable to the embryos developing in utero. We believe this method will be useful for investigators needing to utilize whole embryo culture to study signaling interactions important in embryonic organogenesis.

Serum utilized in embryo cultures contains unknown components that can affect the outcome of experiments especially in studies involving signaling interactions. Here we utilized a serum-free oxygenated culture system and show that mid-gestation mouse embryos cultured for 16-40 hr&#160;exhibit morphological development comparable to embryos developing in utero.

Serumsuz Tüm Embriyo Kültür Sistemde Fare Embriyonik Development

Mid-gestation stage mouse embryos were cultured utilizing a serum-free culture medium prepared from commercially available stem cell media supplements in ...