Bu çalışma Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüsü, GAG hibe NS052535 ve EY014061 &amp; EY014997 ARL yanı sıra bir UL1DE019583-02 konsorsiyum ödül tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Yanlılığı önlemek için, değerlendirmeler yapan deneyci hayvanın genotipi bilgiye sahip olmamalıdır. Bireysel önlemler en şiddetli halini temsil eden ilgili fenotip ve 3 yokluğu temsil eden 0 ile 0-3 bir ölçekte puanlanır. Her bir test puan tekrarlanabilir olduğundan emin olmak için birden çok kez yapılır. Obezite açıklanan tüm önlemler yorumlanması karmaşık hale getirecektir. Araştırmacı fenotip puanlama sonuçları yağlanma olası rolü değerlendirmek için aşağıdaki fareleri tartmak isteyebilirsiniz. Ledge testi Çıkıntı testi, ataksilerin ve diğer birçok nörodejeneratif hastalıklar bozulmuş, doğrudan bir koordinasyon ölçüsüdür. Bu tedbir, serebellar ataksi insan belirtileri en doğrudan karşılaştırılabilir. <ol><li> Kaldırın fare kafes ve kafes çıkıntıya yerleştirin. Fareler genellikle çıkıntı boyunca yürüyüş ve kafes içine geri inmeye çalışacaktır. </li><li> Fare kafes çıkıntı boyunca yürür ve kendisini onun kafes içine düşürür olarak dikkate alınmalıdır. Yabani tip fare genellikle dengesini kaybetmeden çıkıntı boyunca yürüyecek ve incelikle kendisini kafese alt sırt, patilerini kullanarak. Bu 0 puan atanır. Fare çıkıntı boyunca yürürken temele kaybeder, ama aksi bir koordine görünür, 1 puan alır. Kafes içine inen etkili bir merkez yerine pençeleri arka bacaklar, ya da toprakları kullanmayın yoksa, 2 puan alır. Eğer çıkıntı düşer, ya da neredeyse bu yüzden, yürüme ya da kendisini düşürmek için çalışırken ya da sallar ve cesaret rağmen hareket reddediyor, 3 puan alır. Bazı fareler, onları kafes içine çıkıntı boyunca yürümeye ya da inmeye teşvik etmek için yumuşak bir dürtme gerektirir. </li><li> Çıkıntı test puanı kaydedin. </li></ol> Hindlimb clasping Clasping Hindlimb nörodejenerasyon fare modelleri, belirli ataksilerin [1] de dahil olmak üzere bir dizi hastalığın ilerlemesi bir belirteç. <ol><li> , Baz istasyonunun yakınında kuyruk kavrayın ve çevredeki tüm nesnelerin net bir fare kaldırın. </li><li> 10 saniye boyunca hindlimb pozisyonu dikkate alınmalıdır. Arka ayaklarında sürekli karın, dışa yayvan varsa, 0 puan atanır. Bir hindlimb askıya zaman% 50 daha fazla karın doğru geri çekilir, 1 puan alır. Hem arka ayaklarında zaman askıya% 50&#39;den fazla karın kısmen doğru geri çekilir, 2 puan alır. Arka ayaklarında tamamen geri çekilir ve karın askıya zaman% 50 daha fazla temas varsa, bu 3 puan alır. </li><li> Fare, kafese geri koyun ve hindlimb clasping puan kaydetmek. </li></ol> Yürüyüş Yürüyüş koordinasyon ve kas fonksiyonu bir ölçüsüdür. <ol><li> Onun kafes fare çıkarın ve baş araştırmacı uzak bakacak şekilde düz bir yüzey üzerine yerleştirin. </li><li> Yürür gibi arkasından fare uyun. Fare, vücut ağırlığı, karın yere dokunmadan değil, tüm ekstremitelerde desteklenen ve her iki arka ayaklarında eşit katılımıyla ile, normalde hareket ederse, 0 puan alır. Bir titreme gösterir ya da yürürken, gevşek görünür, 1 puan alır. Gösteriyorsa ciddi bir titreme, şiddetli topallama, pelvis indirdi, ya da ayak lokomosyon (&quot;ördek ayak&quot;) sırasında vücuttan uzaklaştıran noktası, 2 puan alır. Fare zorluk ilerlemeye ve zemin boyunca karın sürükler, 3 puan alır. </li><li> Fare, kafese geri koyun ve onun yürüyüş puan kaydetmek. </li></ol> Kifoz Kifoz karakteristik bir dorsal omurga eğriliği fare modelleri [2] nörodejeneratif hastalığın yaygın bir tezahürüdür. Nörodejenerasyon sekonder spinal kasları kas tonusu kaybı neden olur. <ol><li> Fare, kafesinden çıkarın ve düz bir yüzey üzerine yerleştirin. </li><li> Bu yürüyüşler olarak dikkate alınmalıdır. Fare yürür ve kalıcı kifoz bulunmamış kolayca omurgayı düzeltmek için mümkün ise, 0 puan alır. Fare hafif kifoz sergileyen ancak omurga düzeltmek mümkün ise, 1 puan alır. Omurganın tamamen düzeltmek için mümkün ve kalıcı ama hafif kifoz korur, 2 puan alır. Yürür ya da oturur, 3 puan atanır fare belirgin kifoz korur. </li><li> Fare, kafese geri koyun ve onun kifoz puan kaydetmek. </li></ol> Temsilcisi sonuçları Yeterli sayıda hayvan, bu yordamı suşları arasında ve zaman içinde aynı gerginlik içinde fenotip farklılıkları algılama yeteneğine sahiptir. Veri analizi için, alarak, her bir tedbir için puanının hesaplanmasındaher bireyin üç ölçümleri demek. Önlemler, her birey için bir kompozit fenotip skoru içine ayrı ayrı analiz ya da kombine edilebilir. Grafik ve önemini belirlemek için uygun istatistiksel yöntemler uygulanır. Şekil 1, bir fare transgenik SCA7 model bileşik bir fenotip değerlendirme sonuçlarını gösterir. Bu floxed SCA7 92Q transgenik model, 92 CAG tekrarları ile insan-7 ataksin gen loxP siteleri tarafından çevrili ve bir bakteriyel yapay kromozom ifade. Kompozit fenotip skoru 12 maksimum olası bir puan için clasping, çıkıntı yürüyüş, yürüme ve kifoz değerlendirmeler içerir. Insan hastalığı ilerici niteliği ile tutarlı bir artan kompozit fenotip skoru, floxed SCA7-92Q transgenik farelerin ilerici SCA7 fenotip olduğunu göstermiştir. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1787/1787fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1 Floxed-SCA7-92Q farelere 20 hafta (*** p &lt;0.001 Bonferroni post-hoc 2-way ANOVA) başlayarak Sigara Transgenik littermates önemli ölçüde farklı bir ilerici SCA7 fenotip sergilerler. Fare, yürüyüş ve kifoz clasping çıkıntı testi için her biri 0-3 ölçek olarak değerlendirildi. Her yaşta her genotip için ortalama bileşik skoru hesaplandı. Barlar SEM temsil eder.

<ol>
	<li>Chou, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyglutamine-expanded+ataxin-3+causes+cerebellar+dysfunction+of+SCA3+transgenic+mice+by+inducing+transcriptional+dysregulation.">Polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-3 causes cerebellar dysfunction of SCA3 transgenic mice by inducing transcriptional dysregulation.</a> Neurobiol Dis. 31 (1), 89-101 (2008).</li><li>Thomas, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+endogenous+androgen+receptor+protein+accelerates+motor+neuron+degeneration+and+accentuates+androgen+insensitivity+in+a+mouse+model+of+X-linked+spinal+and+bulbar+muscular+atrophy.">Loss of endogenous androgen receptor protein accelerates motor neuron degeneration and accentuates androgen insensitivity in a mouse model of X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 15 (14), 2225-2238 (2006).</li><li>Ditzler, S., Stoeck, J., LeBlanc, M., Kooperberg, C., Hansen, S., Coppin, L., Olson, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Rapid+Neurobehavioral+Assessment+Reveals+that+FK506+Delays+Symptom+Onset+in+R6/2+Huntington's+Disease+Mice.">A Rapid Neurobehavioral Assessment Reveals that FK506 Delays Symptom Onset in R6/2 Huntington's Disease Mice.</a> Preclinica Research Articles. 1 (3), 115-126 (2003).</li></ol>

Bu çalışmalar, Washington Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Kurulu Üniversitesi tarafından onaylanmıştır.

Bu protokol, serebellar ataksi fare modelleri hastalık şiddetinin hassas ve kolay uygulanabilir bir değerlendirme olacak şekilde tasarlanmıştır. Skorlama sistemi bireysel bileşenleri nörodejenerasyon farklı fare modellerinde daha fazla veya daha az etkili olacaktır. Bu skorlama sistemi elemanları insan nörodejeneratif hastalığın fare modelleri, çeşitli ataksilerin, Huntington hastalığı ve spinobulbar müsküler atrofi [1-3] de dahil olmak üzere etkin bir şekilde değer...

a simple composite phenotype scoring system for evaluating mouse models of cerebellar ataxia

Biz cerebella ataksi fare modelleri, hastalık şiddeti, hızlı ve hassas ölçümü için bir protokol tanımlamaktadır. Spinoserebellar ataksileri, Huntington hastalığı ve spinobulbar müsküler atrofi de dahil olmak üzere çeşitli hastalık modellerinde fenotip değerlendirmeler, daha önce yayınlanmış türetilmiştir. Önlemler arka bacak clasping, çıkıntı testi, yürüme ve kifoz içerir. Her bir ölçüm, dört önlemler için 0-12 toplam 0-3 bir ölçekte kaydedilir. Da nörodejeneratif hastalık fenotiplerinin temporal ilerlemesi nicel sonuçları etkin bir şekilde etkilenen ve etkilenmeyen bireyler arasında ayrımcılık. Önlemler ayrı ayrı analiz veya daha fazla istatistiksel güç bir kompozit fenotip skoru birleştirilir. Dört açıklanan önlemlerin ideal bir kombinasyon söz konusu bozukluk bağlıdır. Biz transgenik fare modelinde spinoserebellar ataksi tip 7 (SCA7) bir hastalık şiddetini değerlendirmek için kullanılan protokol bir örnek sunmak. Albert R. La Spada ve Gwenn A. Garden Bu yazının eşit katkıda bulunmuştur.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Composite Phenotype Scoring System for Evaluating Mouse Models of Cerebellar Ataxia at JoVE.com

A Simple Composite Phenotype Scoring System for Evaluating Mouse Models of Cerebellar Ataxia

Biz serebellar ataksi fare modelleri, hastalık şiddeti, hızlı ve hassas ölçümü için bir protokol tanımlamaktadır. Önlemler arka bacak clasping, çıkıntı testi, yürüme ve kifoz içerir. Bu protokol, etkili bir şekilde etkilenen ve etkilenmeyen bireyler arasında ayrımcılık ve zamanla etkilenen bireylerin ilerlemesi algılar.

Serebellar Ataksi Fare Modelleri Değerlendirme Basit Kompozit Fenotip Puanlama Sistemi

We describe a protocol for the rapid and sensitive quantification of disease severity in mouse models of cerebella ataxia. It is derived from previously ...

a-simple-composite-phenotype-scoring-system-for-evaluating-mouse

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

35.3K Görüntüleme.  University of Washington. Biz serebellar ataksi fare modelleri, hastalık şiddeti, hızlı ve hassas ölçümü için bir protokol tanımlamaktadır. Önlemler arka bacak clasping, çıkıntı testi, yürüme ve kifoz içerir. Bu protokol, etkili bir şekilde etkilenen ve etkilenmeyen bireyler arasında ayrımcılık ve zamanla etkilenen bireylerin ilerlemesi algılar.

Video: A Simple Composite Phenotype Scoring System for Evaluating Mouse Models of Cerebellar Ataxia

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia

We describe a protocol for establishing mouse models of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). PVL is the predominant form of brain injury in premature infants and the most common antecedent of cerebral palsy. PVL is characterized by periventricular white matter damage with prominent oligodendroglial injury. Hypoxia/ischemia with or without systemic infection/inflammation are the primary causes of PVL. We use P6 mice to create models of neonatal brain injury by the induction of hypoxia/ischemia with or without systemic infection/inflammation with unilateral carotid ligation followed by exposure to hypoxia with or without injection of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Immunohistochemistry of myelin basic protein (MBP) or O1 and electron microscopic examination show prominent myelin loss in cerebral white matter with additional damage to the hippocampus and thalamus. Establishment of mouse models of PVL will greatly facilitate the study of disease pathogenesis using available transgenic mouse strains, conduction of drug trials in a relatively high throughput manner to identify candidate therapeutic agents, and testing of stem cell transplantation using immunodeficiency mouse strains.

We established mouse models of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), the predominant brain injury in premature infants characterized by periventricular white matter lesions. Hypoxia/ischemia with/without systemic infection are the primary causes of PVL. Unilateral carotid ligation and hypoxia exposure with/without lipopolysaccharide injection creates PVL-like lesions in P6 mice.

Periventriküler lökomalazi Fare Modelleri

We describe a protocol for establishing mouse models of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). PVL is the predominant form of brain injury in premature ...

Nörobilim

Organotypic Cerebellar Cultures: Apoptotic Challenges and Detection

Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue were first introduced by Hogue in 1947 1,2 and have constituted a major breakthrough in the field of neuroscience. Since then, the technique was developed further and currently there are many different ways to prepare organotypic cultures. The method presented here was adapted from the one described by Stoppini et al. for the preparation of the slices and from Gogolla et al. for the staining procedure 3,4.
A unique feature of this technique is that it allows you to study different parts of the brain such as hippocampus or cerebellum in their original structure, providing a big advantage over dissociated cultures in which all the cellular organization and neuronal networks are disrupted. In the case of the cerebellum it is even more advantageous because it allows the study of Purkinje cells, extremely difficult to obtain as dissociated primary culture. This method can be used to study certain developmental features of the cerebellum in vitro, as well as for electrophysiological and pharmacological experiments in both wild type and mutant mice.
The method described here was designed to study the effect of apoptotic stimuli such as Fas ligand in the developing cerebellum, using TUNEL staining to measure apoptotic cell death. If TUNEL staining is combined with cell type specific markers, such as Calbindin for Purkinje cells, it is possible to evaluate cell death in a cell population specific manner. The Calbindin staining also serves the purpose of evaluating the quality of the cerebellar cultures.

This method describes the generation of organotypic cerebellar cultures and the effect of certain apoptotic stimuli on the viability of different cerebellar cell types.

Organotipik Serebellar Kültürler: Apoptotik Zorluklar ve Tayin

Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue were first introduced by Hogue in 1947 1,2 and have constituted a major breakthrough in the field of neuroscience. ...

Quantitative Analysis of Synaptic Vesicle Pool Replenishment in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons using FM Dyes

After neurotransmitter release in central nerve terminals, SVs are rapidly retrieved by endocytosis. Retrieved SVs are then refilled with neurotransmitter and rejoin the recycling pool, defined as SVs that are available for exocytosis1,2. The recycling pool can generally be subdivided into two distinct pools - the readily releasable pool (RRP) and the reserve pool (RP). As their names imply, the RRP consists of SVs that are immediately available for fusion while RP SVs are released only during intense stimulation1,2. It is important to have a reliable assay that reports the differential replenishment of these SV pools in order to understand 1) how SVs traffic after different modes of endocytosis (such as clathrin-dependent endocytosis and activity-dependent bulk endocytosis) and 2) the mechanisms controlling the mobilisation of both the RRP and RP in response to different stimuli.
FM dyes are routinely employed to quantitatively report SV turnover in central nerve terminals3-8. They have a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail that allows reversible partitioning in the lipid bilayer, and a hydrophilic head group that blocks passage across membranes. The dyes have little fluorescence in aqueous solution, but their quantum yield increases dramatically when partitioned in membrane9. Thus FM dyes are ideal fluorescent probes for tracking actively recycling SVs. The standard protocol for use of FM dye is as follows. First they are applied to neurons and are taken up during endocytosis (Figure 1). After non-internalised dye is washed away from the plasma membrane, recycled SVs redistribute within the recycling pool. These SVs are then depleted using unloading stimuli (Figure 1). Since FM dye labelling of SVs is quantal10, the resulting fluorescence drop is proportional to the amount of vesicles released. Thus, the recycling and fusion of SVs generated from the previous round of endocytosis can be reliably quantified.
Here, we present a protocol that has been modified to obtain two additional elements of information. Firstly, sequential unloading stimuli are used to differentially unload the RRP and the RP, to allow quantification of the replenishment of specific SV pools. Secondly, each nerve terminal undergoes the protocol twice. Thus, the response of the same nerve terminal at S1 can be compared against the presence of a test substance at phase S2 (Figure 2), providing an internal control. This is important, since the extent of SV recycling across different nerve terminals is highly variable11.
Any adherent primary neuronal cultures may be used for this protocol, however the plating density, solutions and stimulation conditions are optimised for cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs)12,13.

A live fluorescence imaging technique to quantify the replenishment and mobilisation of specific synaptic vesicle (SV) pools in central nerve terminals is described. Two rounds of SV recycling are monitored in the same nerve terminals providing an internal control.

FM Boyalar Kültür Serebellar Granül Nöronlar Synaptic veziküllü Havuzu Yenileme Kantitatif Analiz

After neurotransmitter release in central nerve terminals, SVs are rapidly retrieved by endocytosis.  Retrieved SVs are then refilled with ...

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to understand the mechanism that promotes neuronal regeneration, an in-depth analysis of the neuronal types that can remodel after injury is needed. Several studies showed that damaged climbing fibers are capable of regrowing also in adult animals1,2. The investigation of the time-lapse dynamics of degeneration and regeneration of these axons within their complex environment can be performed by time-lapse two-photon fluorescence (TPF) imaging in vivo3,4. This technique is here combined with laser surgery, which proved to be a highly selective tool to disrupt fluorescent structures in the intact mouse cortex5-9.
This protocol describes how to perform TPF time-lapse imaging and laser nanosurgery of single axonal branches in the cerebellum in vivo. Olivocerebellar neurons are labeled by anterograde tracing with a dextran-conjugated dye and then monitored by TPF imaging through a cranial window. The terminal portion of their axons are then dissected by irradiation with a Ti:Sapphire laser at high power. The degeneration and potential regrowth of the damaged neuron are monitored by TPF in vivo imaging during the days following the injury.

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Two-photon imaging, coupled to laser nanodissection, are useful tools to study degenerative and regenerative processes in the central nervous system with subcellular resolution. This protocol shows how to label, image, and dissect single climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex in vivo.

Serebellar Aksonlar Lazer Nanosurgery<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to ...

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process and may be a useful behavioral marker for early detection. Earlier detection in neurodegenerative disease is a major goal in the field because this is when neuroprotective therapies have the best potential to be effective. Therefore, in preclinical studies testing novel neuroprotective strategies in rodent models of neurodegenerative disease, olfactory assessment could be highly useful in determining therapeutic potential of compounds and translation to the clinic. In the present study we describe a battery of olfactory assays that are useful in measuring olfactory function in mice. The tests presented in this study were chosen because they measure olfaction abilities in mice related to food odors, social odors, and non-social odors. These tests have proven useful in characterizing novel genetic mouse models of Parkinson&#8217;s disease as well as in testing potential disease-modifying therapies.

Impairment in olfactory function is a common feature in many neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson, Alzheimer, and Huntington diseases. In the present article, we describe a set of tests for assessing olfaction discrimination and detection in mice that can be used to measure olfactory abilities in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Nörodejeneratif Hastalığının fare modelleri için koku alma Tahliller

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process ...

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their post-natal development, abundance, and accessibility, CGNs are an ideal model to study neuronal processes, including neuronal development, neuronal migration, and physiological neuronal activity stimulation. In addition, CGN cultures provide an excellent model for studying different modes of cell death including excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Within a week in culture, CGNs express N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a specific ionotropic glutamate receptor with many critical functions in neuronal health and disease. The addition of low concentrations of NMDA in conjunction with membrane depolarization to rodent primary CGN cultures has been used to model physiological neuronal activity stimulation while the addition of high concentrations of NMDA can be employed to model excitotoxic neuronal injury. Here, a method of isolation and culturing of CGNs from 6 day old pups as well as genetic manipulation of CGNs by adenoviruses and lentiviruses are described. We also present optimized protocols on how to stimulate NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and DNA damage following transduction of these neurons.

This protocol describes a simple method for isolating and culturing primary mouse cerebral granule neurons (CGNs) from 6-7 day old pups, efficient transduction of CGNs for loss and gain of function studies, and modelling NMDA-induced neuronal excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced cell death, DNA-damage, and oxidative stress using the same culture model.

Modelleme nöronal ölüm ve fare birincil serebellar granül nöronlar dejenerasyon

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from parallel fibers (PF) to Purkinje cells (PC) is considered the basis for motor learning, and deficiencies of both LTD and motor learning are observed in various gene-manipulated animals. Common motor learning sets, such as adaptation of the optokinetic reflex (OKR), the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR), and rotarod test were used for evaluation of motor learning ability. However, results obtained from the GluA2-carboxy terminus modified knock-in mice demonstrated normal adaptation of the VOR and the OKR, despite lacking PF-LTD. In that report, induction of LTD was only attempted using one type of stimulation protocol at room temperature. Thus, conditions to induce cerebellar LTD were explored in the same knock-in mutants using various protocols at near physiological temperature. Finally, we found stimulation protocols, by which LTD could be induced in these gene-manipulated mice. In this study, a set of protocols are proposed to evaluate LTD-induction, which will more accurately allow examination of the causal relationship between LTD and motor learning. In conclusion, experimental conditions are crucial when evaluating LTD in gene-manipulated mice.

In some gene-manipulated animals, using a single protocol may fail to induce LTD in cerebellar Purkinje cells, and there may be a discrepancy between LTD and motor learning. Multiple protocols are necessary to assess LTD-induction in gene-manipulated animals. Standard protocols are shown.

Erişkin Serebellar Dilimlerde Uzun Süreli Depresyon İndüksiyonunun Değerlendirilmesi

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from ...

Cerebellar Regional Dissection for Molecular Analysis

Cerebellum plays an important role in several key functions including control of movement, balance, cognition, reward, and affect. Imaging studies indicate that distinct cerebellar regions contribute to these different functions. Molecular studies examining regional cerebellar differences are lagging as they are mostly done on whole cerebellar extracts thereby masking any distinctions across specific cerebellar regions. Here we describe a technique to reproducibly and quickly dissect four different cerebellar regions: the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN), anterior and posterior vermal cerebellar cortex, and the cerebellar cortex of the hemispheres. Dissecting out these distinct regions allows for the exploration of molecular mechanisms that may underlie their unique contributions to balance, movement, affect and cognition. This technique may also be used to explore differences in pathological susceptibility of these specific regions across various mouse disease models.

Different cerebellar regions have been implicated to play a role in distinct behavioral outputs, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. This work describes a method to reproducibly and quickly dissect cerebellar cortex of the hemispheres, anterior and posterior regions of the vermis, and the deep cerebellar nuclei in order to probe for molecular differences by isolating RNA and testing for differences in gene expression.&#160;

Moleküler Analiz için Serebellar Bölgesel Diseksiyon

Cerebellum plays an important role in several key functions including control of movement, balance, cognition, reward, and affect. Imaging studies ...

Evaluation of Motor Impairment in C. elegans Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

The neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) features progressive loss of motor neurons accompanied by muscle weakness and motor impairment that worsens with time. While considerable advances have been made in determining genetic drivers of ALS for a subset of patients, the majority of cases have an unknown etiology. Further, the mechanisms underlying motor neuron dysfunction and degeneration are not well understood; therefore, there is an ongoing need to develop and characterize representative models to study these processes. Caenorhabditis elegans can adapt their movement to the physical constraints of their surroundings, with two primary movement paradigms studied in a laboratory environment- crawling on a solid surface and swimming in liquid. These represent a complex interplay between sensation, motor neurons, and muscles. C. elegans models of ALS can exhibit impairment in one or both of these movement paradigms. This protocol describes two sensitive assays for evaluating motility in C. elegans: an optimized radial locomotion assay measuring crawling on a solid surface and an automated method for tracking and analyzing swimming in liquid (thrashing). In addition to the characterization of baseline motor impairment of ALS models, these assays can detect suppression or enhancement of the phenotypes from genetic or small molecule interventions. Thus, these methods have utility for studying ALS&#160;models and any C. elegans strain that exhibits altered motility.

Evaluation of Motor Impairment in C. elegans Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

This protocol describes two sensitive assays for discriminating among mild, moderate, and severe motor impairment in C. elegans models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, with general utility for C. elegans strains, with altered motility.

C. elegans Amyotrofik Lateral Skleroz Modellerinde Motor Bozukluğun Değerlendirilmesi

The neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) features progressive loss of motor neurons accompanied by muscle weakness and motor ...

A Behavioral Screen for Heat-Induced Seizures in Mouse Models of Epilepsy

Transgenic mouse models have proved to be powerful tools in studying various aspects of human neurological disorders, including epilepsy. The SCN1A-associated genetic epilepsies comprise a wide spectrum of seizure disorders with incomplete penetrance and clinical variability. SCN1A mutations can result in a large variety of seizure phenotype ranging from simple, self-limited fever-associated febrile seizures (FS), moderate-level genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) to more severe Dravet Syndrome (DS). Although FS are commonly seen in children below 6-7 years of age who do not have genetic epilepsy, FS in GEFS+ patients continue to occur into adulthood. Traditionally, experimental FS have been induced in mice by exposing the animal to a stream of dry air or heating lamps, and the rate of change in body temperature is often not well controlled. Here, we describe a custom-built heating chamber, with a plexiglass front, that is fitted with a digital temperature controller and a heater-equipped electric fan, which can send heated forced air into the test arena in a temperature-controlled manner. The body temperature of a mouse placed in the chamber, monitored through a rectal probe, can be increased to 40-42 &#176;C in a reproducible manner by increasing the temperature inside the chamber. Continual visual monitoring of the animals during the heating period demonstrates induction of heat-induced seizures in mice carrying an FS mutation at a body temperature that does not elicit behavioral seizures in wild-type litter mates. Animals can be easily removed from the chamber and placed on a cooling pad to rapidly return body temperature to normal. This method provides for a simple, rapid, and reproducible screening protocol for the occurrence of heat-induced seizures in epilepsy mouse models.

The goal of the method is to screen for hyperthermia or heat-induced seizures in mouse models. The protocol describes the use of a custom-built chamber with continuous monitoring of the body temperature to determine whether elevated body temperature leads to seizures.