Tespit <ol><li> (Fisher kedi # 03-339-25b), küçük bir bardak sintilasyon flakon MEMFA ya da% 3.7 FA + PBS bütün embriyolar veya disseke eksplantlar aktarın. Bundan daha fazla değil, sadece 2 saat RT nutator flakon inkübe ve . FA embriyo 2 saatten fazla bırakmayın. FA uzun inkübasyon embriyonik doku zorlaştırır ve algılama süreci antikorlar fakir bir penetrasyon ile sonuçlanabilir. </li><li> FA aspire ve Dent fiksatif flakon (~ 4.5ml) üstüne ekleyin. Yavaşça başka bir 4.5ml ile taze Dent Dent döviz embriyoların yıkamak için flakon birkaç kez ters ve -20 º C en az 48 saat süreyle inkübe edin. Gecelik yeterli DEĞİLDİR. Bu adım, antikor embriyolar daha geçirgen hale getirir. Embriyolar bu durum birkaç hafta saklanabilir. </li></ol> İmmünofloresan <ol><li> Örnek rehidrate. Aşağıdaki gibi, metanol kademeli dizi inkübe: <table style="width: 171px; height: 119px;" border="0" cellpadding="3"><tbody><tr><td> % 75 MeOH / H 2 O </td><td> 10dk </td></tr><tr><td> % 50 MeOH / PBS </td><td> 10dk </td></tr><tr><td> % 25 MeOH / PBS </td><td> 10dk </td></tr><tr><td> PBS </td><td> 10dk </td></tr><tr><td> PBS </td><td> 10dk </td></tr></tbody></table> </li><li> 60mm plastik tabaklar ile% 1.5 agaroz / PBS plakaları olun. Agaroz üst katı haline geldikten sonra PBS dökün. </li><li> Embriyoların Hemi-kesit:% 1.5 agaroz / PBS plaka embriyolar koyun. Forseps bir çift ile bir embriyo kapın ve ince bir jilet kullanarak embriyonun merkezi aracılığıyla ikiye kesmek. Düz bir kesim uçağı başarıyla yarıya olduğunu olanları seçin. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/188_2008_7_10_3/188_figure-01.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" width="591" height="193" /> </li><li> Ikiye embriyolar, bir cam sintilasyon PBT şişenin içine aktarın. % 20 keçi serum + PBT 4.5ml ile değişimi. Nutator (Engelleme) 2 saat oda sıcaklığında inkübe edin. </li><li> PBT birincil antikor uygun bir seyreltme hazırlayın. Bu başına örneklerinin 0.5 ml gereklidir. Örneğin, ben C-cadherin 5mm plastik bölümlerde hücre içi lokalizasyonu çalışma tavşan anti-C-kaderin PAB 1 / 200 dilüsyon kullanılır. </li><li> Engelleme çözüm aspire ve seyreltilmiş primer antikor 0.5 ml ekleyin. Şişeleri, plastik bir tüp tutucu stand-up pozisyonda yerleştirin. Bir nutator 4 º C&#39;de bir gece inkübe edin. </li><li> Seyreltilmiş birincil antikor (Bu seyreltilmiş primer antikor kaydedilir ve sonraki 1-2 hafta içinde tekrar edilebilir) çıkarın. RT az 4 kez, her biri (40-60 dakika) için PBT 4.5ml ile yıkayın. </li><li> 1 / 100 dilüsyon PBT Biotin-konjuge sekonder antikor 0.5 ml ile değişimi. Bir nutator 4 º C&#39;de bir gece inkübe edin. Biotin ışıktan korumak için alüminyum folyo ile şişeleri örtün. </li><li> Bu noktadan itibaren, bakım, ışık, yani örnek korumak için bazı kapak veya alüminyum folyo altında şişeleri tutmak alınmalıdır . </li><li> Biotin ikincil antikor (bu da önümüzdeki 1-2 hafta içinde tekrar edilebilir) çıkarın. RT (her biri 40-60 dakika) ya da 4 kez PBT 4.5ml yıkayın. </li><li> PBT içinde Streptavidin (FITC, Texas-kırmızı, vb.) Floresan etiketli 1 / 200 dilüsyon ile Alım Satım 0.5 ml. Bir nutator 4 º C&#39;de bir gece inkübe edin. </li><li> Streptavidin (bu da, yeniden olabilir) çıkarın. RT (her biri 30 dakikalık 15), 3 kez için PBT 4.5ml ile yıkayınız. </li><li> RT 30 dakika süreyle% 3.7 FA + PBS 4.5ml Fix embriyoların. </li><li> Iki kez PBS 4.5ml ile yıkayın. </li><li> Örnek dehydrate. Aşağıdaki gibi, etanol kademeli dizi inkübe: <table style="width: 172px; height: 80px;" border="0"><tbody><tr><td> % 30 EtOH / H 2 O </td><td> 10 dakika </td></tr><tr><td> % 50 EtOH / H 2 O </td><td> 10 dakika </td></tr><tr><td> % 75 EtOH / H 2 O </td><td> 10 dakika </td></tr><tr><td> 100% EtOH </td><td> 10 dakika </td></tr></tbody></table> </li><li> Örnek ışıktan korumak için bir kapak ile 4 º C&#39;de% 100 EtOH saklanabilir. </li></ol> Sızma <ol><li> Technovit 7100 infiltrasyon karışımı olun. Ben genellikle, 50ml, konik tüp baz sıvı 15ml sertleştirici 150mg ekleyin ve 15 dakika boyunca nutator sallayarak karıştırın. Bu infiltrasyon karışımı bir ay kadar 4 ° C&#39;de muhafaza edilebilir. </li><li> Technovit infiltrasyon mix / EtOH açılan kademeli serisi ile alışverişi infiltrasyon karışımı ile örnek Infiltrate, aşağıdaki gibi: <ol><li> % 50 Technovit / EtOH - 1 saat </li><li> % 100 Technovit - 1 saat </li><li> % 100 Technovit - gecede </li></ol></li><li> Specimen 4 º C&#39;de% 100 infiltrasyon karışımı bir ay kadar saklanabilir. Numuneler üzerinde ışıktan korumak için bir kapak koyun. </li></ol> Gömülmesi <ol><li> Technovit 7100 gömme karışımı olun: 1.5ml bir tüp içinde infiltrasyon karışımı 0.75ml ve sertleştirici II 50ml ekleyin. Tersine tüp birkaç kez karıştırın. </li><li> , Plastik bir transfer pipet kullanarak, gece 0.5 ml ince duvarlı PCR tüp içine sızmış bir örnek alır. Süpernatantı çıkarın. </li><li> 0.25ml numune için bu bölümü adım # 1, &quot;Gömme&quot;, yapılan gömme karışımı ekleyin. Orient sıkıcı bir ucu diseksiyon iğne (diseksiyon iğnesi ahşap saplı) ile hafifçe dürtmek, tüp aşağıya doğru bakacak şekilde diseksiyon düzlemi ikiye embriyo. </li><li> Kapağını kapatın ve yaklaşık dört saat boyunca karanlık bir yerde tüp inkübe plastik polimerize izin verecek. </li><li> Technovit 3040 karışımı olun. Tozu 1 gram ağırlığında bir çanak alın ve 0.5 ml sıvı ekleyin. Hemen bir bluetip kullanarak toz ve sıvı karıştırın. Sertleştirilmiş spacimen üstüne dökün. Bu sarı Technovit 3040 tüpten çıkan tüm plastik blok önleyecektir. </li></ol> Kesit <ol><li> Ksilen Histoknife H Bezi (EtOH genellikle yeterince iyi değil) ve sizin mikrotom ayarlayın. Yaklaşık 45 ° &#39;de bıçak açısı. Bu alanın temizliği kesitli dilim kalitesi çok önemli, çünkü, çok, ksilen ile bıçağın önünde sahne alan silin. </li><li> Tüp tarafında kesin ve karton bir bıçak kullanarak kapalı ucu kabuğu. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/188_2008_7_10_5/188_figure-02.jpg" alt="Şekil 2" width="818" height="243" /> </li><li> Mikrotom mandren tutucu örnek ayarlayın. </li><li> Bölüm dilim için bir montaj odasına bir slayt camına &quot;basın-seal&quot; silikon izolatör takın. Temiz benchtop slayt sıkıca yalıtkan basın ve yalıtkan herhangi bir hava kabarcıkları olmadan tamamen takılı olduğundan emin olun diğer taraftan bakın. Pasteur pipeti kullanarak slayt havuz, su yüzeyi, düz, iç bükey değil ya da şekil olarak dışbükey hale olduğu görülebilir seviyeye kadar temiz ve sıcak dH 2 O (~ 40 ° C) dökün. </li><li> Bölüm dilim yapmaya başlayın. Immunofloresan çalışmalar için 5 mm bölüm dilim olun. - 8 mm sinyallerin amacı ve yoğunluklarına bağlı olarak, in situ hibridizasyon örnekleri için, dilimlerin kalınlığı ~ 3 aralığında ayarlanabilir olabilir . </li><li> Küçük bir fırça kullanarak, bölüm dilim bıçak önünde sahne su ile montaj odasına taşıyın. Su havuzunun üstüne bir dilim fırça tutun ve sıkıcı bir ucu diseksiyon iğne ile vurmak suretiyle su dilim aşağı açılır. Su yüzeyine vurur dilim en kısa sürede dairesel bir şekil genişletmek olacaktır. </li><li> Montaj odasına su yüzey alanının en kesit dilimleri ile dolduğunda, Pasteur pipeti kullanarak suyun neredeyse yarısı kadar emmek. Örnek tamamen kuru bir slayt sıcak gecede slayt inkübe edin. </li><li> Counter-beş dakika için DAPI (TE içinde 0.1mg/ml) 1ml leke. Aspire DAPI ve örnek kurulayın. </li><li> Slayt silikon kauçuk yalıtkan çıkarın. Şimdi resimler örnek alınabilir. 4 örnek Mağaza ° C, ışıktan korunmalıdır. </li></ol>

Antijen veya epitopu etiketleri karşı primer antikor: PBT uygun bir seyreltme olun. Biotin-konjuge sekonder antikor çeşitli satıcılardan biotin-konjuge antikorların satmak.

plastic embedding and sectioning of xenopus laevis embryos

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Plastic Embedding and Sectioning of Xenopus laevis Embryos at JoVE.com

Plastic Embedding and Sectioning of Xenopus laevis Embryos

Plastik bölümleri, parafine gömülü ya da dondurulmuş bölümleri daha birçok doku türleri için bu yöntem daha kullanışlı hale getirmek, floresan sekonder antikor ile boyanmış doku ince bölümlerde gerçek doku morfolojisi korumak. Bu video boyama, plastik gömme ve kesit yöntemi gösterilmiştir.

Plastik gömülmesi ve Xenopus laevis Embriyolar Kesit

plastic-embedding-and-sectioning-of-xenopus-laevis-embryos

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.5K Görüntüleme.  University of California, Irvine (UCI). Plastik bölümleri, parafine gömülü ya da dondurulmuş bölümleri daha birçok doku türleri için bu yöntem daha kullanışlı hale getirmek, floresan sekonder antikor ile boyanmış doku ince bölümlerde gerçek doku morfolojisi korumak. Bu video boyama, plastik gömme ve kesit yöntemi gösterilmiştir.

Video: Plastic Embedding and Sectioning of Xenopus laevis Embryos

Dissection of Organizer and Animal Pole Explants from Xenopus laevis Embryos and Assembly of a Cell Adhesion Assay

This video demonstrates the technique used for preparation of organizer and animal pole explants from Xenopus laevis embryos, including the use of the eyebrow knife - a specialized dissection tool made of one's eyebrow. The protocol for assembling an adhesion assay is also given, which probes for the presence of key adhesion molecules present on the surface organizer or animal pole cells that are critical for proper development.

Organizatör ve Hayvan Kutbu eksplantlar Xenopus laevis Embriyolar ve Hücre Yapışma Testi Meclisi diseksiyonu

Biyoloji

Obtaining Eggs from Xenopus laevis Females

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, collect and dejelly the eggs, and sort the eggs to remove any damaged eggs.

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, collect and dejelly the eggs, and sort the eggs to remove any damaged eggs.

Xenopus laevis Dişiler Yumurta Alınması

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, ...

Preparation and Fractionation of Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical analysis. Egg lysis and differential centrifugation are used to prepare the crude extract which in turn in used to prepare fractionated extracts and light membrane preparations.

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical analysis. Egg lysis and differential centrifugation are used to prepare the crude extract which in turn in used to prepare fractionated extracts and light membrane preparations.

Xenopus laevis Yumurta hazırlanması ve Fraksiyonu ayıklar.

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical ...

Microinjection of Xenopus Laevis Oocytes

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic transport. Because of its large nucleus and high density of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), nuclear transport can be easily visualized in the Xenopus oocyte. Much insight into the mechanisms of nuclear import and export has been gained through use of this system (reviewed by Pant&eacute;, 2006). In addition, we have used microinjection of Xenopus oocytes to dissect the nuclear import pathways of several viruses that replicate in the host nucleus. 
Here we demonstrate the cytoplasmic microinjection of Xenopus oocytes with a nuclear import substrate. We also show preparation of the injected oocytes for visualization by thin-sectioning EM, including dissection, dehydration, and embedding of the oocytes into an epoxy embedding resin. Finally, we provide representative results for oocytes that have been microinjected with the capsid of the baculovirus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) or the parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice (MVM), and discuss potential applications of the technique.

Here we demonstrate cytoplasmic microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes with a nuclear import substrate, as well as preparation of the injected oocytes for visualization by thin-sectioning electron microscopy.

Xenopus laevis Oosit, Mikroenjeksiyon

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic ...

Tissue Determination Using the Animal Cap Transplant (ACT) Assay in Xenopus laevis

Many proteins play a dual role in embryonic development. Those that regulate cell fate determination in a specific tissue can also affect the development of a larger region of the embryo. This makes defining its role in a particular tissue difficult to analyze. For example, noggin overexpression in Xenopus laevis embryos causes the expansion of the entire anterior region, including the eye1,2. From this result, it is not known if Noggin plays a direct role in eye determination or that by causing an expansion of neural tissue, Noggin indirectly affects eye formation. Having this complex phenotype makes studying its eye-specific role in cell fate determination difficult to analyze. We have developed an assay that overcomes this problem. Taking advantage of the pluripotent nature of the Xenopus laevis animal cap 3, we have developed an assay to test the ability of gene product(s), like noggin or the eye field transcription factors (EFTFs), to transform caps into particular tissue or cell types by transplanting this tissue onto the side of the embryo 4. While we have found either Noggin protein treatment or a collection of transcription factors can determine retinal cell fate in animal caps, this procedure could be used to identify gene product(s) involved in specifying other tissues as well.

Tissue Determination Using the Animal Cap Transplant ACT Assay in Xenopus laevis

Animal caps overexpressing gene product(s) are transplanted to the flank of developing Xenopus laevis embryos in order to establish whether tissue is determined.

Doku belirlenmesi Hayvan Cap Nakli (ACT) Testi Xenopus laevis</em

Many proteins play a dual role in embryonic development. Those that regulate cell fate determination in a specific tissue can also affect the development ...

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes in cell surface area and cell height, and where cells undergo mitosis and migrate. Furthermore, epithelial cells can also regulate morphogenetic movements in adjacent tissues1. A traditional method to study epithelial cells and tissues involve chemical fixation and histological methods to determine cell morphology or localization of particular proteins of interest. These approaches continue to be useful and provide "snapshots" of cell shapes and tissue architecture, however, much remains to be understood about how cells acquire specific shapes, how various proteins move or localize to specific positions, and what paths cells follow toward their final differentiated fate. High resolution live imaging complements traditional methods and also allows more direct investigation into the dynamic cellular processes involved in the formation, maintenance, and morphogenesis of multicellular epithelial sheets. Here we demonstrate experimental methods from the isolation of animal cap tissues from Xenopus laevis embryos to confocal imaging of epithelial cells and simple measurement approaches that together can augment molecular and cellular studies of epithelial morphogenesis.

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus embryonic epithelia are an ideal model system to study cell behaviors such as polarity development and shape change during epithelial morphogenesis. Traditional histology of fixed samples is increasingly being complemented by live-cell confocal imaging. Here we demonstrate methods to isolate frog tissues and visualize live epithelial cells and their cytoskeleton using live-cell confocal microscopy.

Canlı hücre Görüntüleme ve Kantitatif Analiz Embriyonik Epitel Hücreleri Xenopus laevis</em

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes ...

Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation

Stable integration of cloned gene products into the Xenopus genome is necessary to control the time and place of expression, to express genes at later stages of embryonic development, and to define how enhancers and promoters regulate gene expression within the embryo. The protocol demonstrated here can be used to efficiently produce transgenic Xenopus laevis embryos. This transgenesis approach involves three parts: 1. Sperm nuclei are isolated from adult X. laevis testis by treatment with lysolecithin, which permeabilizes the sperm plasma membrane. 2. Egg extract is prepared by low speed centrifugation, addition of calcium to cause the extract to progress to interphase of the cell cycle, and a high-speed centrifugation to isolate interphase cytosol. 3. Nuclear transplantation: the nuclei and extract are combined with the linearized plasmid DNA to be introduced as the transgene and a small amount of restriction enzyme. During a short reaction, egg extract partially decondenses the sperm chromatin and the restriction enzyme generates chromosomal breaks that promote recombination of the transgene into the genome. The treated sperm nuclei are then transplanted into unfertilized eggs. Integration of the transgene usually occurs prior to the first embryonic cleavage such that the resulting embryos are not chimeric. These embryos can be analyzed without any need to breed to the next generation, allowing for efficient and rapid generation of transgenic embryos for analyses of promoter and gene function. Adult X. laevis resulting from this procedure also propagate the transgene through the germline and can be used to generate lines of transgenic animals for multiple purposes.

Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation

This video protocol demonstrates a method for generating transgenic Xenopus laevis by introduction of transgenes into sperm nuclei followed by nuclear transplantation into unfertilized eggs.

Transgenik, üretimi Xenopus laevis Kısıtlama Enzim aracılığı ile Entegrasyon ve Nükleer Nakli

Stable integration of cloned gene products into the Xenopus genome is necessary to control the time and place of expression, to express genes at later ...

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. To identify where signaling pathways and tissues act during patterning of the developing face, a 'face transplant' technique has been developed in embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis. A region of presumptive facial tissue (the "Extreme Anterior Domain" (EAD)) is removed from a donor embryo at tailbud stage, and transplanted to a host embryo of the same stage, from which the equivalent region has been removed. This can be used to generate a chimeric face where the host or donor tissue has a loss or gain of function in a gene, and/or includes a lineage label. After healing, the outcome of development is monitored, and indicates roles of the signaling pathway within the donor or surrounding host tissues. Xenopus is a valuable model for face development, as the facial region is large and readily accessible for micromanipulation. Many embryos can be assayed, over a short time period since development occurs rapidly. Findings in the frog are relevant to human development, since craniofacial processes appear conserved between Xenopus and mammals.

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

A technique for transplanting "Extreme Anterior Domain" facial tissue between Xenopus laevis embryos has been developed. Tissue can be moved from one gene expression background into another, allowing the study of local requirements for craniofacial development and for signaling interactions between facial regions.

Yüz Nakli<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em&gt; Embriyolar

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. ...

Using plusTipTracker Software to Measure Microtubule Dynamics in Xenopus laevis Growth Cones

Microtubule (MT) plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs) localize to the growing plus-ends of MTs and regulate MT dynamics1,2. One of the most well-known and widely-utilized +TIPs for analyzing MT dynamics is the End-Binding protein, EB1, which binds all growing MT plus-ends, and thus, is a marker for MT polymerization1. Many studies of EB1 behavior within growth cones have used time-consuming and biased computer-assisted, hand-tracking methods to analyze individual MTs1-3. Our approach is to quantify global parameters of MT dynamics using the software package, plusTipTracker4, following the acquisition of high-resolution, live images of tagged EB1 in cultured embryonic growth cones5. This software is a MATLAB-based, open-source, user-friendly package that combines automated detection, tracking, visualization, and analysis for movies of fluorescently-labeled +TIPs. Here, we present the protocol for using plusTipTracker for the analysis of fluorescently-labeled +TIP comets in cultured Xenopus laevis growth cones. However, this software can also be used to characterize MT dynamics in various cell types6-8.

Using plusTipTracker Software to Measure Microtubule Dynamics in Xenopus laevis Growth Cones

The MATLAB-based, open source software package, plusTipTracker, can be used to analyze image series of fluorescently-labeled +TIPs to quantify microtubule dynamics.

Içinde Mikrotubul Dynamics Tedbir plusTipTracker Yazılım Kullanma<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em&gt; Büyüme Konileri

Microtubule (MT) plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs) localize to the growing plus-ends of MTs and regulate MT dynamics1,2. One of the most well-known and ...

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Protein synthesis is a fundamental process to gene expression impacting diverse biological processes notably adaptation to environmental conditions. The initiation step, which involves the assembly of the ribosomal subunits at the mRNA initiation codon, involved initiation factor including eIF4G1. Defects in this rate limiting step of translation are linked to diverse disorders. To study the potential consequences of such deregulations, Xenopus laevis oocytes constitute an attractive model with high degrees of conservation of essential cellular and molecular mechanisms with human. In addition, during meiotic maturation, oocytes are transcriptionally repressed and all necessary proteins are translated from preexisting, maternally derived mRNAs. This inexpensive model enables exogenous mRNA to become perfectly integrated with an effective translation. Here is described a protocol for assessing translation with a factor of interest (here eIF4G1) using stored maternal mRNA that are the first to be polyadenylated and translated during oocyte maturation as a physiological readout. At first, mRNA synthetized by in vitro transcription of plasmids of interest (here eIF4G1) are injected in oocytes and kinetics of oocyte maturation by Germinal Vesicle Breakdown detection is determined. The studied maternal mRNA target is the serine/threonine-protein-kinase mos. Its polyadenylation and its subsequent translation are investigated together with the expression and phosphorylation of proteins of the mos signaling cascade involved in oocyte maturation. Variations of the current protocol to put forward translational defects are also proposed to emphasize its general applicability. In light of emerging evidence that aberrant protein synthesis may be involved in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, such a model provides the opportunity to easily assess this impairment and identify new targets.

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Protein synthesis control occurs mainly at the translation initiation step, deficiencies in which are linked to diverse disorders. To better understand their etiology, we described here a protocol using Xenopus laevis oocytes assessing the translation of mos transcript in the presence of a mutant of translation initiation factor eIF4G1.

Ksenopus Translation Düşüklüğü Belirlemek için Bir Model Olarak laevis

Protein synthesis is a fundamental process to gene expression impacting diverse biological processes notably adaptation to environmental conditions. The ...