Bu araştırma projesi bir ARRA Ek, 5 R01 NS056380 tarafından desteklenmiştir. Ek destek Viral vektör Core ve Emory Nörobilim NINDS Çekirdek Hizmetleri hibe, P30NS055077 en Mikroskopi Çekirdek ile sağlanmıştır. Istikrarlı SSTR3-GFP IMCD3 hücre hattı için Greg Pazour,, Biz GENSAT gelen fare hattı türetmek için Emory Transgenik Fare ve Gen Hedefleme Çekirdek teşekkür ve Sstr3-GFP lentiviral için Bradley Yoder inşa. Monoklonal antikorlar NICHD himayesinde geliştirilen Gelişim Çalışmaları Hibridoma Bankası, elde edilen ve Iowa Üniversitesi, Biyolojik Bilimler Bölümü, Iowa City, IA 52242 tarafından muhafaza edildi. Tüm hayvan prosedürleri IACUC ve Emory Üniversitesi Biyogüvenlik Komitesi tarafından kabul edildi.

Yetişkin fareler, mekanik servikal dislokasyon tarafından ötenazi. Tüm hayvan prosedürleri IACUC ve Emory Üniversitesi Biyogüvenlik Komitesi tarafından kabul edildi. 1. Embriyo Üretimi <ol><li> Çapraz Tamoksifen-indüklenebilir Cre çizgi, CAGGCreER ve dsRedCre muhabiri hattı (Tg (CAG-Bgeo,-DsRed * MST) 1Nagy) (Şekil 1) 5,6. Kızı hücreler, çapraz CAGGCreER ve Olig2-eGFP BAC transgenik farelerin (Tg (Olig2-EGFP) EK23Gsat) (Şekil 1) 7,8 ile DsRed doğrultusunda Sus yanıt göreli zamanlama izlemek için. </li><li> % 100 etanol tamoksifen çözülür ve Cre ifade ve hücrelerin bir kısmında DsRed etiketleme ikna etmek için embriyonik 6.5 (E6.5) hamile kadın içine vücut ağırlığı 40 g başına 2.5 mg tamoksifen intraperitoneal gerçekleştirin. </li><li> 48 saat sonra, embriyolar incelemek floresan mikroskop kullanılarak DsRed olumlu embriyolar tespit, kültür çanak aktarmak ve gözlemlerEx vivo görüntüleme sırasında E tek hücre bölünmesi (aşağıya bakınız). </li></ol> 2. Tüm Fare Embriyo Kültürü <ol><li> % 10 yeni doğmuş buzağı serumu ve% 1 Penisilin / Streptomisin (P / S) 9 ile desteklenmiş DMEM/F12 (1:1) içeren, önceden ısıtılmış yıkama ortamı içinde E8.5 embriyolar incelemek. </li><li> Doğrudan floresan mikroskop altında 37 ° C ısıtma sahnede diseksiyonu, yer embriyo sonra GFP ve / veya DsRed pozitif (bkz. aşağıda) olarak tanımlar. </li><li> Sonra bir L-glutamin ile takviye edilmiş fenol kırmızısı olmadan en az% 50 bir erkek Sprague-Dawley sıçan alınan serum ve% 50 DMEM/F12 (1:1) ihtiva eden önceden-dengelenmiş kültür ortamı 500 ul damla ve% 1 içine 2 embriyolar kadar veri transferi 0.85% NaCl ve P / S 9 1 M HEPES. </li><li> Buharlaşmasını önlemek ve kültür kabına 37 ° C,% 5 CO2 inkübatör embriyolar içeren transfer ortamı üzerinden dengelenmiş hafif mineral yağ ince bir tabaka (0,1 cm) uygulanır. </li></ol> 3.Viral Enfeksiyon <ol><li> Nöroepitelyumda etiket kirpikler amacıyla, bir E8.5 embriyo içeren kültür ortamı içinde bir 500 ul dengelenmiş bir düşüş Sstr3-GFP lentivirüs 5-10 ul, yaklaşık 2.000.000 virionlar ekleyin. </li><li> Kültür 18 saat sonra, virüs yıkayın ve nöral tüp dilim hazırlamak için yıkama orta birkaç damla içine enfekte embriyo transferi. </li></ol> 4. Canlı Görüntüleme Nöral Tüp Dilim Hazırlık <ol><li> % 1 agar kaplı çanak, bir mikro-bıçak boyutu 0.025 mm kullanarak önceden ısıtılmış yıkama ortamda E8.5 embriyo nöral tüp parçalara ayır. </li><li> 35 mm poli-L-lisin kaplı cam alt çanak fenol kırmızısı olmadan dengelenmiş kültür ortamı bir 150 ul damla izole nöral tüp ventral yüzü aşağı yerleştirin. </li><li> Için cam lamel dar bir parça% 100 saf vazelin ve monte nöral tüp etrafında erimiş mum (IKEA mum), ve hafifçe basın yapılmış 1:1 karışımının az miktarda koyunörnek hareketsiz. </li><li> Dengelenmiş hafif mineral yağ ince bir tabaka (~ 0.1 cm) (Şekil 2) ile çanak Kapak. </li></ol> 5. Görüntüleme ve Time-lapse Konfokal Mikroskop Canlı <ol><li> Sıcaklık düzenleyen bir çevre odası ile donatılmıştır Konfokal Ters Mikroskop Tarama Nikon A1R Lazer altında yer çanak, 37 ayarlı ° C ve% 5 CO 2. </li><li> 40x yağ immersiyon objektif kullanımı Olig2-GFP ve DsRed pozitif hücreler izlemek için ise, GFP etiketli kirpikler ve DsRed pozitif hücreler kaydetmek için 60x yağ immersiyon objektif kullanın. </li><li> Zaman atlamalı görüntüleme koşulları kurmak için NIS Elements yazılımı açın. Her 10 dakika 1.5 mikron (40x objektif) ve 0.4 mikron (60x objektif) bir aralığı ile en fazla 8 mikron bir aralığı ile z-yığınları 25 mikron kadar kazanır. Gerekirse 488 ve 561 nm uyarma dalga boyları ve iletilen kanal kullanın. 512 x 512 boyutunda görüntüler elde. Int birden fazla kullanıcı tanımlı bölgeler kurmakerest aynı anda kayıt yapmak için. , Tarama hızı 1, çizgi ortalama 2 ve iğne deliği boyutu (61, görüntünün lazer gücü ve parlaklık için en iyi poz kullanımı düşük lazer yoğunluğu (4.5 kadar% EGFP 405/488 mCherry 561 için en fazla 11%) tarafından ayarlandı DsRed için mikron; Olig2 için 28.1 mikron, SSTR3GFP için 72 mikron, DsRed ve SSTR3GFP için 61.3 mikron, DsRed ve Olig2 için 58 mikron). Genetik olarak kodlanmış floresan gazetecilere kullanımı bize düşük lazer gücü ile parlaklık tespit sağladı. </li><li> Imaris 3D rekonstrüksiyon yazılımı kullanılarak kaydedilen verileri analiz. </li></ol> 6. İmmünofloresan <ol><li> Bir cam tabak içinde 1 saat boyunca buz üzerinde% 4 paraformaldehid / 0.1 M fosfat tampon (4 ° C) içinde izole edilmiş embriyolar ya da nöral tüp düzeltildi. </li><li> Örnekler buz üzerinde PBS 2 saat (4 ° C) (değiştir PBS birkaç kez) ve gece boyunca ya da embriyoların lavabo kadar% 30 sakaroz / 0.1 M Fosfat Tampon koymak yıkayın. </li><li> -80 Kuru buz ve mağaza ° C üzerinde, OCT dondurma Embed Pkriyostat (10 mm) üzerinde kesit erform. </li><li> % 1 ısı ile inaktive edilmiş koyun serumu ihtiva eden yıkama çözeltisi içinde 10 dakika karıştırıldı ve PBS içinde% 0.1 Triton X-100 için slayt yıkayın. </li><li> Konsantrasyonlarda takip de yıkama çözeltisi içinde primer antikorlar inceltilir Rat monoklonal anti-RFP (5F8,) 1:200; Tavşan anti-Arl13b serum 1:1500 ve fare monoklonal anti-Arl13b 01:05 (295B/54); Tavşan anti-Olig2 1:300; Fare monoklonal Pax6, Şşş ve Nkx2.2-tüm 01:10 ve Ki67 1:500 poliklonal Tavşan. Düz nemlendirilmiş bir odasında slayt başına 150 ul yaklaşık ekle, kurumasını önlemek ve 4 gece boyunca terk ° C&#39;ye parafilm kapağı </li><li> Üç kez, 20 dakika, her zaman oda sıcaklığında yıkama çözeltisi içinde slaytlar yıkayın. </li><li> 1:200 konsantrasyonda yıkama çözümleri sekonder antikor Alexa Fluor 488, 568, 350 sulandırmak. Çekirdekleri leke Hoechst 1:3,000 veya TO-PRO-3 1:500 kullanın. Slayt başına 150 ul, ışıktan koruyarak, nemlendirilmiş bir odasında, oda sıcaklığında 1 saat bekletin. </li><li> Yıkama solüsyonu tw slaytlar yıkayıno zaman, oda sıcaklığında 30 dakika, her zaman. </li><li> Dağı 24 saat içinde Altın anti-solmaya reaktif ve görünüm uzatmak% 80 kayar. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Yamada, T., Pfaff, S. L., Edlund, T., Jessell, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+cell+pattern+in+the+neural+tube:+motor+neuron+induction+by+diffusible+factors+from+notochord+and+floor+plate.">Control of cell pattern in the neural tube: motor neuron induction by diffusible factors from notochord and floor plate.</a> Cell. 73, 673-686 (1993).</li><li>Ericson, J., Muhr, J., Placzek, M., Lints, T., Jessell, T. M., Edlund, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonic+hedgehog+induces+the+differentiation+of+ventral+forebrain+neurons:+A+common+signal+for+ventral+patterning+within+the+neural+tube.">Sonic hedgehog induces the differentiation of ventral forebrain neurons: A common signal for ventral patterning within the neural tube.</a> Cell. 81, 747-756 (1995).</li><li>Briscoe, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homeodomain+Protein+Code+Specifies+Progenitor+Cell+Identity+and+Neuronal+Fate+in+the+Ventral+Neural+Tube.">Homeodomain Protein Code Specifies Progenitor Cell Identity and Neuronal Fate in the Ventral Neural Tube.</a> Cell. 101, 435-445 (2000).</li><li>Berbari, N. F., Johnson, A. D., Lewis, J. S., Askwith, C. C., Mykytyn, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+ciliary+localization+sequences+within+the+third+intracellular+loop+of+G+protein-coupled+receptors.">Identification of ciliary localization sequences within the third intracellular loop of G protein-coupled receptors.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 19 (4), 1540-1547 (2008).</li><li>Vintersten, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+in+red:+red+fluorescent+protein+expression+in+mouse+ES+cells,+embryos,+and+adult+animals.">Mouse in red: red fluorescent protein expression in mouse ES cells, embryos, and adult animals.</a> Genesis. 40 (4), 241-246 (2004).</li><li>Hayashi, S., McMahon, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+recombination+in+diverse+tissue+by+a+tamoxifen-inducible+form+of+Cre:+a+tool+for+temporally+regulated+gene+activation/inactivation+in+the+mouse.">Efficient recombination in diverse tissue by a tamoxifen-inducible form of Cre: a tool for temporally regulated gene activation/inactivation in the mouse.</a> Dev. Biol. 244 (2), 305-318 (2002).</li><li>Gong, S., Zheng, C., Doughty, M. L., Losos, K., Didkovsky, N., Schambra, U. B., Nowak, N. J., Joyner, A., Leblanc, G., Hatten, M. E., Heintz, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+gene+expression+atlas+of+the+central+nervous+system+based+on+bacterial+artificial+chromosomes.">A gene expression atlas of the central nervous system based on bacterial artificial chromosomes.</a> Nature. 425 (6961), 917-925 (2003).</li><li>Mukouyama, Y. S., Deneen, B., Lukaszewicz, A., Novitch, B. G., Wichterle, H., Jessell, T. M., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olig2++neuroepithelial+motoneuron+progenitors+are+not+multipotent+stem+cells+in+vivo.">Olig2+ neuroepithelial motoneuron progenitors are not multipotent stem cells in vivo.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (5), 1551-1556 (2006).</li><li>Jones, E. A. V., Crotty, D., Kulesa, P. M., Waters, C. W., Baron, M. H., Fraser, S. E., Dickinson, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+in+vivo+imaging+of+postimplantation+mammalian+embryos+using+whole+embryo+culture.">Dynamic in vivo imaging of postimplantation mammalian embryos using whole embryo culture.</a> Genesis. 34, 228-235 (2002).</li><li>Piotrowska-Nitsche, K., Caspary, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+individual+cell+divisions+in+mouse+neuroepithelium+shows+asymmetry+in+cilium+formation+and+Sonic+hedgehog+response.">Live imaging of individual cell divisions in mouse neuroepithelium shows asymmetry in cilium formation and Sonic hedgehog response.</a> Cilia. 1 (6), (2012).</li><li>Nowotschin, S., Ferrer-Vaquer, A., Hadjantonakis, A. -. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+mouse+development+with+confocal+time-lapse+microscopy.">Imaging mouse development with confocal time-lapse microscopy.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 476, 351-377 (2010).</li></ol>

Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Bizim ex vivo sistem bize doğrudan gerçek zamanlı olarak gelişmekte neuroepithelium içinde tek bir hücre bölünmeleri gözlemlemek sağlar. Örnek olarak fare embriyonik nöral tüp içinde hücre bölünmeleri incelenmiş ve kirpik oluşumu veya Sus yanıt ya izlenir. Biz teknik fizyolojik ilgili verileri sağlar gösteren sabit bölümleri (n = 178) sonuçları ile uyumlu idi bizim görüntüleme sonuçları (n = 24) doğruladı. Bizim teknik tamoksifen do...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Z/RED line (STOCK Tg(CAG-Bgeo,-DsRed*MST)1Nagy/J</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>005438</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olig2-eGFP line (STOCK Tg(Olig2-EGFP)EK23Gsat/Mmcd</td>
			<td>MMRRC,</td>
			<td>010555-UCD</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CAGGCreER</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>003724</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tamoxifen</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T5648</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12 (1:1)</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>21041-025</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Newborn calf serum</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>14-416F</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat Serum SD male</td>
			<td>Harlan Bioproducts</td>
			<td>4520</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1M Hepes</td>
			<td>BioWhittaker</td>
			<td>17-737E</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>21041-025</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light mineral oil</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M8410</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sstr3-GFP lentivirus</td>
			<td>Emory Viral Core</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-knife, size 0.025 mm</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>62091</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm poly-L-lysine coated glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35GC-0-10-C</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% petroleum jelly</td>
			<td>Kroger</td>
			<td>FL9958c</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A1R Laser Scanning Confocal Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS Elements software</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imaris 3D software</td>
			<td>Bitplane AG</td>
			<td>Imaris 7.2.3</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT</td>
			<td>Tissue-Tek</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM1850</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat-inactivated sheep serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>16210-072</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP151</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafolmaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffer</td>
			<td>Lab made</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat monoclonal anti-RFP (5F8)</td>
			<td>Chromotek</td>
			<td>110411</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-Arl13b serum</td>
			<td>NeuroMab</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse monoclonal anti-Arl13b 1:5</td>
			<td>NeuroMab</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-Olig2</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>AB9610</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse monoclonals Pax6</td>
			<td>Developmental Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>Pax6</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse monoclonalsShh</td>
			<td>Developmental Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>5E1</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse monoclonals Nkx2.2</td>
			<td>Developmental Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>74.5A5</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal Ki67</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>AB15580</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A11029</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 568</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A11031</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 350</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A11046</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>AC22989</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TO-PRO-3</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>T3605</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProLong Gold anti-fade reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36934</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ex vivo live imaging of single cell divisions in mouse neuroepithelium

Biz floresan işaretleri ve embriyonik fare neuroepithelium kültür dilim canlı görüntüleme entegre bir sistem geliştirdi. Biz izleme soy genetik hücre için mevcut fare hatları yararlandı: Bir Tamoksifen-indüklenebilir Cre hattı ve Cre-aracılı rekombinasyon üzerine dsRed ifade eden bir Cre muhabir hattı. Tamoksifen nispeten düşük düzeyde kullanarak, bize tek tek hücre bölünmeleri takip etmek izin, hücrelerin az sayıda rekombinasyon neden başardık. Ayrıca, bir Olig2-eGFP transgenik çizgi 1-3 kullanarak Sonic Hedgehog (Sus) sinyal için transkripsiyonel yanıt gözlenen ve kirpikler işaretleyici, Sstr3-GFP 4 ifade virüs kültürlü dilim nüfuz ederek kirpikler oluşumu izlenir. Görüntü için neuroepithelium, biz nöral tüp izole, E8.5 embriyolar hasat, görüntüleme odasına uygun kültür koşullarında sinir dilim monte ve zaman atlamalı konfokal görüntüleme yapılır. Bizim eskiin vivo canlı görüntüleme yöntemi bize fizyolojik ilgili bir şekilde birincil kirpikler oluşumu ve Sus cevap göreli zamanlama değerlendirmek için tek bir hücre bölünmeleri izlemek için sağlar. Bu yöntem, kolayca farklı floresan işaretleri kullanarak adapte ve alanında yerinde ve gerçek zamanlı olarak hücre davranışlarını izlemek için hangi ile araçları sağlar olabilir.

Burada E8.5 fare neuroepithelium içinde tek bir hücre bölünmeleri ex vivo canlı görüntüleme yapılır. Tek tek hücrelerin etiketlemek için, rekombinasyon 5,6 (Şekil 3A) üzerine dsRed dile bir Cre muhabir satır içeren bir hücre alt grubunda Cre recombinase bağlı. Böylece, 48 saat sonra biz ex vivo görüntüleme (Şekil 4A-D) sırasında tek bir hücre bölünmeleri gözlemlemek mümkün. 1-3; etiketli hücreleri BAC transgenik Ol...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex vivo Live Imaging of Single Cell Divisions in Mouse Neuroepithelium at JoVE.com

Ex vivo Live Imaging of Single Cell Divisions in Mouse Neuroepithelium

Burada için gerekli araçları geliştirmek<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Canlı görüntüleme fare E8.5 neuroepithelium tek hücre bölünmeleri izlemek için

Ex vivo Fare neuroepithelium Tek Hücre Bölümler Canlı Görüntüleme

We developed a system that integrates live imaging of fluorescent markers and culturing slices of embryonic mouse neuroepithelium. We took advantage of ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Ex vivo Live Imaging of Single Cell Divisions in Mouse Neuroepithelium

10.3K Görüntüleme.  Emory University School of Medicine. Burada için gerekli araçları geliştirmek Ex vivo Canlı görüntüleme fare E8.5 neuroepithelium tek hücre bölünmeleri izlemek için

Video: Ex vivo Live Imaging of Single Cell Divisions in Mouse Neuroepithelium

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and evaluating mouse models of human disease. MRI is an excellent modality for investigating genetically altered animals. It is capable of whole brain coverage, can be used in vivo, and provides multiple contrast mechanisms for investigating different aspects of neuranatomy and physiology. The advent of high-field scanners along with the ability to scan multiple mice simultaneously allows for rapid phenotyping of novel mutations.
Effective mouse MRI studies require attention to many aspects of experiment design. In this article, we will describe general methods to acquire quality images for mouse phenotyping using a system that images mice concurrently in shielded transmit/receive radio frequency (RF) coils in a common magnet (Bock et al., 2003). We focus particularly on anatomical phenotyping, an important and accessible application that has shown a high potential for impact in many mouse models at our imaging centre. Before we can provide the detailed steps to acquire such images, there are important practical considerations for both in vivo brain imaging (Dazai et al., 2004) and ex vivo brain imaging (Spring et al., 2007) that should be noted. These are discussed below.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an increasingly popular tool for examining the phenotype of genetically altered mice. This article illustrates the methods necessary to achieve high-throughput phenotyping of genetically altered mice using multiple-mouse MRI.

Çoklu-fare nöroanatomik Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

Nörobilim

High-resolution Live Imaging of Cell Behavior in the Developing Neuroepithelium

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Although much is known about the molecular mechanisms that pattern the spinal cord and elicit neuronal differentiation1, 2, we lack a deep understanding of these early events at the level of cell behavior. It is thus critical to study the behavior of neural progenitors in real time as they undergo neurogenesis.
In the past, real-time imaging of early embryonic tissue has been limited by cell/tissue viability in culture as well as the phototoxic effects of fluorescent imaging. Here we present a novel assay for imaging such tissue for long periods of time, utilizing a novel ex vivo slice culture protocol and wide-field fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 1). This approach achieves long-term time-lapse monitoring of chick embryonic spinal cord progenitor cells with high spatial and temporal resolution.
This assay may be modified to image a range of embryonic tissues3, 4 In addition to the observation of cellular and sub-cellular behaviors, the development of novel and highly sensitive reporters for gene activity (for example, Notch signaling5) makes this assay a powerful tool with which to understand how signaling regulates cell behavior during embryonic development.

Imaging embryonic tissue in real-time is challenging over long periods of time. Here we present an assay for monitoring cellular and sub-cellular changes in chick spinal cord for long periods with high spatial and temporal resolution. This technique can be adapted for other regions of the nervous system and developing embryo.

Gelişmekte Neuroepithelium Hücre Davranış Yüksek çözünürlüklü Canlı Görüntüleme

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central ...

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the developing cerebral cortex, abnormal mitosis of neural progenitors can cause defects in brain size and function. Hence, there is a critical need for tools to understand the mechanisms of neural progenitor mitosis. Cortical development in rodents is an outstanding model for studying this process. Neural progenitor mitosis is commonly examined in fixed brain sections. This protocol will describe in detail an approach for live imaging of mitosis in ex vivo embryonic brain slices. We will describe the critical steps for this procedure, which include: brain extraction, brain embedding, vibratome sectioning of brain slices, staining and culturing of slices, and time-lapse imaging. We will then demonstrate and describe in detail how to perform post-acquisition analysis of mitosis. We include representative results from this assay using the vital dye Syto11, transgenic mice (histone H2B-EGFP and centrin-EGFP), and in utero electroporation (mCherry-&#945;-tubulin). We will discuss how this procedure can be best optimized and how it can be modified for study of genetic regulation of mitosis. Live imaging of mitosis in brain slices is a flexible approach to assess the impact of age, anatomy, and genetic perturbation in a controlled environment, and to generate a large amount of data with high temporal and spatial resolution. Hence this protocol will complement existing tools for analysis of neural progenitor mitosis.

Neural progenitor mitosis is a critical parameter of neurogenesis. Much of our understanding of neural progenitor mitosis is based on analysis of fixed tissue. Live imaging in embryonic brain slices is a versatile technique to assess mitosis with high temporal and spatial resolution in a controlled environment.

Gelişmekte Fare Embriyonik Cortex mitoz Canlı Görüntüleme

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

During postnatal development, immature granule cells (excitatory interneurons) exhibit tangential migration in the external granular layer, and then radial migration in the molecular layer and the Purkinje cell layer to reach the internal granular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Default in migratory processes induces either cell death or misplacement of the neurons, leading to deficits in diverse cerebellar functions. Centripetal granule cell migration involves several mechanisms, such as chemotaxis and extracellular matrix degradation, to guide the cells towards their final position, but the factors that regulate cell migration in each cortical layer are only partially known. In our method, acute cerebellar slices are prepared from P10 rats, granule cells are labeled with a fluorescent cytoplasmic marker and tissues are cultured on membrane inserts from 4 to 10 hr before starting real-time monitoring of cell migration by confocal macroscopy at 37 &#176;C in the presence of CO2. During their migration in the different cortical layers of the cerebellum, granule cells can be exposed to neuropeptide agonists or antagonists, protease inhibitors, blockers of intracellular effectors or even toxic substances such as alcohol or methylmercury to investigate their possible role in the regulation of neuronal migration.

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

During postnatal cerebellum development, immature granule cells originating from the germinal zone exhibit distinct modalities of migration to reach their final destination and to establish neuronal networks. This protocol describes the preparation of cerebellar slices and the confocal macroscopic approach used to investigate the factors that regulate neuronal migration.

Konfokal Makroskopi kullanarak Postnatal Serebellar Granül Hücre Göç Ex Vivo Görüntüleme

During postnatal development, immature granule cells (excitatory interneurons) exhibit tangential migration in the external granular layer, and then ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise from extra-retinal sources. Ex vivo ERG provides an efficient method to dissect the function of retinal cells directly from an intact isolated retina of animals or donor eyes. In addition, ex vivo ERG can be used to test the efficacy and safety of potential therapeutic agents on retina tissue from animals or humans. We show here how commercially available in vivo ERG systems can be used to conduct ex vivo ERG recordings from isolated mouse retinas. We combine the light stimulation, electronic and heating units of a standard in vivo system with custom-designed specimen holder, gravity-controlled perfusion system and electromagnetic noise shielding to record low-noise ex vivo ERG signals simultaneously from two retinas with the acquisition software included in commercial in vivo systems. Further, we demonstrate how to use this method in combination with pharmacological treatments that remove specific ERG components in order to dissect the function of certain retinal cell types.

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Ex vivo ERG can be used to record electrical activity of retinal cells directly from isolated intact retinas of animals or humans. We demonstrate here how common in vivo ERG systems can be adapted for ex vivo ERG recordings in order to dissect the electrical activity of retinal cells.

Eşzamanlı<em&gt; Ex vivo</emİki retina&gt; Fonksiyonel Test tarafından<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Elektroretinogram Sistemi

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

Single-cell Resolution Fluorescence Live Imaging of Drosophila Circadian Clocks in Larval Brain Culture

The circadian pacemaker circuit orchestrates rhythmic behavioral and physiological outputs coordinated with environmental cues, such as day/night cycles. The molecular clock within each pacemaker neuron generates circadian rhythms in gene expression, which underlie the rhythmic neuronal functions essential to the operation of the circuit. Investigation of the properties of the individual molecular oscillators in different subclasses of pacemaker neurons and their interaction with neuronal signaling yields a better understanding of the circadian pacemaker circuit. Here, we present a time-lapse fluorescent microscopy approach developed to monitor the molecular clockwork in clock neurons of cultured Drosophila larval brain. This method allows the multi-day recording of the rhythms of genetically encoded fluorescent circadian reporters at single-cell resolution. This setup can be combined with pharmacological manipulations to closely analyze real-time response of the molecular clock to various compounds. Beyond circadian rhythms, this multipurpose method in combination with powerful Drosophila genetic techniques offers the possibility to study diverse neuronal or molecular processes in live brain tissue.

Single-cell Resolution Fluorescence Live Imaging of Drosophila Circadian Clocks in Larval Brain Culture

The goal of this protocol is to establish ex vivo Drosophila larval brain culture optimized to monitor circadian molecular rhythms with long-term fluorescence time-lapse imaging. The application of this method to pharmacological assays is also discussed.

Tek hücreli çözünürlük Floresans canlı görüntüleme Drosophila sirkadiyen saatler larva beyin kültür

The circadian pacemaker circuit orchestrates rhythmic behavioral and physiological outputs coordinated with environmental cues, such as day/night cycles. ...

Ex Vivo Imaging of Cell-specific Calcium Signaling at the Tripartite Synapse of the Mouse Diaphragm

The electrical activity of cells in tissues can be monitored by electrophysiological techniques, but these are usually limited to the analysis of individual cells. Since an increase of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) in the cytosol often occurs because of the electrical activity, or in response to a myriad of other stimuli, this process can be monitored by the imaging of cells loaded with fluorescent calcium-sensitive dyes.&#160; However, it is difficult to image this response in an individual cell type within whole tissue because these dyes are taken up by all cell types within the tissue. In contrast, genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) can be expressed by an individual cell type and fluoresce in response to an increase of intracellular Ca2+, thus permitting the imaging of Ca2+ signaling in entire populations of individual cell types. Here, we apply the use of the GECIs GCaMP3/6 to the mouse neuromuscular junction, a tripartite synapse between motor neurons, skeletal muscle, and terminal/perisynaptic Schwann cells. We demonstrate the utility of this technique in classic ex vivo tissue preparations. Using an optical splitter, we perform dual-wavelength imaging of dynamic Ca2+ signals and a static label of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in an approach that could be easily adapted to monitor two cell-specific GECI or genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVI) simultaneously. Finally, we discuss the routines used to capture spatial maps of fluorescence intensity. Together, these optical, transgenic, and analytic techniques can be employed to study the biological activity of distinct cell subpopulations at the NMJ in a wide variety of contexts.

Ex Vivo Imaging of Cell-specific Calcium Signaling at the Tripartite Synapse of the Mouse Diaphragm

Here we present a protocol to image calcium signaling in populations of individual cell types at the murine neuromuscular junction.

Ex Vivo Hücre özgü kalsiyum fare diyafram Üçlü sinaps sinyal görüntüleme

The electrical activity of cells in tissues can be monitored by electrophysiological techniques, but these are usually limited to the analysis of ...

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent and cause visual impairment and blindness. Understanding how such diseases progress is critical to formulating new treatments. In vivo&#160;microscopy in animal models of disease is a powerful tool for understanding neurodegeneration and has led to important progress towards treatments of conditions ranging from Alzheimer&#39;s disease to stroke. Given that the retina is the only central nervous system structure inherently accessible by optical approaches, it naturally lends itself towards in vivo imaging. However, the native optics of the lens and cornea present some challenges for effective imaging access.
This protocol outlines methods for in vivo two-photon imaging of cellular cohorts and structures in the mouse retina at cellular resolution, applicable for both acute- and chronic-duration imaging experiments. It presents examples of retinal ganglion cell (RGC), amacrine cell, microglial, and vascular imaging using a suite of labeling techniques including adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, transgenic mice, and inorganic dyes. Importantly, these techniques extend to all cell types of the retina, and suggested methods for accessing other cellular populations of interest are described. Also detailed are example strategies for manual image postprocessing for display and quantification. These techniques are directly applicable to studies of retinal function in health and disease.

In vivo imaging is a powerful tool for the study of biology in health and disease. This protocol describes transpupillary imaging of the mouse retina with a standard two-photon microscope. It also demonstrates different in vivoimaging methods to fluorescently label multiple cellular cohorts of the retina.

Transpupiller İki Foton Fare Retinasının In vivo Görüntülenmesi

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the cerebellum. IO has long been proposed to be crucial for motor control and its activity is currently considered to be at the center of many hypotheses of both motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum. While its physiology and function have been relatively well studied on single-cell level in vitro, presently there are no reports on the organization of the IO network activity in living animals. This is largely due to the extremely challenging anatomical location of the IO, making it difficult to subject to conventional fluorescent imaging methods, where an optic path must be created through the entire brain located dorsally to the region of interest.
Here we describe an alternative method for obtaining state-of-the-art -level calcium imaging data from the IO network. The method takes advantage of the extreme ventral location of the IO and involves a surgical procedure for inserting a gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lens through the neck viscera to come into contact with the ventral surface of the calcium sensor GCaMP6s-expressing IO in anesthetized mice. A representative calcium imaging recording is shown to demonstrate the feasibility to record IO neuron activity after the surgery. While this is a non-survival surgery and the recordings must be conducted under anesthesia, it avoids damage to life-critical brainstem nuclei and allows conducting large variety of experiments investigating spatiotemporal activity patterns and input integration in the IO. This procedure with modifications could be used for recordings in other, adjacent regions of the ventral brainstem.

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

We present a protocol to expose the brainstem of adult mouse from the ventral side. By using a gradient-refractive index lens with a miniature microscope, calcium imaging can be used to examine the activity of inferior olive neural somata in vivo.

In vivo Fare Kalitesiz Zeytinde Kalsiyum Görüntüleme

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...

Konfokal Görüntülerle Fare Retina OCT Fibergram Hizalaması

Alignment of Visible-Light Optical Coherence Tomography Fibergrams with Confocal Images of the Same Mouse Retina

In recent years, in vivo retinal imaging, which provides non-invasive, real-time, and longitudinal information about biological systems and processes, has been increasingly applied to obtain an objective assessment of neural damage in eye diseases. Ex vivo confocal imaging of the same retina is often necessary to validate the in vivo findings especially in animal research. In this study, we demonstrated a method for aligning an ex vivo confocal image of the mouse retina with its in vivo images. A new clinical-ready imaging technology called visible light optical coherence tomography fibergraphy (vis-OCTF) was applied to acquire in vivo images of the mouse retina. We then performed the confocal imaging of the same retina as the &#34;gold standard&#34; to validate the in vivo vis-OCTF images. This study not only enables further investigation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms but also establishes a foundation for a sensitive and objective evaluation of neural damage in vivo.

Yazar Spotlight: Gelişmiş Glokom Tanı ve Tedavisi için In Vivo ve Ex Vivo Retinal Görüntülemedeki Gelişmeler 

The present protocol outlines the steps for aligning in vivo visible-light optical coherence tomography fibergraphy (vis-OCTF) images with ex vivo confocal images of the same mouse retina for the purpose of verifying the observed retinal ganglion cell axon bundle morphology in the in vivo images.

Görünür Işık Optik Koherens Tomografi Fibergramlarının Aynı Fare Retinasının Konfokal Görüntüleri ile Hizalanması

In recent years, in vivo retinal imaging, which provides non-invasive, real-time, and longitudinal information about biological systems and processes, has ...