Questo progetto di ricerca è stata sostenuta da un supplemento ARRA, 5 R01 NS056380. Ulteriore supporto è stato fornito tramite il vettore virale Core e Core Microscopia della Emory Neuroscienze NINDS Nucleo Facilities Grant, P30NS055077. Ringraziamo il mouse Emory transgenico e Gene Targeting Nucleo per derivare la linea di mouse da GENSAT; Greg Pazour per il SSTR3-GFP linea cellulare IMCD3 stabile e Bradley Yoder per il SSTR3-GFP lentivirali costruiamo. Gli anticorpi monoclonali sono stati ottenuti da studi di sviluppo Hybridoma Banca, sviluppato sotto l&#39;egida del NICHD, e mantenuto dalla University of Iowa, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Iowa City, IA 52242. Tutte le procedure di animali sono stati approvati dal IACUC e del Comitato Biosicurezza alla Emory University.

Topi adulti sono sacrificati per dislocazione cervicale meccanico. Tutte le procedure di animali sono stati approvati dal IACUC e del Comitato Biosicurezza alla Emory University. 1. Generazione Embryo <ol><li> Croce tamoxifene-inducibile Cre linea, CAGGCreER, e la linea giornalista dsRedCre (Tg (CAG-Bgeo,-DsRed * MST) 1Nagy) (Figura 1) 5,6. Per monitorare la relativa tempistica di risposta Shh nelle cellule figlie, croce CAGGCreER e DsRed linea con il Olig2-eGFP BAC topi transgenici (Tg (Olig2-EGFP) EK23Gsat) (Figura 1) 7,8. </li><li> Sciogliere tamoxifene in 100% di etanolo, ed eseguire l&#39;iniezione intraperitoneale di 2,5 mg di tamoxifene per 40 g di peso corporeo nelle femmine gravide a 6,5 ​​embrionale (E6.5) per indurre l&#39;espressione Cre ed etichettatura DsRed in un piccolo sottogruppo di cellule. </li><li> 48 ore più tardi sezionare embrioni, identificare gli embrioni positivi DsRed utilizzando il microscopio a fluorescenza, trasferirli al piatto cultura e osservatoriposta divisioni cellulari singoli durante ex vivo imaging (vedi sotto). </li></ol> 2. Tutta mouse Embrione Cultura <ol><li> Sezionare embrioni E8.5 nel medio lavaggio preriscaldata contenente DMEM/F12 (1:1) supplementato con 10% di siero di vitello neonato e 1% di penicillina / streptomicina (P / S) 9. </li><li> Direttamente dopo la dissezione, posto embrioni sulla ° C fase di riscaldamento 37 al microscopio a fluorescenza e di identificare come GFP e / o DsRed positivo (vedi sotto). </li><li> Trasferire fino a 2 embrioni in 500 microlitri goccia di terreni di coltura pre-equilibrata contenente 50% siero di ratto da un maschio Sprague-Dawley e il 50% DMEM/F12 (1:1) senza rosso fenolo integrato con L-glutammina e 1% di 1 M HEPES in NaCl 0,85% e P / S 9. </li><li> Applicare uno strato sottile (0.1 cm) di olio minerale leggero equilibrata nel medio per evitare l&#39;evaporazione e trasferire il piatto di coltura contenente gli embrioni ai 37 ° C, 5% CO 2 incubatore. </li></ol> 3.Infezione virale <ol><li> Al fine di etichetta cilia nel neuroepitelio, aggiungere 5-10 ml di SSTR3-GFP lentivirus, circa 2 milioni di virioni, ad un 500 microlitri goccia equilibrata di terreno di coltura contenente un embrione E8.5. </li><li> Dopo 18 ore di coltura, il trasferimento di embrioni infetti in diverse gocce di mezzo di lavaggio per lavare il virus e preparare fetta del tubo neurale. </li></ol> 4. Del tubo neurale Slice Preparazione per Live Imaging <ol><li> Sezionare tubo neurale del E8.5 embrione in media lavaggio pre-riscaldato utilizzando un formato micro-coltello 0,025 millimetri, su un piatto rivestito di agar 1%. </li><li> Posizionare il tubo laterale isolato neurale ventrale giù in una goccia 150 ml di terreno di coltura equilibrato senza rosso fenolo sulla mm rivestito di vetro piatto fondo di poli-L-lisina 35. </li><li> Mettere una piccola quantità di una miscela 1:1 realizzato da gelatina pura al 100% di petrolio e cera fusa (candela da IKEA) attorno al tubo neurale montato, e premere delicatamente da una stretta lingua di coprioggetto di vetro, al fine diimmobilizzare il campione. </li><li> Coprire il piatto con un sottile strato (~ 0,1 centimetri) di olio minerale leggero equilibrata (Figura 2). </li></ol> 5. Vivere Imaging e Time-lapse Microscopia confocale <ol><li> Luogo piatto sotto la Nikon A1R confocale microscopio invertito dotato di una camera climatica che regola la temperatura, impostata a 37 ° C, e il 5% di CO 2. </li><li> Utilizzare 60x obiettivo ad immersione in olio a registrare GFP ciglia etichettati e cellule positive DsRed, mentre l&#39;uso obiettivo ad immersione in olio 40x per monitorare Olig2-GFP e cellule positive DsRed. </li><li> Aprire il software NIS Elements per creare le condizioni di imaging lasso di tempo. Ogni 10 min acquisire z-stack fino a 25 micron con una spaziatura di 1,5 micron (obiettivo 40x) e fino a 8 micron con una spaziatura di 0,4 micron (60x obiettivo). Usare 488 e 561 nm, la lunghezza d&#39;onda di eccitazione e di canali trasmessi, se necessario. Acquisire immagini in formato 512 x 512. Impostare più regioni definite dall&#39;utente di interest per eseguire la registrazione simultanea. Ottima esposizione al potere del laser e la luminosità dell&#39;immagine è stata regolata mediante l&#39;uso del laser a bassa intensità (fino al 11% per mCherry 561 e fino al 4,5% EGFP 405/488), velocità di scansione 1, media linea 2 e la dimensione del foro del perno (61 micron per DsRed; 28,1 micron per Olig2; 72 micron per SSTR3GFP; 61,3 micron per DsRed e SSTR3GFP; 58 micron per DsRed e Olig2). L&#39;uso di giornalisti fluorescenti geneticamente codificati ci ha permesso di rilevare la luminosità con basso potere del laser. </li><li> Analizzare i dati registrati utilizzando Imaris software di ricostruzione 3D. </li></ol> 6. Immunofluorescenza <ol><li> Fissare gli embrioni o tubi neurali isolate in paraformaldeide al 4% / 0,1 M tampone fosfato sul ghiaccio (4 ° C) per 1 ora in un piatto di vetro. </li><li> Lavare i campioni 2 ore in PBS su ghiaccio (4 ° C) (cambiamento PBS un paio di volte) e mettere nel 30% di saccarosio / 0,1 M tampone fosfato durante la notte o fino a quando gli embrioni lavandino. </li><li> Incorpora in ottobre, congelare in ghiaccio secco e conservare in -80 ° C. Peffettuare la giusta sezionamento sul criostato (10 mm). </li><li> Lavare i vetrini per 10 min in soluzione di lavaggio contenente siero ovino inattivato al calore 1% e 0,1% Triton X-100 in PBS. </li><li> Diluire gli anticorpi primari in soluzione di lavaggio a seguito di concentrazioni: Rat monoclonale anti-RFP (5F8,) 1:200; coniglio anti-ARL13B siero 1:1500 e topo monoclonale anti-ARL13B 01:05 (295B/54); coniglio anti-Olig2 1:300; monoclonali mouse Pax6, Shh e Nkx2.2-all 1:10; ed policlonale di coniglio Ki67 1:500. Aggiungere circa 150 ml per diapositiva nel piatto camera umidificata, coprire con parafilm per evitare la disidratazione e lasciare tutta la notte a 4 ° C. </li><li> Lavare i vetrini nella soluzione di lavaggio per tre volte, ogni volta 20 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Diluire gli anticorpi secondari Alexa Fluor 488, 568, 350 nelle soluzioni di lavaggio a 1:200 concentrazione. Utilizzare Hoechst 1:3000 o TO-PRO-3 1:500 a macchia nuclei. Aggiungere 150 microlitri per vetrino, lasciare 1 ora a temperatura ambiente in camera umidificata al riparo dalla luce. </li><li> Lavare i vetrini nella soluzione di lavaggio two volte, ogni volta 30 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Monte scivola nel 80% Prolungare Oro reagente anti-sbiadimento e la vista entro 24 ore. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Yamada, T., Pfaff, S. L., Edlund, T., Jessell, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+cell+pattern+in+the+neural+tube:+motor+neuron+induction+by+diffusible+factors+from+notochord+and+floor+plate.">Control of cell pattern in the neural tube: motor neuron induction by diffusible factors from notochord and floor plate.</a> Cell. 73, 673-686 (1993).</li><li>Ericson, J., Muhr, J., Placzek, M., Lints, T., Jessell, T. M., Edlund, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonic+hedgehog+induces+the+differentiation+of+ventral+forebrain+neurons:+A+common+signal+for+ventral+patterning+within+the+neural+tube.">Sonic hedgehog induces the differentiation of ventral forebrain neurons: A common signal for ventral patterning within the neural tube.</a> Cell. 81, 747-756 (1995).</li><li>Briscoe, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homeodomain+Protein+Code+Specifies+Progenitor+Cell+Identity+and+Neuronal+Fate+in+the+Ventral+Neural+Tube.">Homeodomain Protein Code Specifies Progenitor Cell Identity and Neuronal Fate in the Ventral Neural Tube.</a> Cell. 101, 435-445 (2000).</li><li>Berbari, N. F., Johnson, A. D., Lewis, J. S., Askwith, C. C., Mykytyn, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+ciliary+localization+sequences+within+the+third+intracellular+loop+of+G+protein-coupled+receptors.">Identification of ciliary localization sequences within the third intracellular loop of G protein-coupled receptors.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 19 (4), 1540-1547 (2008).</li><li>Vintersten, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+in+red:+red+fluorescent+protein+expression+in+mouse+ES+cells,+embryos,+and+adult+animals.">Mouse in red: red fluorescent protein expression in mouse ES cells, embryos, and adult animals.</a> Genesis. 40 (4), 241-246 (2004).</li><li>Hayashi, S., McMahon, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+recombination+in+diverse+tissue+by+a+tamoxifen-inducible+form+of+Cre:+a+tool+for+temporally+regulated+gene+activation/inactivation+in+the+mouse.">Efficient recombination in diverse tissue by a tamoxifen-inducible form of Cre: a tool for temporally regulated gene activation/inactivation in the mouse.</a> Dev. Biol. 244 (2), 305-318 (2002).</li><li>Gong, S., Zheng, C., Doughty, M. L., Losos, K., Didkovsky, N., Schambra, U. B., Nowak, N. J., Joyner, A., Leblanc, G., Hatten, M. E., Heintz, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+gene+expression+atlas+of+the+central+nervous+system+based+on+bacterial+artificial+chromosomes.">A gene expression atlas of the central nervous system based on bacterial artificial chromosomes.</a> Nature. 425 (6961), 917-925 (2003).</li><li>Mukouyama, Y. S., Deneen, B., Lukaszewicz, A., Novitch, B. G., Wichterle, H., Jessell, T. M., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olig2++neuroepithelial+motoneuron+progenitors+are+not+multipotent+stem+cells+in+vivo.">Olig2+ neuroepithelial motoneuron progenitors are not multipotent stem cells in vivo.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (5), 1551-1556 (2006).</li><li>Jones, E. A. V., Crotty, D., Kulesa, P. M., Waters, C. W., Baron, M. H., Fraser, S. E., Dickinson, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+in+vivo+imaging+of+postimplantation+mammalian+embryos+using+whole+embryo+culture.">Dynamic in vivo imaging of postimplantation mammalian embryos using whole embryo culture.</a> Genesis. 34, 228-235 (2002).</li><li>Piotrowska-Nitsche, K., Caspary, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+individual+cell+divisions+in+mouse+neuroepithelium+shows+asymmetry+in+cilium+formation+and+Sonic+hedgehog+response.">Live imaging of individual cell divisions in mouse neuroepithelium shows asymmetry in cilium formation and Sonic hedgehog response.</a> Cilia. 1 (6), (2012).</li><li>Nowotschin, S., Ferrer-Vaquer, A., Hadjantonakis, A. -. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+mouse+development+with+confocal+time-lapse+microscopy.">Imaging mouse development with confocal time-lapse microscopy.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 476, 351-377 (2010).</li></ol>

Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

Il nostro sistema ex vivo permette di osservare direttamente divisioni cellulari singoli all&#39;interno del neuroepitelio in tempo reale via di sviluppo. Come esempio abbiamo esaminato divisioni cellulari entro il mouse embrionale tubo neurale e vigilato o formazione ciglio o risposta Shh. Abbiamo confermato i nostri risultati di imaging (n = 24) erano coerenti con i risultati di sezioni fisse (n = 178) che indicano la nostra tecnica fornisce dati fisiologicamente rilevanti. <p class="jov...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Z/RED line (STOCK Tg(CAG-Bgeo,-DsRed*MST)1Nagy/J</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>005438</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olig2-eGFP line (STOCK Tg(Olig2-EGFP)EK23Gsat/Mmcd</td>
			<td>MMRRC,</td>
			<td>010555-UCD</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CAGGCreER</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>003724</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tamoxifen</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T5648</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12 (1:1)</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>21041-025</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Newborn calf serum</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>14-416F</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat Serum SD male</td>
			<td>Harlan Bioproducts</td>
			<td>4520</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1M Hepes</td>
			<td>BioWhittaker</td>
			<td>17-737E</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>21041-025</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light mineral oil</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M8410</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sstr3-GFP lentivirus</td>
			<td>Emory Viral Core</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-knife, size 0.025 mm</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>62091</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm poly-L-lysine coated glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35GC-0-10-C</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% petroleum jelly</td>
			<td>Kroger</td>
			<td>FL9958c</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A1R Laser Scanning Confocal Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS Elements software</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imaris 3D software</td>
			<td>Bitplane AG</td>
			<td>Imaris 7.2.3</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT</td>
			<td>Tissue-Tek</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM1850</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat-inactivated sheep serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>16210-072</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP151</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafolmaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffer</td>
			<td>Lab made</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat monoclonal anti-RFP (5F8)</td>
			<td>Chromotek</td>
			<td>110411</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-Arl13b serum</td>
			<td>NeuroMab</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse monoclonal anti-Arl13b 1:5</td>
			<td>NeuroMab</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-Olig2</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>AB9610</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse monoclonals Pax6</td>
			<td>Developmental Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>Pax6</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse monoclonalsShh</td>
			<td>Developmental Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>5E1</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse monoclonals Nkx2.2</td>
			<td>Developmental Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>74.5A5</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal Ki67</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>AB15580</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A11029</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 568</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A11031</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 350</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A11046</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>AC22989</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TO-PRO-3</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>T3605</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProLong Gold anti-fade reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36934</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ex vivo live imaging of single cell divisions in mouse neuroepithelium

Abbiamo sviluppato un sistema che integra l&#39;imaging dal vivo di marcatori fluorescenti e fette di coltura embrionale neuroepithelium mouse. Abbiamo approfittato di linee del mouse esistenti per la cellula genetica lineage tracing: una linea di Cre tamoxifene-inducibile e una linea giornalista Cre esprimendo DsRed su ricombinazione Cre-mediata. Utilizzando un livello relativamente basso di tamoxifene, siamo stati in grado di indurre ricombinazione in un piccolo numero di cellule, permettendo di seguire divisioni cellulari individuali. Inoltre, abbiamo osservato la risposta trascrizionale di Sonic hedgehog (Shh) di segnalazione utilizzando un Olig2-eGFP transgenico linea 1-3 e abbiamo monitorato formazione di ciglia infettando la fetta colta con virus che esprime il marcatore di ciglia, SSTR3-GFP 4. Per l&#39;immagine del neuroepitelio, abbiamo raccolto gli embrioni a E8.5, isolato il tubo neurale, montata la fetta neurale in appropriate condizioni di coltura nella camera di imaging e di eseguita time-lapse imaging confocale. Il nostro exmetodo di imaging in vivo in diretta consente di tracciare divisioni cellulari singoli di valutare la relativa tempistica di formazione ciglia primarie e risposta Shh in modo fisiologicamente rilevanti. Questo metodo può essere facilmente adattato utilizzando marcatori fluorescenti distinti e fornisce il campo gli strumenti con cui monitorare il comportamento delle cellule in situ ed in tempo reale.

Qui abbiamo effettuato ex vivo imaging dal vivo di divisioni cellulari singoli all&#39;interno del E8.5 del mouse neuroepitelio. Per etichettare singole celle, abbiamo indotto ricombinasi Cre in un sottogruppo di cellule contenenti una linea giornalista Cre che esprimevano DsRed upon ricombinazione 5,6 (Figura 3A). Così, 48 ore dopo siamo stati in grado di osservare le divisioni cellulari singoli durante ex vivo imaging (Figure 4A-D). Allo stesso tempo, abb...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex vivo Live Imaging of Single Cell Divisions in Mouse Neuroepithelium at JoVE.com

Ex vivo Live Imaging of Single Cell Divisions in Mouse Neuroepithelium

Qui sviluppiamo gli strumenti necessari per<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; L&#39;imaging dal vivo di tracciare divisioni cellulari singoli nel topo E8.5 neuroepitelio

Ex vivo Imaging in diretta di divisioni cellulari singoli in mouse neuroepitelio

We developed a system that integrates live imaging of fluorescent markers and culturing slices of embryonic mouse neuroepithelium. We took advantage of ...

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Neuroscience

Ex vivo Live Imaging of Single Cell Divisions in Mouse Neuroepithelium

10.3K Views.  Emory University School of Medicine. Qui sviluppiamo gli strumenti necessari per Ex vivo L'imaging dal vivo di tracciare divisioni cellulari singoli nel topo E8.5 neuroepitelio

Video: Ex vivo Live Imaging of Single Cell Divisions in Mouse Neuroepithelium

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and evaluating mouse models of human disease. MRI is an excellent modality for investigating genetically altered animals. It is capable of whole brain coverage, can be used in vivo, and provides multiple contrast mechanisms for investigating different aspects of neuranatomy and physiology. The advent of high-field scanners along with the ability to scan multiple mice simultaneously allows for rapid phenotyping of novel mutations.
Effective mouse MRI studies require attention to many aspects of experiment design. In this article, we will describe general methods to acquire quality images for mouse phenotyping using a system that images mice concurrently in shielded transmit/receive radio frequency (RF) coils in a common magnet (Bock et al., 2003). We focus particularly on anatomical phenotyping, an important and accessible application that has shown a high potential for impact in many mouse models at our imaging centre. Before we can provide the detailed steps to acquire such images, there are important practical considerations for both in vivo brain imaging (Dazai et al., 2004) and ex vivo brain imaging (Spring et al., 2007) that should be noted. These are discussed below.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an increasingly popular tool for examining the phenotype of genetically altered mice. This article illustrates the methods necessary to achieve high-throughput phenotyping of genetically altered mice using multiple-mouse MRI.

Multiple-topo Imaging neuroanatomici Risonanza Magnetica

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

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Neuroscienze

High-resolution Live Imaging of Cell Behavior in the Developing Neuroepithelium

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Although much is known about the molecular mechanisms that pattern the spinal cord and elicit neuronal differentiation1, 2, we lack a deep understanding of these early events at the level of cell behavior. It is thus critical to study the behavior of neural progenitors in real time as they undergo neurogenesis.
In the past, real-time imaging of early embryonic tissue has been limited by cell/tissue viability in culture as well as the phototoxic effects of fluorescent imaging. Here we present a novel assay for imaging such tissue for long periods of time, utilizing a novel ex vivo slice culture protocol and wide-field fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 1). This approach achieves long-term time-lapse monitoring of chick embryonic spinal cord progenitor cells with high spatial and temporal resolution.
This assay may be modified to image a range of embryonic tissues3, 4 In addition to the observation of cellular and sub-cellular behaviors, the development of novel and highly sensitive reporters for gene activity (for example, Notch signaling5) makes this assay a powerful tool with which to understand how signaling regulates cell behavior during embryonic development.

Imaging embryonic tissue in real-time is challenging over long periods of time. Here we present an assay for monitoring cellular and sub-cellular changes in chick spinal cord for long periods with high spatial and temporal resolution. This technique can be adapted for other regions of the nervous system and developing embryo.

Imaging ad alta risoluzione dal vivo del comportamento delle cellule in via di sviluppo neuroepitelio

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central ...

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the developing cerebral cortex, abnormal mitosis of neural progenitors can cause defects in brain size and function. Hence, there is a critical need for tools to understand the mechanisms of neural progenitor mitosis. Cortical development in rodents is an outstanding model for studying this process. Neural progenitor mitosis is commonly examined in fixed brain sections. This protocol will describe in detail an approach for live imaging of mitosis in ex vivo embryonic brain slices. We will describe the critical steps for this procedure, which include: brain extraction, brain embedding, vibratome sectioning of brain slices, staining and culturing of slices, and time-lapse imaging. We will then demonstrate and describe in detail how to perform post-acquisition analysis of mitosis. We include representative results from this assay using the vital dye Syto11, transgenic mice (histone H2B-EGFP and centrin-EGFP), and in utero electroporation (mCherry-&#945;-tubulin). We will discuss how this procedure can be best optimized and how it can be modified for study of genetic regulation of mitosis. Live imaging of mitosis in brain slices is a flexible approach to assess the impact of age, anatomy, and genetic perturbation in a controlled environment, and to generate a large amount of data with high temporal and spatial resolution. Hence this protocol will complement existing tools for analysis of neural progenitor mitosis.

Neural progenitor mitosis is a critical parameter of neurogenesis. Much of our understanding of neural progenitor mitosis is based on analysis of fixed tissue. Live imaging in embryonic brain slices is a versatile technique to assess mitosis with high temporal and spatial resolution in a controlled environment.

Immagini dal vivo della mitosi in via di sviluppo embrionali di topo Cortex

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

During postnatal development, immature granule cells (excitatory interneurons) exhibit tangential migration in the external granular layer, and then radial migration in the molecular layer and the Purkinje cell layer to reach the internal granular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Default in migratory processes induces either cell death or misplacement of the neurons, leading to deficits in diverse cerebellar functions. Centripetal granule cell migration involves several mechanisms, such as chemotaxis and extracellular matrix degradation, to guide the cells towards their final position, but the factors that regulate cell migration in each cortical layer are only partially known. In our method, acute cerebellar slices are prepared from P10 rats, granule cells are labeled with a fluorescent cytoplasmic marker and tissues are cultured on membrane inserts from 4 to 10 hr before starting real-time monitoring of cell migration by confocal macroscopy at 37 &#176;C in the presence of CO2. During their migration in the different cortical layers of the cerebellum, granule cells can be exposed to neuropeptide agonists or antagonists, protease inhibitors, blockers of intracellular effectors or even toxic substances such as alcohol or methylmercury to investigate their possible role in the regulation of neuronal migration.

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

During postnatal cerebellum development, immature granule cells originating from the germinal zone exhibit distinct modalities of migration to reach their final destination and to establish neuronal networks. This protocol describes the preparation of cerebellar slices and the confocal macroscopic approach used to investigate the factors that regulate neuronal migration.

Ex Vivo Imaging di postnatale cerebellare granuli migrazione cellulare Utilizzando confocale macroscopia

During postnatal development, immature granule cells (excitatory interneurons) exhibit tangential migration in the external granular layer, and then ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise from extra-retinal sources. Ex vivo ERG provides an efficient method to dissect the function of retinal cells directly from an intact isolated retina of animals or donor eyes. In addition, ex vivo ERG can be used to test the efficacy and safety of potential therapeutic agents on retina tissue from animals or humans. We show here how commercially available in vivo ERG systems can be used to conduct ex vivo ERG recordings from isolated mouse retinas. We combine the light stimulation, electronic and heating units of a standard in vivo system with custom-designed specimen holder, gravity-controlled perfusion system and electromagnetic noise shielding to record low-noise ex vivo ERG signals simultaneously from two retinas with the acquisition software included in commercial in vivo systems. Further, we demonstrate how to use this method in combination with pharmacological treatments that remove specific ERG components in order to dissect the function of certain retinal cell types.

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Ex vivo ERG can be used to record electrical activity of retinal cells directly from isolated intact retinas of animals or humans. We demonstrate here how common in vivo ERG systems can be adapted for ex vivo ERG recordings in order to dissect the electrical activity of retinal cells.

Simultaneo<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Test funzionale di due retine per<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Sistema Elettroretinogramma

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

Single-cell Resolution Fluorescence Live Imaging of Drosophila Circadian Clocks in Larval Brain Culture

The circadian pacemaker circuit orchestrates rhythmic behavioral and physiological outputs coordinated with environmental cues, such as day/night cycles. The molecular clock within each pacemaker neuron generates circadian rhythms in gene expression, which underlie the rhythmic neuronal functions essential to the operation of the circuit. Investigation of the properties of the individual molecular oscillators in different subclasses of pacemaker neurons and their interaction with neuronal signaling yields a better understanding of the circadian pacemaker circuit. Here, we present a time-lapse fluorescent microscopy approach developed to monitor the molecular clockwork in clock neurons of cultured Drosophila larval brain. This method allows the multi-day recording of the rhythms of genetically encoded fluorescent circadian reporters at single-cell resolution. This setup can be combined with pharmacological manipulations to closely analyze real-time response of the molecular clock to various compounds. Beyond circadian rhythms, this multipurpose method in combination with powerful Drosophila genetic techniques offers the possibility to study diverse neuronal or molecular processes in live brain tissue.

Single-cell Resolution Fluorescence Live Imaging of Drosophila Circadian Clocks in Larval Brain Culture

The goal of this protocol is to establish ex vivo Drosophila larval brain culture optimized to monitor circadian molecular rhythms with long-term fluorescence time-lapse imaging. The application of this method to pharmacological assays is also discussed.

Cella singola risoluzione fluorescenza Live Imaging di Drosophila orologi circadiani nel cervello larvale cultura

The circadian pacemaker circuit orchestrates rhythmic behavioral and physiological outputs coordinated with environmental cues, such as day/night cycles. ...

Ex Vivo Imaging of Cell-specific Calcium Signaling at the Tripartite Synapse of the Mouse Diaphragm

The electrical activity of cells in tissues can be monitored by electrophysiological techniques, but these are usually limited to the analysis of individual cells. Since an increase of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) in the cytosol often occurs because of the electrical activity, or in response to a myriad of other stimuli, this process can be monitored by the imaging of cells loaded with fluorescent calcium-sensitive dyes.&#160; However, it is difficult to image this response in an individual cell type within whole tissue because these dyes are taken up by all cell types within the tissue. In contrast, genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) can be expressed by an individual cell type and fluoresce in response to an increase of intracellular Ca2+, thus permitting the imaging of Ca2+ signaling in entire populations of individual cell types. Here, we apply the use of the GECIs GCaMP3/6 to the mouse neuromuscular junction, a tripartite synapse between motor neurons, skeletal muscle, and terminal/perisynaptic Schwann cells. We demonstrate the utility of this technique in classic ex vivo tissue preparations. Using an optical splitter, we perform dual-wavelength imaging of dynamic Ca2+ signals and a static label of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in an approach that could be easily adapted to monitor two cell-specific GECI or genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVI) simultaneously. Finally, we discuss the routines used to capture spatial maps of fluorescence intensity. Together, these optical, transgenic, and analytic techniques can be employed to study the biological activity of distinct cell subpopulations at the NMJ in a wide variety of contexts.

Ex Vivo Imaging of Cell-specific Calcium Signaling at the Tripartite Synapse of the Mouse Diaphragm

Here we present a protocol to image calcium signaling in populations of individual cell types at the murine neuromuscular junction.

Ex Vivo Formazione immagine di segnalazione alla sinapsi tripartita del diaframma del Mouse cellula-specifico calcio

The electrical activity of cells in tissues can be monitored by electrophysiological techniques, but these are usually limited to the analysis of ...

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent and cause visual impairment and blindness. Understanding how such diseases progress is critical to formulating new treatments. In vivo&#160;microscopy in animal models of disease is a powerful tool for understanding neurodegeneration and has led to important progress towards treatments of conditions ranging from Alzheimer&#39;s disease to stroke. Given that the retina is the only central nervous system structure inherently accessible by optical approaches, it naturally lends itself towards in vivo imaging. However, the native optics of the lens and cornea present some challenges for effective imaging access.
This protocol outlines methods for in vivo two-photon imaging of cellular cohorts and structures in the mouse retina at cellular resolution, applicable for both acute- and chronic-duration imaging experiments. It presents examples of retinal ganglion cell (RGC), amacrine cell, microglial, and vascular imaging using a suite of labeling techniques including adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, transgenic mice, and inorganic dyes. Importantly, these techniques extend to all cell types of the retina, and suggested methods for accessing other cellular populations of interest are described. Also detailed are example strategies for manual image postprocessing for display and quantification. These techniques are directly applicable to studies of retinal function in health and disease.

In vivo imaging is a powerful tool for the study of biology in health and disease. This protocol describes transpupillary imaging of the mouse retina with a standard two-photon microscope. It also demonstrates different in vivoimaging methods to fluorescently label multiple cellular cohorts of the retina.

Transpupillare Due fotoni In vivo Imaging della retina del topo

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the cerebellum. IO has long been proposed to be crucial for motor control and its activity is currently considered to be at the center of many hypotheses of both motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum. While its physiology and function have been relatively well studied on single-cell level in vitro, presently there are no reports on the organization of the IO network activity in living animals. This is largely due to the extremely challenging anatomical location of the IO, making it difficult to subject to conventional fluorescent imaging methods, where an optic path must be created through the entire brain located dorsally to the region of interest.
Here we describe an alternative method for obtaining state-of-the-art -level calcium imaging data from the IO network. The method takes advantage of the extreme ventral location of the IO and involves a surgical procedure for inserting a gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lens through the neck viscera to come into contact with the ventral surface of the calcium sensor GCaMP6s-expressing IO in anesthetized mice. A representative calcium imaging recording is shown to demonstrate the feasibility to record IO neuron activity after the surgery. While this is a non-survival surgery and the recordings must be conducted under anesthesia, it avoids damage to life-critical brainstem nuclei and allows conducting large variety of experiments investigating spatiotemporal activity patterns and input integration in the IO. This procedure with modifications could be used for recordings in other, adjacent regions of the ventral brainstem.

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

We present a protocol to expose the brainstem of adult mouse from the ventral side. By using a gradient-refractive index lens with a miniature microscope, calcium imaging can be used to examine the activity of inferior olive neural somata in vivo.

In vivo Imaging del calcio nell'oliva inferiore del topo

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...

Allineamento del fibrogramma OCT della retina del topo con immagini confocali

Alignment of Visible-Light Optical Coherence Tomography Fibergrams with Confocal Images of the Same Mouse Retina

In recent years, in vivo retinal imaging, which provides non-invasive, real-time, and longitudinal information about biological systems and processes, has been increasingly applied to obtain an objective assessment of neural damage in eye diseases. Ex vivo confocal imaging of the same retina is often necessary to validate the in vivo findings especially in animal research. In this study, we demonstrated a method for aligning an ex vivo confocal image of the mouse retina with its in vivo images. A new clinical-ready imaging technology called visible light optical coherence tomography fibergraphy (vis-OCTF) was applied to acquire in vivo images of the mouse retina. We then performed the confocal imaging of the same retina as the &#34;gold standard&#34; to validate the in vivo vis-OCTF images. This study not only enables further investigation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms but also establishes a foundation for a sensitive and objective evaluation of neural damage in vivo.

Autore in primo piano: Progressi nell'imaging retinico in vivo ed ex vivo per migliorare la diagnosi e il trattamento del glaucoma 

The present protocol outlines the steps for aligning in vivo visible-light optical coherence tomography fibergraphy (vis-OCTF) images with ex vivo confocal images of the same mouse retina for the purpose of verifying the observed retinal ganglion cell axon bundle morphology in the in vivo images.

Allineamento di fibrogrammi per tomografia a coerenza ottica a luce visibile con immagini confocali della stessa retina murina

In recent years, in vivo retinal imaging, which provides non-invasive, real-time, and longitudinal information about biological systems and processes, has ...