Bu araştırma, Alerji ve Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar Ulusal Enstitüsü ABD Kamu Sağlığı Servisi hibe AI69233 ve AI073843 tarafından desteklenmiştir. EPS Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar Patogenez bir Burroughs Wellcome Üyesidir. KPH Hücresel ve Moleküler Mikrobiyoloji Eğitimi Hibe Programı 5 T32 A107611-10 tarafından finanse edildi.

1. Taze Kan gelen Hemoglobin saflaştırılması <ol><li> Bir antikoagülan ile desteklenmiş taze insan kanı edinin. Saflaştırma boyunca buz üzerinde veya 4 de kan ° C tutun. </li><li> 1,500 x g&#39;de 20 dakika boyunca kan santrifüjleyin. Kırmızı kan hücrelerinin (eritrositler), tüpün altında olacaktır. Dikkatlice süpernatan aspire ve yavaşça buz gibi soğuk% 0.9 (ağırlık / hacim) NaCl solüsyonu içinde pelet tekrar süspansiyon. Santrifüj tekrarlayın ve 3 kez yıkayın. </li><li> Buz gibi soğuk 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) ve 1 hacim içinde pellet yeniden süspanse edin. Bu ozmotik basınç nedeniyle eritrositlerde parçalanma neden olacaktır. ~% 20 son hacim toluen ekleyin. </li><li> Gecede bir et lokantası 4 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. </li><li> 1 saat boyunca 20.000 xg&#39;de lizat santrifüjleyin. Toluen (üstünde yüzen) ve pelet dokunulmazken ortasında hemolizat fraksiyonu toplayın. Orta kısmı toplamak için bir uzun saplı pipet kullanın. </li><li> 0.44 mikron şırınga filtresi Pass through. Çözelti partikül içeriyorsamadde ve adım 1.5 tekrarlayın, filtreden geçtikten edilemez. </li><li> Yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi ile hemoglobin (Hb) Purify (HPLC) anyon değişim kolonuna (Varian, PL-SAX 1.000 Å 8 mikron, 150 mm × 4,6 mm). A, mobil faz mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) ve mobil faz B, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) + 0.5 M NaCl, 10. Çözücü B A% 0 -100% eğim 2.0 ml / dk akış oranında 2 dakika boyunca çalışır. (: 410 ve 280 nm λ) elüsyon emilimi esas izlenir. Parlak kırmızı renkli ve önemli bir emme zirve (Şekil 1) ile karakterize sadece fraksiyonu toplayın. </li><li> Karşı elüsyon Dialyze fosfat-tamponlu tekrar salin (PBS) bir karışımı, ve daha sonra birkaç saat karıştırıldı. 0.22 um bir şırınga filtresinden geçirerek sterilize edilir. </li><li> Hb konsantrasyonu ölçmek için, PBS içinde konsantrasyonu bilinen standart Hb çözümler hazırlamak. (Tr reaktifleri ile tabloya bakınız standart çözeltilerin karışımı ile örnek olarak Hb konsantrasyonunun tespit edilmesied) veya bir 1:1 oranında 2x Drabkin reaktifi (tozundan hazırlanan) ile numune çözeltisi. Örneğin, 96 oyuklu plakalar 100 ul 2x Drabkin reaktifi ile 100 ul Hb çözelti ilave edilir. 540 nm&#39;de 15 dk ve önlem absorbans inkübe. Bir standart eğrisi çizilir ve örnek olarak Hb konsantrasyonu belirlenir. Beş ila on beş mg / ml verimleri tipiktir. </li><li> Çoğaltmak% 15 SDS-PAGE üzerine hemoglobin saflaştırılmış 15-20 mikrogram çalıştırın. Jellerin bir Leke; hemoglobin için bir nitroselüloz zar ve immunoblot (Şekil 2) üzerine başka bir jel proteinleri aktarın. </li><li> Freeze ve sıvı azot içinde hemoglobin 1 ml alikotları saklayın. </li></ol> 2. Hazırlanması Demir deplete Büyüme Medya <ol><li> Üreticiler ve% 1 cassamino asit (CA) (w / v) tarafından tavsiye edildiği gibi sodyum bikarbonat eklemek, su içinde eritilerek toz RPMI Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) et suyu hazırlayın. 0.2 um bir filtreden ve mağaza refrig geçirilerek sterilizeçalıştırılamaz. </li><li> % 7 (ağırlık / hacim) Chelex-100 ekleme ve bir karıştırma plakası üzerinde gece boyunca karıştırma ile metal-azalmış RPMI (NRPMI) hazırlayın. 0.2 um bir filtreden ve buzdolabında depo üzerinden geçerek Chelex-100 çıkarın. 25 uM ZnCl 2, 25 uM MnCl 2, 100 mM CaCl2 ve 1 mM steril 1.000 x çözüm olarak önceden hazırlanmış MgCl2: esansiyel demir dışı metaller ile medya tamamlayın. Yeniden kullanılabilir malzemeler demir kontaminasyonu önlemek için bu adımı için tek kullanımlık plastik kaplar kullanın. </li></ol> Bir Sole Demir Kaynağı Olarak Hemoglobin kullanarak 3. Staphylococcus aureus Büyüme <ol><li> Streak S. Donmuş bir stoktan triptik soya agar (TSA) üzerinde yalıtım aureus. 20-24 saat süre ile 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. </li><li> Yeniden süspanse etilendiamin-N, 100 mM e kadar susuz etanol içinde N&#39;-bis (2-hidroksifenilasetik asit) (EDDHA). EDDHA çözüm içine gitmez ama etanol ile steril edilmiştir. </li><li> 0.5 mM nihai konsantrasyon RPMI için EDDHA ekleyin. Izin vermekEDDHA sonraki adıma geçmeden önce, en az 30 dakika eritin. Partiden partiye varyasyon nedeniyle, nihai konsantrasyon EDDHA bakteri oluşumuna izin vermek için 0.25 mM e indirilmesi gerekir. </li><li> S. tek koloniler inoküle RPMI 15 ml&#39;lik vida kapaklı konik bir tüp içinde EDDHA ihtiva eden 5 ml içine aureus. 16-20 saat boyunca dakika (rpm) başına 180 devir az sallama ile 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. </li><li> 7.500 x g&#39;de 5 dakika boyunca gecede kültürleri santrifüjleyin ve NRPMI 0.5 mM EDDHA içeren yılında pelet tekrar süspansiyon haline getirin. ~ 3 OD 600 Normalize. </li><li> NRPMI ml Hb başına 2.5 mikrogram ve 0.1-1.0 mM EDDHA içeren hazırlayın. Gruplar arası varyasyon nedeniyle, NRPMI serbest demir şelatların döküntülerini büyütmek için gerekli olan konsantrasyon EDDHA değişebilir. </li><li> 15 ml vidalı kapaklı konik tüp içinde 1 ml NRPMI + EDDHA + Hb içine adım 3,5 bakteriyel süspansiyonun Altkültür 10 ul. </li><li> 180 rpm&#39;de veya haddeleme davul sallayarak ile 48 saat için 37 ° C&#39;de kültür inkübe edin. </li><li&gt; Her 6-12 saat 96-kuyucuğu içinde kültür 50 ul kaldırma ve PBS 150 ul ile karıştırılarak OD 600 okuma alabilir. </li></ol>

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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+unmodified+human+adult+hemoglobin+in+Escherichia+coli.">Production of unmodified human adult hemoglobin in Escherichia coli.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 8108-8112 (1993).</li><li>Manjula, B. N., Acharya, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+molecular+analysis+of+hemoglobin+by+high-performance+liquid+chromatography.">Purification and molecular analysis of hemoglobin by high-performance liquid chromatography.</a> Methods Mol. Med. 82, 31-47 (2003).</li><li>Neilands, J. 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Biz ifşa etmek başka bir şey var.

Demir yaşamın 15 tüm krallıklardan organizmalar tarafından gerekli olan temel bir besindir. Omurgalılar, demir bu öğe tarafından kaynaklanan zehirlenme önlemek için tecrit edilir. Bu haciz de beslenme bağışıklık 16 olarak bilinen bir süreçte mikroplar istila demir gizler. Buna karşılık, patojenler beslenme bağışıklık engelleyecek stratejiler geliştirmişlerdir. Böyle bir mekanizma hemoglobin dayanır, hangi ana 17 içindeki demirin en bol kaynağıdır. Hemogl...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reaktif / Malzeme Adı </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog Numarası </td><td> Yorumlar </td></tr><tr><td> HPLC anyon değişim kolonuna </td><td> Varian </td><td> PL1551-3802 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Drabkin reaktifi </td><td> Sigma </td><td> D5941-6VL </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hemoglobin standart </td><td> Pointe Scientific </td><td> H7506-STD </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> RPMI </td><td> HyClone </td><td> SH30011.02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Chelex 100 sodyum formu </td><td> Sigma </td><td> C7901 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> EDDHA </td><td> LGC Standartları GmbH </td><td> ANC 001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hemoglobin bir antikor </td><td> Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc </td><td> SC-21005 </td><td> &lt;/ Td&gt; </tr><tr><td> Triptik Soy Agar </td><td> BD </td><td> 236920 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

staphylococcus aureus growth using human hemoglobin as an iron source

S. aureus hayati metabolik fonksiyonları ve hastalık yapan yürütmek için demir gerektiren bir patojen bakteridir. Insan konak içindeki demirin en bol rezervuar hemoglobin kofaktörüdür heme vardır. Hemoglobin demir elde etmek için, S. aureus demir-regüle yüzey belirleyicisi (Isd) sistemi 1 olarak bilinen karmaşık bir sistem kullanır. Isd sistem ilk bind konak hemoglobin Bileşenleri, daha sonra ayıklamak ve heme ithalat ve nihayet bakteriyel sitoplazma 2,3 heme demir kurtarmak. Bu yol vitro çalışmalar 4-9 sayısız aracılığıyla diseke edilmiştir. Ayrıca, enfeksiyon için Isd sistemin katkısı art arda 8,10-14 fare modellerinde ortaya konmuştur. Hemoglobin kaynaklı demir edinimi Isd sistemin katkısı kurulması ve büyüme daha zorlu olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Bir tek demir kaynağı olarak hemoglobin kullanarak Büyüme deneyleri b karmaşıktıry büyüme ortamında serbest demir kirletici ticari olarak temin hemoglobin kararsızlık, ve demir şelatlar ile ilişkili toksisite. İşte biz bu sınırlamalarının üstesinden bir yöntem sunuyoruz. Yüksek kaliteli hemoglobin taze kandan hazırlanmıştır ve sıvı azot içinde saklanır. Arıtılmış hemoglobin içine ilave edilir, orta omurgalı konukçu içerisindeki patojenlerin karşılaştığı demir-fakir ortamda taklit demir tüketmek. S. açlıktan tarafından serbest demir aureus ve biz, hemoglobin bağlamak heme ayıklamak, bakteri hücre zarfı ile heme geçmek ve sitoplazmada heme aşağılamak yeteneğini tamamen bağımlı bir şekilde büyümesine neden hemoglobin minimal manipüle formu ile ilave. Bu tahlil S. hemoglobin-/heme-derived demir iktisap mekanizmaları aydınlatmak isteyen araştırmacılar için yararlı olacaktır aureus ve muhtemelen diğer bakteriyel patojenler.

Biz HPLC (Protokol adım 1.7) ile hemolizat insan hemoglobin Temizlendikleri. Şekil 1 gösterir 280 ve 410 nm dalga boylarında eluat absorbans kaydedildi. Fraksiyon 5 toplandı ve diğer fraksiyonlar atıldı. Eluat mililitrede hemoglobin beş ile on beş miligram Verimleri genellikle elde edilir. Saflaştırılmış hemoglobin kopya halinde SDS-PAGE ile analiz edildi ve jeller ya da proteinler için boyandı ya da nitroselüloz üzerine transfer edildi ve (Protokol adım 1.10, Şekil 2)</stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Staphylococcus aureus Growth using Human Hemoglobin as an Iron Source at JoVE.com

Staphylococcus aureus Growth using Human Hemoglobin as an Iron Source

Burada bir büyüme tahlil tarif<em&gt; Staphylococcus aureus</em&gt; Mevcut besin demir tek kaynak olarak hemoglobin kullanarak. Bu testte elde edilen hemoglobin demir elde etme ile ilgili bakteri faktörlerin rolü kurar.

Demir Kaynağı Olarak İnsan Hemoglobin kullanarak Staphylococcus aureus Büyüme

S. aureus is a pathogenic bacterium that requires iron to  carry out vital metabolic functions and cause disease. The most abundant  reservoir of iron ...

staphylococcus-aureus-growth-using-human-hemoglobin-as-an-iron-source

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Immunology and Infection

Staphylococcus aureus Growth using Human Hemoglobin as an Iron Source

16.4K Görüntüleme.  Vanderbilt University Medical School. Burada bir büyüme tahlil tarif Staphylococcus aureus Mevcut besin demir tek kaynak olarak hemoglobin kullanarak. Bu testte elde edilen hemoglobin demir elde etme ile ilgili bakteri faktörlerin rolü kurar.

Video: Staphylococcus aureus Growth using Human Hemoglobin as an Iron Source

The Use of Drip Flow and Rotating Disk Reactors for Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Analysis

Most microbes in nature are thought to exist as surface-associated communities in biofilms.1 Bacterial biofilms are encased within a matrix and attached to a surface.2 Biofilm formation and development are commonly studied in the laboratory using batch systems such as microtiter plates or flow systems, such as flow-cells. These methodologies are useful for screening mutant and chemical libraries (microtiter plates)3 or growing biofilms for visualization (flow cells)4. Here we present detailed protocols for growing Staphylococcus aureus in two additional types of flow system biofilms: the drip flow biofilm reactor and the rotating disk biofilm reactor.
Drip flow biofilm reactors are designed for the study of biofilms grown under low shear conditions.5 The drip flow reactor consists of four parallel test channels, each capable of holding one standard glass microscope slide sized coupon, or a length of catheter or stint. The drip flow reactor is ideal for microsensor monitoring, general biofilm studies, biofilm cryosectioning samples, high biomass production, medical material evaluations, and indwelling medical device testing.6,7,8,9
The rotating disk reactor consists of a teflon disk containing recesses for removable coupons.10 The removable coupons can by made from any machinable material. The bottom of the rotating disk contains a bar magnet to allow disk rotation to create liquid surface shear across surface-flush coupons. The entire disk containing 18 coupons is placed in a 1000 mL glass side-arm reactor vessel. A liquid growth media is circulated through the vessel while the disk is rotated by a magnetic stirrer. The coupons are removed from the reactor vessel and then scraped to collect the biofilm sample for further study or microscopy imaging. Rotating disc reactors are designed for laboratory evaluations of biocide efficacy, biofilm removal, and performance of anti-fouling materials.9,11,12,13

The Use of Drip Flow and Rotating Disk Reactors for Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Analysis

Protocols for utilizing open system flow biofilms with drip flow reactors and rotating disk reactors are presented in detail.

Damla Akış ve Döner Disk Reaktörler kullanın Staphylococcus aureus Biyofilm Analizi

Most microbes in nature are thought to exist as surface-associated communities in biofilms.1  Bacterial biofilms are encased within a matrix and attached ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

MRSA is a worldwide threat to public health, and MRSA skin and soft-tissue infections now account for more than half of all soft-tissue infections in the United States. Among soft-tissue infections, myositis, pyomyositis, and necrotizing fasciitis have been increasingly reported in association with MRSA arising from the community. To understand the interplay between MRSA and host immunity leading to more severe infection, the availability of animal models is critical, permitting the study of host and bacterial factors. Several infection models have been introduced to assess the pathogenesis of S. aureus during superficial skin infection. Here, we describe a subcutaneous infection model that examines the skin, subcutaneous, and muscle pathologies.

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus MRSA

Murine skin and soft tissue infection model is utilized for assessing the virulence function of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the host immunological responses. Here, we presented a subcutaneous infection model for skin and soft tissue infection.

Subkutan Enfeksiyon Metisiline Dirençli Stafilokok Aureus (MRSA)

MRSA is a worldwide threat to public health, and MRSA skin and soft-tissue infections now account for more than half of all soft-tissue infections in the ...

Cost-effective Method for Microbial Source Tracking Using Specific Human and Animal Viruses

Microbial contamination of the environment represents a significant health risk. Classical bacterial fecal indicators have shown to have significant limitations, viruses are more resistant to many inactivation processes and standard fecal indicators do not inform on the source of contamination. The development of cost-effective methods for the concentration of viruses from water and molecular assays facilitates the applicability of viruses as indicators of fecal contamination and as microbial source tracking (MST) tools. Adenoviruses and polyomaviruses are DNA viruses infecting specific vertebrate species including humans and are persistently excreted in feces and/or urine in all geographical areas studied. In previous studies, we suggested the quantification of human adenoviruses (HAdV) and JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV) by quantitative PCR (qPCR) as an index of human fecal contamination. Recently, we have developed qPCR assays for the specific quantification of porcine adenoviruses (PAdV) and bovine polyomaviruses (BPyV) as animal fecal markers of contamination with sensitivities of 1-10 genome copies per test tube. In this study, we present the procedure to be followed to identify the source of contamination in water samples using these tools. As example of representative results, analysis of viruses in ground water presenting high levels of nitrates is shown.
Detection of viruses in low or moderately polluted waters requires the concentration of the viruses from at least several liters of water into a much smaller volume, a procedure that usually includes two concentration steps in series. This somewhat cumbersome procedure and the variability observed in viral recoveries significantly hamper the simultaneous processing of a large number of water samples.
In order to eliminate the bottleneck caused by the two-step procedures we have applied a one-step protocol developed in previous studies and applicable to a diversity of water matrices. The procedure includes: acidification of ten-liter water samples, flocculation by skimmed milk, gravity sedimentation of the flocculated materials, collection of the precipitate and centrifugation, resuspension of the precipitate in 10 ml phosphate buffer. The viral concentrate is used for the extraction of viral nucleic acids and the specific adenoviruses and polyomaviruses of interest are quantified by qPCR. High number of samples may be simultaneously analyzed using this low-cost concentration method.
The procedure has been applied to the analysis of bathing waters, seawater and river water and in this study, we present results analyzing groundwater samples. This high-throughput quantitative method is reliable, straightforward, and cost-effective.

The study describes a cost-effective method for the identification of the source of fecal/urine contamination or contamination by nitrates in water using qPCR for the specific quantification of human/porcine/bovine DNA viruses, adenoviruses and polyomaviruses, proposed as MST tools.

Özgül İnsan ve Hayvan Virüsler Mikrobiyal Kaynak Takip için maliyet-etkin Yöntemi

Microbial contamination of the environment represents a significant health risk. Classical bacterial fecal indicators have shown to have significant ...

Experimental Endocarditis Model of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Rat

Endovascular infections, including endocarditis, are life-threatening infectious syndromes1-3. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common world-wide cause of such syndromes with unacceptably high morbidity and mortality even with appropriate antimicrobial agent treatments4-6. The increase in infections due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), the high rates of vancomycin clinical treatment failures and growing problems of linezolid and daptomycin resistance have all further complicated the management of patients with such infections, and led to high healthcare costs7, 8. In addition, it should be emphasized that most recent studies with antibiotic treatment outcomes have been based in clinical settings, and thus might well be influenced by host factors varying from patient-to-patient. Therefore, a relevant animal model of endovascular infection in which host factors are similar from animal-to-animal is more crucial to investigate microbial pathogenesis, as well as the efficacy of novel antimicrobial agents. Endocarditis in rat is a well-established experimental animal model that closely approximates human native valve endocarditis. This model has been used to examine the role of particular staphylococcal virulence factors and the efficacy of antibiotic treatment regimens for staphylococcal endocarditis. In this report, we describe the experimental endocarditis model due to MRSA that could be used to investigate bacterial pathogenesis and response to antibiotic treatment.

Experimental Endocarditis Model of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA in Rat

Experimental rat endocarditis model due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus.

Metisiline Dirençli Deneysel Endokardit Modeli<em&gt; Staphylococcus aureus</em&gt; (MRSA) Sıçan

Endovascular infections, including endocarditis, are life-threatening infectious syndromes1-3. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common world-wide cause ...

Studying Interactions of Staphylococcus aureus with Neutrophils by Flow Cytometry and Time Lapse Microscopy

We present methods to study the effect of phenol soluble modulins (PSMs) and other toxins produced and secreted by Staphylococcus aureus on neutrophils. To study the effects of the PSMs on neutrophils we isolate fresh neutrophils using density gradient centrifugation. These neutrophils are loaded with a dye that fluoresces upon calcium mobilization. The activation of neutrophils by PSMs initiates a rapid and transient increase in the free intracellular calcium concentration. In a flow cytometry experiment this rapid mobilization can be measured by monitoring the fluorescence of a pre-loaded dye that reacts to the increased concentration of free Ca2+. Using this method we can determine the PSM concentration necessary to activate the neutrophil, and measure the effects of specific and general inhibitors of the neutrophil activation.	
	To investigate the expression of the PSMs in the intracellular space, we have constructed reporter fusions of the promoter of the PSM&alpha; operon to GFP. When these reporter strains of S. aureus are phagocytosed by neutrophils, the induction of expression can be observed using fluorescence microscopy.

Studying Interactions of Staphylococcus aureus with Neutrophils by Flow Cytometry and Time Lapse Microscopy

We present methods to study the effect of PSMs and other toxins secreted by Staphylococcus aureus on neutrophils using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.

Etkileşimi incelenmesi<em&gt; Staphylococcus aureus</em&gt; Akım Sitometri ve Time Lapse Mikroskopi tarafından Nötrofiller ile

We present methods to study the effect of phenol soluble modulins (PSMs)  and other toxins produced and secreted by Staphylococcus  aureus on neutrophils. ...

Targeting Biofilm Associated Staphylococcus aureus Using Resazurin Based Drug-susceptibility Assay

Most pathogenic bacteria are able to form biofilms during infection, but due to the difficulty of manipulating and assessing biofilms, the vast majority of laboratory work is conducted with planktonic cells. Here, we describe a peg plate biofilm assay as performed with Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial biofilms are grown on pegs attached to a 96-well microtiter plate lid, washed through gentle submersion in buffer, and placed in a drug challenge plate. After subsequent incubation they are again washed and moved to a final recovery plate, in which the fluorescent dye resazurin serves as a viability indicator. This assay offers greatly increased ease-of-use, reliability, and reproducibility, as well as a wealth of data when conducted as a kinetic read. Moreover, this assay can be adapted to a medium-throughput drug screening approach by which an endpoint fluorescent readout is taken instead, offering a path for drug discovery efforts.

Targeting Biofilm Associated Staphylococcus aureus Using Resazurin Based Drug-susceptibility Assay

Most bacterial infections produce a biofilm. By virtue of their environment, biofilm associated bacteria are often phenotypically drug resistant. Novel antibacterial molecules that kill bacteria in biofilms are thus a high priority. We establish an assay to quickly screen for antimicrobial compounds that are effective at eradicating biofilms.

Biyofilm İlişkili Hedefleme<em&gt; Staphylococcus aureus</emKullanma&gt; Resazurin Tabanlı İlaç-duyarlılık Deneyi

Most pathogenic bacteria are able to form biofilms during infection, but due to the difficulty of manipulating and assessing biofilms, the vast majority ...

Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus by Ribosomal Spacer PCR (RS-PCR)

The ribosomal spacer PCR (RS-PCR) is a highly resolving and robust genotyping method for S. aureus that allows a high throughput at moderate costs and is, therefore, suitable to be used for routine purposes. For best resolution, data evaluation and data management, a miniaturized electrophoresis system is required. Together with such an electrophoresis system and the in-house developed software (freely available here) assignment of the pattern of bands to a genotype is standardized and straight forward. DNA extraction is simple (boiling prep), setting-up of the reactions is easy and they can be run on any standard PCR machine. PCR cycling is common except prolonged ramping and elongation times. Compared to spa typing and Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), RS-PCR does not require DNA sequencing what simplifies the analysis considerably and allows a high throughput. Furthermore, the resolution for bovine strains of S. aureus is at least as good as spa typing and better than MLST or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The RS-PCR data base includes presently a total of 141 genotypes and variants. The method is highly associated with the virulence gene pattern, contagiosity and pathogenicity of S. aureus strains involved in bovine mastitis. S. aureus genotype B (GTB) is contagious and causes herds problems causing large costs in the Switzerland and other European countries. All the other genotypes observed in Switzerland infect individual cows and quarters. Genotyping by RS-PCR allows the reliable prediction of the epidemiological and the pathogenic potential of S. aureus involved in bovine intramammary infection (IMI), two key factors for clinical veterinary medicine. Because of these beneficial properties together with moderate costs and a high sample throughput the goal of this publication is to give a detailed, step-by-step protocol for easily establishing and running RS-PCR for genotyping S. aureus in other laboratories.

Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus by Ribosomal Spacer PCR RS-PCR

Here, ribosomal spacer PCR (RS-PCR) is used together with a miniaturized electrophoresis system as a fast and high resolution method for genotyping S. aureus at moderate costs allowing a high throughput.

bir Genotiplendirme<em&gt; Staphylococcus aureus</em&gt; Tarafından Ribozomal Spacer PCR (RS-PCR)

The ribosomal spacer PCR (RS-PCR) is a highly resolving and robust genotyping method for S. aureus that allows a high throughput at moderate costs and is, ...

Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus

One important feature of the major opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is its extraordinary ability to rapidly acquire resistance to antibiotics. Genomic studies reveal that S. aureus carries many virulence and resistance genes located in mobile genetic elements, suggesting that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a critical role in S. aureus evolution. However, a full and detailed description of the methodology used to study HGT in S. aureus is still lacking, especially regarding natural transformation, which has been recently reported in this bacterium. This work describes three protocols that are useful for the in vitro investigation of HGT in S. aureus: conjugation, phage transduction, and natural transformation. To this aim, the cfr gene (chloramphenicol/florfenicol resistance), which confers the Phenicols, Lincosamides, Oxazolidinones, Pleuromutilins, and Streptogramin A (PhLOPSA)-resistance phenotype, was used. Understanding the mechanisms through which S. aureus transfers genetic materials to other strains is essential to comprehending the rapid acquisition of resistance and helps to clarify the modes of dissemination reported in surveillance programs or to further predict the spreading mode in the future.

Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus

We describe here three different protocols for the in vitro investigation of conjugation, transduction, and natural transformation in Staphylococcus aureus.

Yatay Gen Transferi Çalışmasında Metodolojisi<em&gt; Staphylococcus aureus</em

One important feature of the major opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is its extraordinary ability to rapidly acquire resistance to ...

A Mouse Model to Assess Innate Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)&#160;infections, including methicillin resistant stains, are an enormous burden on the healthcare system. With incidence rates of S. aureus infection climbing annually, there is a demand for additional research in its&#160;pathogenicity. Animal models of infectious disease advance our understanding of the host-pathogen response and lead to the development of effective therapeutics. Neutrophils play a primary role in the innate immune response that controls S. aureus infections by forming an abscess to wall off the infection and facilitate bacterial clearance; the number of neutrophils that infiltrate an S. aureus skin infection often correlates with disease outcome. LysM-EGFP mice, which possess the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) inserted in the Lysozyme M (LysM) promoter region (expressed primarily by neutrophils), when used in conjunction with in vivo whole animal fluorescence imaging (FLI) provide&#160;a means of quantifying neutrophil emigration noninvasively and longitudinally into wounded skin. When combined with a bioluminescent S. aureus strain and sequential in vivo whole animal bioluminescent imaging (BLI), it is possible to longitudinally monitor both the neutrophil recruitment dynamics and in vivo bacterial burden at the site of infection in anesthetized mice from onset of infection to resolution or death. Mice are more resistant to a number of virulence factors produced by S. aureus that facilitate effective colonization and infection in humans. Immunodeficient mice provide a more sensitive animal model to examine persistent S. aureus infections and the ability of therapeutics to boost innate immune responses. Herein, we characterize responses in LysM-EGFP mice that have been bred to MyD88-deficient mice (LysM-EGFP&#215;MyD88-/- mice) along with wild-type LysM-EGFP mice to investigate S. aureus skin wound infection. Multispectral simultaneous detection enabled study of neutrophil recruitment dynamics by using in vivo FLI, bacterial burden by using in vivo BLI, and wound healing longitudinally and noninvasively over time.

A Mouse Model to Assess Innate Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus Infection

An approach is described for real-time detection of the innate immune response to cutaneous wounding and Staphylococcus aureus infection of mice. By comparing LysM-EGFP mice (which possess fluorescent neutrophils) with a LysM-EGFP crossbred immunodeficient mouse strain, we advance our understanding of infection and the development of approaches to combat infection.

Bir fare modeli için değerlendirmek doğuştan gelen bağışıklık yanıtı Staphylococcus aureus enfeksiyon

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)&#160;infections, including methicillin resistant stains, are an enormous burden on the healthcare system. With incidence ...

Quantifying the Cytotoxicity of Staphylococcus aureus Against Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Staphylococcus aureus is capable of secreting a wide range of leukocidins that target and disrupt the membrane integrity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils). This protocol describes both the purification of human PMNs and the quantification of S. aureus cytotoxicity against PMNs in three different sections. Section 1 details the isolation of PMNs and serum from human blood using density centrifugation. Section 2 tests the cytotoxicity of extracellular proteins produced by S. aureus against these purified human PMNs. Section 3 measures the cytotoxicity against human PMNs following the phagocytosis of live S. aureus. These procedures measure disruption of PMN plasma membrane integrity by S. aureus leukocidins using flow cytometry analysis of PMNs treated with propidium iodide, a DNA binding fluorophore that is cell membrane impermeable. Collectively, these methods have the advantage of rapidly testing S. aureus cytotoxicity against primary human PMNs and can be easily adapted to study other aspects of host-pathogen interactions.

Quantifying the Cytotoxicity of Staphylococcus aureus Against Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

This protocol describes a method for the purification of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from whole human blood and two distinct assays that quantify the cytotoxicity of Staphylococcus aureus against these important innate immune cells.

İnsan Polimorfonükleer Lökositlere Karşı Staphyloccus aureus Sitortoksitesinin Ölçülmesi

Staphylococcus aureus is capable of secreting a wide range of leukocidins that target and disrupt the membrane integrity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes ...