Biz bal arıları dokunsal öğrenme paradigması bize tanıtmak için Joachim Erber ederim. Bu eser Alman Mükemmeliyet Girişimi çerçevesinde finanse Mükemmellik 277 CITEC arasında Küme tarafından desteklenmiştir.

1. Arılar hazırlanması <ol><li> Bir toplayıcı geziden dönerken Nektarı veya Polen yem bir sükroz besleyici veya doğrudan kovan girişinde ya alanına yakalanmıştır. Her bir arı bir köpük tıkaç ile kapatılmalıdır ve daha işleme için laboratuvar hemen içine alınmış bir cam şişeye yakalanır. </li><li> Onlar hareketsizlik ilk işaretleri göstermek ° C kadar laboratuvarda, yakalanan arılar kısaca 4 de buzdolabında soğutulur. </li><li> Her tek immobilize arı baş ve toraks arasında ve karın üzerinde yapışkan bant ile küçük bir metal tüp monte edilir. Bakım hortum ve antenler serbestçe hareketli olduğu alınmalıdır. </li><li> Vizyon tıkamak için beyaz boya (örneğin solvent içermeyen Tipp-Ex) ile sabit arı bileşik gözleri ve ocelli boyayın. </li><li> Kayıtları sırasında baş hareketleri önlemek için baş ve toraks arasında kasete bunu düzeltmek için arı başının arkasına erimiş mum küçük bir damla ekleyin. </li><li> Daha iyi belirlenmesi için kaset üzerinde bir sayı ile her bir arı işaretleyin ve dehidratasyonu önlemek için nemli bir atmosfere sabit arı ile tüp yerleştirin. </li><li> Bir şırınga ile başvuran 30% sakaroz çözeltisini damlacıkları ile 5 saniye boyunca her bir arı besle ve dokunsal Klima protokolü ile başlamadan önce tüm arılar 30 dk kurtarmanızı sağlar. </li></ol> 2. Dokunsal Şartlandırma <ol><li> Klima önce, her bir arı antenleri uygulanan% 30 sukroz uyarana hortum uzantısı yanıt (PER) için test edilmelidir. Böylece hortum ucu açık alt çeneleri arasına bir sanal çizgi geçmek zorundadır. Sakaroz uyaran bir PER ile yanıt vermeyen bütün arıların atın. </li><li> Dokunsal klima şartlı uyarıcı (CS) gibi bir düz veya bir oyulmuş desen, örneğin, yatay veya 150 mikron dalga boyuna sahip bir ızgara oluşturan dikey oluklar ile bir pirinç küp (örn. 3 x 5 mm), kullanmak için. Fya da koşulsuz uyarıcı (ABD) bir% 30 sukroz çözeltisi (su içinde seyreltilmiş beyaz şeker,) kullanın. </li><li> Pirinç küp (CS) Klima işlem sırasında tam konumlandırma sağlamak için (örneğin, Märzhäuser MM33) bir micromanipulator bir tutucuya yerleştirilir. ABD% 30 sukroz solüsyonu ile dolu bir şırınga ile arı sunulmaktadır. </li><li> Klima prosedür 5 dk arası bir deneme süresi (ITI) ile dokunsal uyarıcı (CS) ve sakaroz çözeltisi (ABD) beş eşleşmeleri oluşur. Monte edilmiş dokunsal uyarıcı (CS) ile mikromanipülatör önünde bir tek arı yerleştirin. Dokunsal uyaran yüzeyinin arının başında (Şekil 1 A ve B) paralel olacak şekilde yavaşça CS, yerleştirin. Hayvan ve dokunsal nesne arasındaki mesafe test arı antennal çalışma yarıçapı aralığında olmalıdır, arı rahat bir pozisyonda w dokunsal uyaran taramak gerekir yaniITH antenler de. Şekil 1&#39;de gösterilen örnekte, mesafe 3 mm idi. Arı 5 sn için dokunsal uyaran (CS) tarama edelim. Ilk olarak 3 saniye sonra,% 30 sakaroz (ABD) hortum altında bir şırınga ile çözelti bir damlacık sunulmaktadır. Nazikçe hortum artırmak için enjektör ucu kullanın. Hortum altında Sakaroz stimülasyon 15 PER koşulsuz seçmektedirler. Arı sakaroz ödül yalamak için izin ver. Klima sırasında tam olarak ne zaman aralıklarını korumak için bir alarm sinyali ile bir kronometre kullanın. </li><li> Klimalı BAŞINA arı öğrenme başarısı için bir ölçü olarak kullanılır. İlk ödüllendirilir eşlendirme sonra, arıların önümüzdeki ödül beklediklerini belirten, kendi burnumun uzantısı CS sunum yanıt başlar. Dokunsal uyaran sunum 3 sn süre penceresi sırasında ve sakkaroz sunum öncesi zaman görülen bir tam genişletilmiş hortum olumlu bir yanıt olarak puanlanmıştır. Hayır yanıtı olumsuz sayılır. OCCPER ve urrence deneyci tarafından unutulmamalıdır. CS sunumu sırasında BAŞINA gösteren arıların yüzdesi her deneme için çizilir. </li></ol> 3. Kinematik Kayıtlar <ol><li> Tek bir harnessed arı antennal hareketleri uygun bir makro lens (örneğin TechSpec VZM 200 ile donatılmıştır Basler A602f-2, bir yangın tel bağlantısı yoluyla 50 fps&#39;de işletilen) bir dijital video kamera ile kaydedilmiştir. Kamera yukarıdan aşağıya bir görünümde hayvan (Şekil 1 A) üstünde konumlandırılmıştır. Şekil 1&#39;de, kayıtların uzaysal çözünürlüğü 0.02 mm / piksel. </li><li> Kameranın objektif altında farklı yönlerde 1 mm&#39;lik bir kenar uzunluğu ile 10 x 10 mm dama tek görüntü kaydederken tarafından kamera kalibre. Kalibrasyon kamera kalibrasyon alet kutusu Matlab 16 ile yapılabilir. </li><li> Kamera merceğinin altında bir tek sabit arı yerleştirin. Bir mikromanipülatör sabitlenmiş dokunsal uyaran, sunun, Hayvan için. Dokunsal kurutma için tarif edildiği gibi aynı şekilde devam edin ve arı nesne tararken anten hareketini kaydederler. Bu tam anten çalışma aralığı ve dokunsal uyarı görünür olması önemlidir. Uyaran desen seçenekleri test ve deneme numaraları deneysel tasarım bağlıdır. </li></ol> 4. Veri Analizi <ol><li> Görüntünün arka plan hesaplama Matlab yapılır. İlk olarak, zaman içinde orta gri skala değeri her bir piksel için hesaplanan gerekmektedir. Statik nesneler, arı ve dokunsal uyaran sabit kafa gibi, görüntü arka planı teşkil edecektir. Hareketli nesneler, iki anten gibi, arka planın parçası olmayacaktır. </li><li> Kaydedilen video her bir ardışık kare yüklü olması gerekir, ve akım çerçeve ve resim arka planı arasındaki fark hesaplanarak gerekir. Bu çıkarma sonucu kareden diğerine hareket ediyor görüntünün bölümleri vurgular. Kimlikeally, arı antenleri sıfır değerleri (Şekil 1C) tek alanlardır. </li><li> Daha fazla işlem için, sıfır olmayan piksel değerleri ile en büyük iki alanda antenler olduğu varsayılır. Her iki anten için bir ikili maskesi piksel anten ve aksi değeri 0 aitse, her piksel için bir değer 1 içeren oluşturulan olmaktır. Bu maske daha sonra anten ipuçları yerelleştirilmesi için bir temel olarak hizmet vermektedir. Tüm görüntü için ön maske kazandırmak farkı görüntünün her pikselin gri değer önceden tanımlanmış eşik karşılaştırılır. Biz gürültü icabına beri sonradan bu eşiğin oldukça düşük olduğu için tercih edilir. Öncelikle, görüntü gürültü küçük bölgeler nedeniyle halen maskesi parçası vardır: ön maskesi sonra hala hatalar iki çeşit taşır. İkincisi, anten ait alanlar mutlaka tam bağlanmamış olabilir. Arka plan yaklaşık olarak anten ile aynı ışıldama varsa ikincisi çoğunlukla oluşur. Bu eserler ortadan kaldırmak için, standartgörüntü işleme morfolojik işlemi uygulanır, standart Matlab fonksiyonları imerode ve (daha fazla açıklama için 17 pp 158-205 bakınız) sırasıyla imdilate güvenerek, görüntü erozyon ve dilatasyon bir arada yani. Denoising işleminden sonra antenler hipotezler hala aynı maske içinde yer alır. Bu nedenle, bir sonraki adım olarak ikili maske standart Matlab fonksiyonuyla bwlabel (görüntü bölütleme algoritması hakkında daha fazla bilgi için 17 pp 40-48 bakınız) kullanarak ayrık alanlar için kümelenmiştir. </li><li> Küme başına piksel sayısı sayılır ve en büyük iki kümesi seçilmektedir. Ağırlık merkezi sol ve sağ anten (Şekil 1B) arasındaki fark olarak hesaplanmıştır. </li><li> Her anten için anten ucu proksimal-to-distal yönde (Şekil 1D bakınız) en yüksek değere sahip bir kümede piksel olarak tanımlanabilir. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Page, R. E., Scheiner, R., Erber, J., Amdam, G. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+and+evolution+of+division+of+labor+and+foraging+specialization+in+a+social+insect+(Apis+mellifera++L.).">The development and evolution of division of labor and foraging specialization in a social insect (Apis mellifera L.).</a> Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 74, 253-286 (2006).</li><li>Menzel, R., M&#252;ller, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Learning+and+memory+in+honeybees:+From+behavior+to+neural+substrates.">Learning and memory in honeybees: From behavior to neural substrates.</a> Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 379-404 (1996).</li><li>Seeley, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The wisdom of the hive. , (1995).</li><li>Staudacher, E., Gebhardt, M. J., D&#252;rr, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antennal+movements+and+mechanoreception:+neurobiology+of+active+tactile+sensors.">Antennal movements and mechanoreception: neurobiology of active tactile sensors.</a> Adv. Insect Physiol. 32, 49-205 (2005).</li><li>Martin, H., Lindauer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sinnesphysiologische+Leistungen+beim+Wabenbau+der+Honigbiene.">Sinnesphysiologische Leistungen beim Wabenbau der Honigbiene.</a> Z. Vergl. Physiol. 53, 372-404 (1966).</li><li>Kevan, P. G., Menzel, R., Mercer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Texture+sensitivity+in+the+life+of+honeybees.">Texture sensitivity in the life of honeybees.</a> Neurobiology and behavior of honeybees. , 96-101 (1987).</li><li>von Frisch, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Tanzsprache und Orientierung der Bienen. , (1965).</li><li>Waser, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flower+constancy:+definition,+cause,+and+ceasurement.">Flower constancy: definition, cause, and ceasurement.</a> Am. Nat. 127, 593-603 (1986).</li><li>Kevan, P. G., Lane, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flower+petal+microtexture+is+a+tactile+cue+for+bees.">Flower petal microtexture is a tactile cue for bees.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 4750-4752 (1985).</li><li>Erber, J., Kierzek, S., Sander, E., Grandy, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tactile+learning+in+the+honeybee.">Tactile learning in the honeybee.</a> J. Comp. Physiol. A. 183, 737-744 (1998).</li><li>Kisch, J., Erber, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Operant+conditioning+of+antennal+movements+in+the+honey+bee.">Operant conditioning of antennal movements in the honey bee.</a> Behav. Brain. Res. 99, 93-102 (1999).</li><li>Scheiner, R., Erber, J., Page, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tactile+learning+and+the+individual+evaluation+of+the+reward+in+honey+bees+(Apis+mellifera+L.).">Tactile learning and the individual evaluation of the reward in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.).</a> J. Comp. Physiol. A. 185, 1-10 (1999).</li><li>Erber, J., Scheiner, R., Adelman, G., Smith, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Honeybee+learning.">Honeybee learning.</a> Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. , (2004).</li><li>Bitterman, M. E., Menzel, R., Fietz, A., Sch&#228;fer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classical+conditioning+of+proboscis+extension+in+honeybees+(Apis+mellifera).">Classical conditioning of proboscis extension in honeybees (Apis mellifera).</a> J. Comp. Psychol. 97, 107-119 (1983).</li><li>Dacher, M., Gauthier, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Involvement+of+NO-synthase+and+nicotinic+receptors+in+learning+in+the+honey+bee.">Involvement of NO-synthase and nicotinic receptors in learning in the honey bee.</a> Physiol. Behav. 95, 200-207 (2008).</li><li>Haralick, R. M., Shapiro, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Computer and Robot Vision. I, (1992).</li><li>Erber, J., Galizia, C. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tactile+antennal+learning+in+the+honey+bee.">Tactile antennal learning in the honey bee.</a> Honeybee Neurobiology and Behavior. , 439-455 (2012).</li><li>Pankiw, T., Page, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+pheromones,+hormones,+and+handling+on+sucrose+response+thresholds+of+honey+bees+(Apis+mellifera+L.).">Effect of pheromones, hormones, and handling on sucrose response thresholds of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.).</a> J. Comp. Physiol. A. 189, 675-684 (2003).</li><li>Harris, J. W., Woodring, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+stress,+age,+season+and+source+colony+on+levels+of+octopamine,+dopamine+and+serotonine+in+the+honey+bee+(Apis+mellifera+L.)+brain.">Effects of stress, age, season and source colony on levels of octopamine, dopamine and serotonine in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) brain.</a> J. Insect. Physiol. 38, 29-35 (1992).</li><li>Scheiner, R., Kuritz-Kaiser, A., Menzel, R., Erber, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+responsiveness+and+the+effects+of+equal+subjective+rewards+on+tactile+learning+and+memory+of+honeybees.">Sensory responsiveness and the effects of equal subjective rewards on tactile learning and memory of honeybees.</a> Learn. Mem. 12, 626-635 (2005).</li><li>Mujagic, S., Sarkander, J., Erber, B., Erber, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sucrose+acceptance+and+different+forms+of+associative+learning+of+the+honey+bee+(Apis+mellifera+L.)+in+the+field+and+laboratory.">Sucrose acceptance and different forms of associative learning of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) in the field and laboratory.</a> Front. Behav. Neurosci. 4, 46 (2010).</li><li>Scheiner, R., Barnert, M., Erber, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variation+in+water+and+sucrose+responsiveness+during+the+foraging+season+affects+proboscis+extension+learning+in+honey+bees.">Variation in water and sucrose responsiveness during the foraging season affects proboscis extension learning in honey bees.</a> Apidologie. 34, 67-72 (2003).</li><li>Mujagic, S., Erber, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sucrose+acceptance,+discrimination+and+proboscis+responses+of+honey+bees+(Apis+mellifera+L.)+in+the+field+and+the+laboratory.">Sucrose acceptance, discrimination and proboscis responses of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in the field and the laboratory.</a> J. Comp. Physiol. A. 195, 325-339 (2009).</li><li>Friedrich, A., Thomas, U., M&#252;ller, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Learning+at+different+satiation+levels+reveals+parallel+functions+for+the+cAMP-protein+kinase+A+cascade+in+formation+of+long-term+memory.">Learning at different satiation levels reveals parallel functions for the cAMP-protein kinase A cascade in formation of long-term memory.</a> J. Neurosci. 24, 4460-4468 (2004).</li><li>Erber, J., Pribbenow, B., Grandy, K., Kierzek, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tactile+motor+learning+in+the+antennal+system+of+the+honeybee+(Apis+mellifera+L.).">Tactile motor learning in the antennal system of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.).</a> J. Comp. Physiol. A. 181, 355-365 (1997).</li><li>Lambin, M., D&#233;glise, P., Gauthier, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antennal+movements+as+indicators+of+odor+detection+by+worker+honeybees.">Antennal movements as indicators of odor detection by worker honeybees.</a> Apidologie. 36, 119-126 (2005).</li></ol>

Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Arı hazırlanması: Toplama ve arı hayvan düşük gerilme düzeyini sağlamak için, hızlı bir şekilde yapılmalıdır sabitleme. Stres PER-yanıt üzerinde bir etkisi vardır ve bu nedenle, arılar 19, 20 öğrenme performansı üzerinde dolaylı bir etkisi olabilir. Stres düzeyini hızlı bir şekilde hareketsiz alındıktan hemen sonra doğrudan buz üzerinde arılar ile cam şişe yerleştirerek azaltılabilir. Arılara anestezi öncesi dönemde olduğu uzun kurtarmak için daha fa...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reaktif / Malzeme Adı </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog Numarası </td><td> Yorumlar </td></tr><tr><td> Polen toplayıcılar, Apis mellifera L. </td><td></td><td></td><td> Özel kurdeşen </td></tr><tr><td> Cam şişe (22 x 45 mm) </td><td> Carl Roth GmbH &amp; Co </td><td> X655.1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Pirinç borular, 10 x 30 mm </td><td></td><td></td><td> Kendinden üretilen </td></tr><tr><td> Pirinç küp, 3 x 5 mm </td><td></td><td></td><td> Kendinden üretilen </td></tr><tr><td> Tipp-Ex (solventsiz) </td><td> Tipp-Ex GmbH &amp; Co KG </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sukroz çözeltisi (% 30) </td><td></td><td></td><td> Ev suger su ile seyreltilir </td></tr><tr><td> Etanol (% 70) </td><td> Carl Roth GmbH &amp; Co </td><td> 9065,3 &lt;/ Td&gt; <td></td></tr><tr><td> Şırınga (1 ml) ve iğne (0.6 x 25) </td><td> Carl Roth GmbH &amp; Co </td><td> 59.1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> İzle Durdur </td><td> Carl Roth GmbH &amp; Co </td><td> L423.1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Mikromanipülatör </td><td> Märzhäuser MM33 </td><td> 00-42-101-0000 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dijital video kamera </td><td> Basler A602f-2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Kamera makro objektif </td><td> TechSpec VZM 200 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Matlab R2009b </td><td> MathWorks </td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

tactile conditioning and movement analysis of antennal sampling strategies in honey bees (apis mellifera l.)

Bal arıları (Apis mellifera L.) eusocial böcekler ve iyi işçilik ve çağrışımsal öğrenme yeteneği 1, 2 kendi karmaşık bir bölümü için bilinir. Onlar larva hemşirelik veya düzenli altıgen yemek için tarak (örneğin polen veya nektar) ve yavru 3 bina nerede işçi arılar, karanlık kovan içinde kendi yaşamının ilk yarısını harcamak. Antenler olağanüstü multisensory duyarga ve kovan bina 5 ve örüntü tanıma 6 dahil olmak üzere çeşitli dokunsal aracılı görevleri 4, çok önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Daha sonra hayatta, her bir arı yiyecek aramak için kovanı terk eder. Sonra arı, karlı gıda kaynakları ayrımcılık konumlarını ezberlemek ve 7 yuvasını arkadaşları için iletişim öğrenmek zorundadır. Arı besin kaynağının multisensory hafıza oluşturmak üzere petal yüzey 9 renk ve koku veren 7, 8 gibi başka çiçek sinyalleri, ama aynı zamanda dokunsal işaretlerini kullanır. Laboratuvar işbirliği altındaşulları, arılar gibi kenarlarını ya da anten 10, 11, 12, 13 ile oluklar gibi dokunsal nesnenin özellikleri, ayrımcılık bir iştahlı öğrenme paradigması içinde eğitilmiş olabilir. Bu öğrenme paradigma yakından koşulmuş arı 14 hortum uzantı yanıt (başına) klasik koku klima ilgilidir. Laboratuarda dokunsal öğrenme paradigması avantajı anten hareket model analizi de dahil olmak üzere çeşitli fizyolojik ölçümleri ile ilgili öğrenme davranışsal deney birleştirme ihtimalidir.

Aşağıdaki deneyde görmeyenlerin dokunsal öğrenme bal arıları antennal örnekleme davranışını nasıl etkilediği incelenmiştir. Bunun için, biz önce naif ve klimalı arılar anten ucu ve dokunsal uyaran sunum sırasında hareketi izlenir. İlk olarak, polen yem bir grup kendiliğinden hareket anten (N = 42) 1 dakika boyunca kaydedildi. Arıların yarısı (N = 21) daha sonra beş kez% 30 sakaroz ödül ile dokunsal uyaran eşleştirme tarafından şartlandırılmış oldu. Bu k...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees Apis mellifera L. at JoVE.com

Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees Apis mellifera L.

Bu protokolü biz durumu dokunsal uyaranlara karşı bal arıları koşulmuş ve ince çaplı anten örnekleme deseni kinematik analiz için bir 2B hareket yakalama tekniği tanıtmak nasıl gösterir.

Dokunsal İklimlendirme Ve Bal Arısı yılında antennal Örnekleme Stratejileri Hareket Analizi (<em&gt; Apis mellifera</em&gt; L.)

Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are eusocial insects and well known for their complex division of labor and associative learning capability1, 2. The worker ...

tactile-conditioning-movement-analysis-antennal-sampling-strategies

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)

10.5K Görüntüleme.  Bielefeld University. Bu protokolü biz durumu dokunsal uyaranlara karşı bal arıları koşulmuş ve ince çaplı anten örnekleme deseni kinematik analiz için bir 2B hareket yakalama tekniği tanıtmak nasıl gösterir.

Video: Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees Apis mellifera L.

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank yesterday."), however such reports can often be unreliable or sensitive to response bias 1, and may be unobtainable in some participant populations. Furthermore, explicit reports only reveal when information has reached consciousness and cannot comment on when memories were accessed during processing, regardless of whether the information is subsequently accessed in a conscious manner. Eye movement monitoring (eye tracking) provides a tool by which memory can be probed without asking participants to comment on the contents of their memories, and access of such memories can be revealed on-line 2,3. Video-based eye trackers (either head-mounted or remote) use a system of cameras and infrared markers to examine the pupil and corneal reflection in each eye as the participant views a display monitor. For head-mounted eye trackers, infrared markers are also used to determine head position to allow for head movement and more precise localization of eye position. Here, we demonstrate the use of a head-mounted eye tracking system to investigate memory performance in neurologically-intact and neurologically-impaired adults. Eye movement monitoring procedures begin with the placement of the eye tracker on the participant, and setup of the head and eye cameras. Calibration and validation procedures are conducted to ensure accuracy of eye position recording. Real-time recordings of X,Y-coordinate positions on the display monitor are then converted and used to describe periods of time in which the eye is static (i.e. fixations) versus in motion (i.e., saccades). Fixations and saccades are time-locked with respect to the onset/offset of a visual display or another external event (e.g. button press). Experimental manipulations are constructed to examine how and when patterns of fixations and saccades are altered through different types of prior experience. The influence of memory is revealed in the extent to which scanning patterns to new images differ from scanning patterns to images that have been previously studied 2, 4-5. Memory can also be interrogated for its specificity; for instance, eye movement patterns that differ between an identical and an altered version of a previously studied image reveal the storage of the altered detail in memory 2-3, 6-8. These indices of memory can be compared across participant populations, thereby providing a powerful tool by which to examine the organization of memory in healthy individuals, and the specific changes that occur to memory with neurological insult or decline 2-3, 8-10.

Eye movement monitoring (or eye tracking) reveals where in space the eyes linger, when and for how long. Here, we demonstrate how eye tracking can be used to investigate the integrity of memory in multiple participant populations, without requiring verbal, or otherwise explicit, reports.

Bellek Eye Movement Kontrolü

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank ...

Nörobilim

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are well known for their communication and orientation skills and for their impressive learning capability1,2. Because the survival of a honeybee colony depends on the exploitation of food sources, forager bees learn and memorize variable flower sites as well as their profitability. Forager bees can be easily trained in natural settings where they forage at a feeding site and learn the related signals such as odor or color. Appetitive associative learning can also be studied under controlled conditions in the laboratory by conditioning the proboscis extension response (PER) of individually harnessed honeybees3,4. This learning paradigm enables the study of the neuronal and molecular mechanisms that underlie learning and memory formation in a simple and highly reliable way5-12. A behavioral pharmacology approach is used to study molecular mechanisms. Drugs are injected systemically to interfere with the function of specific molecules during or after learning and memory formation13-16.
Here we demonstrate how to train harnessed honeybees in PER conditioning and how to apply drugs systemically by injection into the bee flight muscle.

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees Apis mellifera

We demonstrate how to implement a behavioral pharmacology method in an appetitive olfactory conditioning paradigm in honeybees (Apis mellifera) by systemic application of drugs. This method allows investigation of the mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation in a simple and reliable way.

Bal arısı burnumun Extension Tepki Klasik Koşullanma Davranış Farmakoloji ( Apis mellifera)

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are well known for their communication and orientation skills and for their impressive learning capability1,2. Because the ...

Automated Sholl Analysis of Digitized Neuronal Morphology at Multiple Scales

Neuronal morphology plays a significant role in determining how neurons function and communicate1-3. Specifically, it affects the ability of neurons to receive inputs from other cells2 and contributes to the propagation of action potentials4,5. The morphology of the neurites also affects how information is processed. The diversity of dendrite morphologies facilitate local and long range signaling and allow individual neurons or groups of neurons to carry out specialized functions within the neuronal network6,7. Alterations in dendrite morphology, including fragmentation of dendrites and changes in branching patterns, have been observed in a number of disease states, including Alzheimer's disease8, schizophrenia9,10, and mental retardation11. The ability to both understand the factors that shape dendrite morphologies and to identify changes in dendrite morphologies is essential in the understanding of nervous system function and dysfunction.
Neurite morphology is often analyzed by Sholl analysis and by counting the number of neurites and the number of branch tips. This analysis is generally applied to dendrites, but it can also be applied to axons. Performing this analysis by hand is both time consuming and inevitably introduces variability due to experimenter bias and inconsistency. The Bonfire program is a semi-automated approach to the analysis of dendrite and axon morphology that builds upon available open-source morphological analysis tools. Our program enables the detection of local changes in dendrite and axon branching behaviors by performing Sholl analysis on subregions of the neuritic arbor. For example, Sholl analysis is performed on both the neuron as a whole as well as on each subset of processes (primary, secondary, terminal, root, etc.) Dendrite and axon patterning is influenced by a number of intracellular and extracellular factors, many acting locally. Thus, the resulting arbor morphology is a result of specific processes acting on specific neurites, making it necessary to perform morphological analysis on a smaller scale in order to observe these local variations12.
The Bonfire program requires the use of two open-source analysis tools, the NeuronJ plugin to ImageJ and NeuronStudio. Neurons are traced in ImageJ, and NeuronStudio is used to define the connectivity between neurites. Bonfire contains a number of custom scripts written in MATLAB (MathWorks) that are used to convert the data into the appropriate format for further analysis, check for user errors, and ultimately perform Sholl analysis. Finally, data are exported into Excel for statistical analysis. A flow chart of the Bonfire program is shown in Figure 1.

We have developed a computer program to analyze neuronal morphology. In combination with two existing open source analysis tools, our program performs Sholl analysis and determines the number of neurites, branch points, and neurite tips. The analyses are performed so that local changes in neurite morphology can be observed.

Çoklu Ölçeklerde Sayısallaştırılmış Nöronal Morfoloji Otomatik Sholl Analizi

Neuronal morphology plays a significant role in determining how neurons function and communicate1-3.  Specifically, it affects the ability of neurons to ...

Coherence between Brain Cortical Function and Neurocognitive Performance during Changed Gravity Conditions

Previous studies of cognitive, mental and/or motor processes during short-, medium- and long-term weightlessness have only been descriptive in nature, and focused on psychological aspects. Until now, objective observation of neurophysiological parameters has not been carried out - undoubtedly because the technical and methodological means have not been available -, investigations into the neurophysiological effects of weightlessness are in their infancy (Schneider et al. 2008).
While imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would be hardly applicable in space, the non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique represents a method of mapping hemodynamic processes in the brain in real time that is both relatively inexpensive and that can be employed even under extreme conditions. The combination with electroencephalography (EEG) opens up the possibility of following the electrocortical processes under changing gravity conditions with a finer temporal resolution as well as with deeper localization, for instance with electrotomography (LORETA).
Previous studies showed an increase of beta frequency activity under normal gravity conditions and a decrease under weightlessness conditions during a parabolic flight (Schneider et al. 2008a+b). Tilt studies revealed different changes in brain function, which let suggest, that changes in parabolic flight might reflect emotional processes rather than hemodynamic changes. However, it is still unclear whether these are effects of changed gravity or hemodynamic changes within the brain. Combining EEG/LORETA and NIRS should for the first time make it possible to map the effect of weightlessness and reduced gravity on both hemodynamic and electrophysiological processes in the brain. Initially, this is to be done as part of a feasibility study during a parabolic flight. Afterwards, it is also planned to use both techniques during medium- and long-term space flight.
It can be assumed that the long-term redistribution of the blood volume and the associated increase in the supply of oxygen to the brain will lead to changes in the central nervous system that are also responsible for anaemic processes, and which can in turn reduce performance (De Santo et al. 2005), which means that they could be crucial for the success and safety of a mission (Genik et al. 2005, Ellis 2000).
Depending on these results, it will be necessary to develop and employ extensive countermeasures. Initial results for the MARS500 study suggest that, in addition to their significance in the context of the cardiovascular and locomotor systems, sport and physical activity can play a part in improving neurocognitive parameters. Before this can be fully established, however, it seems necessary to learn more about the influence of changing gravity conditions on neurophysiological processes and associated neurocognitive impairment.

The effect of weightlessness and hypergravity on both hemodynamic and electrophysiological processes in the brain is going to be followed during parabolic flight by EEG and NIRS techniques. 
A feasibility study of a more complex experiment, which is planned to carry out during medium- and long-term space flight.

Beyin Kortikal Fonksiyon ve değiştirildi Yerçekimi Koşullar sırasında Nörobilişsel Performansı arasındaki uyum,

Previous studies of cognitive, mental and/or motor processes during short-, medium- and long-term weightlessness have only been descriptive in nature, and ...

Electrophysiological Measurements and Analysis of Nociception in Human Infants

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. Since infants cannot verbally report their experiences, current methods of pain assessment are based on behavioural and physiological body reactions, such as crying, body movements or changes in facial expression. While these measures demonstrate that infants mount a response following noxious stimulation, they are limited: they are based on activation of subcortical somatic and autonomic motor pathways that may not be reliably linked to central sensory processing in the brain. Knowledge of how the central nervous system responds to noxious events could provide an insight to how nociceptive information and pain is processed in newborns.
The heel lancing procedure used to extract blood from hospitalised infants offers a unique opportunity to study pain in infancy. In this video we describe how electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) time-locked to this procedure can be used to investigate nociceptive activity in the brain and spinal cord.
This integrative approach to the measurement of infant pain has the potential to pave the way for an effective and sensitive clinical measurement tool.

The assessment and treatment of pain in infants is difficult because infants cannot verbally report their experience. In this video we describe quantitative electrophysiological methods and analysis techniques that can be used to measure the response to noxious events from the infant nervous system.

Elektrofizyolojik Ölçümler ve İnsan Bebeklerde nosisepsiyon Analizi

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. Since infants cannot verbally report their experiences, current methods of pain assessment are ...

Rapid Determination of the Thermal Nociceptive Threshold in Diabetic Rats

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is characterized by hyperalgesia i.e., increased sensitivity to noxious stimulus, and allodynia i.e., hypersensitivity to normally innocuous stimuli1. Hyperalgesia and allodynia have been studied in many different rodent models of diabetes mellitus2. However, as stated by B&ouml;lcskei et al, determination of "pain" in animal models is challenging due to its subjective nature3. Moreover, the traditional methods used to determine behavioral responses to noxious thermal stimuli usually lack reproducibility and pharmacological sensitivity3. For instance, by using the hot-plate method of Ankier4, flinch, withdrawal and/or licking of either hind- and/or fore-paws is quantified as reflex latencies at constant high thermal stimuli (52-55 &deg;C). However, animals that are hyperalgesic to thermal stimulus do not reproducibly show differences in reflex latencies using those supra-threshold temperatures3,5. As the recently described method of B&ouml;lcskei et al.6, the procedures described here allows for the rapid, sensitive and reproducible determination of thermal nociceptive thresholds (TNTs) in mice and rats. The method uses slowly increasing thermal stimulus applied mostly to the skin of mouse/rat plantar surface. The method is particularly sensitive to study anti-nociception during hyperalgesic states such as PDN. The procedures described bellow are based on the ones published in detail by Alm&aacute;si et al 5 and B&ouml;lcskei et al 3. The procedures described here have been approved the Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee (LACUC), Wright State University.

Here, we describe a rapid reliable and simple procedure to determine the lowest temperature at which rats or mice show nocifensive behavior, i.e. the thermal nociceptive threshold (TNT). This method applies a slowly increasing thermal stimulus allowing precise and reproducible estimation of TNTs with minimum, if any, stress to the animals.

Diyabetik Sıçanlarda Termal Nosiseptif Eşik Hızlı Belirlenmesinde

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is characterized by hyperalgesia i.e., increased sensitivity to noxious stimulus, and allodynia i.e., hypersensitivity ...

RNAi-mediated Double Gene Knockdown and Gustatory Perception Measurement in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera)

This video demonstrates novel techniques of RNA interference (RNAi) which downregulate two genes simultaneously in honey bees using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) injections. It also presents a protocol of proboscis extension response (PER) assay for measuring gustatory perception.	
	RNAi-mediated gene knockdown is an effective technique downregulating target gene expression. This technique is usually used for single gene manipulation, but it has limitations to detect interactions and joint effects between genes. In the first part of this video, we present two strategies to simultaneously knock down two genes (called double gene knockdown). We show both strategies are able to effectively suppress two genes, vitellogenin (vg) and ultraspiracle (usp), which are in a regulatory feedback loop. This double gene knockdown approach can be used to dissect interrelationships between genes and can be readily applied in different insect species.	
	The second part of this video is a demonstration of proboscis extension response (PER) assay in honey bees after the treatment of double gene knockdown. The PER assay is a standard test for measuring gustatory perception in honey bees, which is a key predictor for how fast a honey bee's behavioral maturation is. Greater gustatory perception of nest bees indicates increased behavioral development which is often associated with an earlier age at onset of foraging and foraging specialization in pollen. In addition, PER assay can be applied to identify metabolic states of satiation or hunger in honey bees. Finally, PER assay combined with pairing different odor stimuli for conditioning the bees is also widely used for learning and memory studies in honey bees.

RNAi-mediated Double Gene Knockdown and Gustatory Perception Measurement in Honey Bees Apis mellifera

In this protocol, we describe two strategies that simultaneously suppress two genes (double gene knockdown) in honey bees. Then we present how to use the proboscis extension response (PER) assay to study the effect of double gene knockdown on honey bee gustatory perception.

Bal Arısı RNAi-aracılı Çift Gen demonte ve tat Algı Ölçüm (<em&gt; Apis mellifera</em&gt;)

This video demonstrates novel techniques of RNA  interference (RNAi) which downregulate two genes simultaneously in honey bees  using double-stranded RNA ...

Non-invasive Assessment of Changes in Corticomotoneuronal Transmission in Humans

The corticospinal pathway is the major pathway connecting the brain with the muscles and is therefore highly relevant for movement control and motor learning. There exists a number of noninvasive electrophysiological methods investigating the excitability and plasticity of this pathway. However, most methods are based on quantification of compound potentials and neglect that the corticospinal pathway consists of many different connections that are more or less direct. Here, we present a method that allows testing excitability of different fractions of the corticospinal transmission. This so called H-reflex conditioning technique allows one to assess excitability of the fastest (monosynaptic) and also polysynaptic corticospinal pathways. Furthermore, by using two different stimulation sites, the motor cortex and the cervicomedullary junction, it allows not only differentiation between cortical and spinal effects but also assessment of transmission at the corticomotoneural synapse. In this manuscript, we describe how this method can be used to assess corticomotoneural transmission after low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, a method that was previously shown to reduce excitability of cortical cells. Here we demonstrate that not only cortical cells are affected by this repetitive stimulation but also transmission at the corticomotoneuronal synapse at the spinal level. This finding is important for the understanding of basic mechanisms and sites of neuroplasticity. Besides investigation of basic mechanisms, the H-reflex conditioning technique may be applied to test changes in corticospinal transmission following behavioral (e.g., training) or therapeutic interventions, pathology or aging and therefore allows a better understanding of neural processes that underlie movement control and motor learning.

The aim of the present study was to assess changes in transmission at the corticomotoneuronal synapses in humans after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. For this purpose, an electrophysiological method is introduced that allows assessment of pathway specific corticospinal transmission, i.e. differentiation of fast, direct corticospinal pathways from polysynaptic connections.

İnsanlarda Corticomotoneuronal İletimde Değişikliklerin İnvaziv Olmayan Değerlendirilmesi

The corticospinal pathway is the major pathway connecting the brain with the muscles and is therefore highly relevant for movement control and motor ...

Neuropharmacological Manipulation of Restrained and Free-flying Honey Bees, Apis mellifera

Honey bees demonstrate astonishing learning abilities and advanced social behavior and communication. In addition, their brain is small, easy to visualize and to study. Therefore, bees have long been a favored model amongst neurobiologists and neuroethologists for studying the neural basis of social and natural behavior. It is important, however, that the experimental techniques used to study bees do not interfere with the behaviors being studied. Because of this, it has been necessary to develop a range of techniques for pharmacological manipulation of honey bees. In this paper we demonstrate methods for treating restrained or free-flying honey bees with a wide range of pharmacological agents. These include both noninvasive methods such as oral and topical treatments, as well as more invasive methods that allow for precise drug delivery in either systemic or localized fashion. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method and&#160;describe common hurdles and how to best overcome them. We conclude with a discussion on the importance of adapting the experimental method to the biological questions rather than the other way around.

Neuropharmacological Manipulation of Restrained and Free-flying Honey Bees, Apis mellifera

This manuscript describes several protocols for administering pharmacological agents to honey bees, including simple noninvasive methods for free-flying bees, as well as more invasive variants that allow precise localized treatment of restrained bees.

Ölçülü ve Serbest uçan Bal Arısı Nörofarmakolojik Manipülasyon,<em&gt; Apis mellifera</em

Honey bees demonstrate astonishing learning abilities and advanced social behavior and communication. In addition, their brain is small, easy to visualize ...

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain undergoes rapid organizational change and is similar to accelerated brain changes that occur during the third trimester in humans. This model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) produces severe brain damage, mimicking the amount and pattern of binge-drinking that occurs in some pregnant alcoholic mothers. We describe the use of trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC), a higher-order variant of associative learning, to assess long-term hippocampal dysfunction that is typically seen in alcohol-exposed adult offspring. At 90 days of age, rodents were surgically prepared with recording and stimulating electrodes, which measured electromyographic (EMG) blink activity from the left eyelid muscle and delivered mild shock posterior to the left eye, respectively. After a 5 day recovery period, they underwent 6 sessions of trace ECC to determine associative learning differences between alcohol-exposed and control rats. Trace ECC is one of many possible ECC procedures that can be easily modified using the same equipment and software, so that different neural systems can be assessed. ECC procedures in general, can be used as diagnostic tools for detecting neural pathology in different brain systems and different conditions that insult the brain.

Trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC) was used to assess hippocampal-dependent associative learning in adult rats that were administered a high concentration (11.9% v/v) of alcohol during early neonatal brain development. In general, ECC procedures are sound diagnostic tools for detecting brain dysfunction across many psychological and biomedical settings.

Hipokampal disfonksiyon Fetal alkol spektrum bozuklukları, fare modeli değerlendirmek için izleme Eyeblink Klasik koşullanma kullanımı

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain ...

Dokunsal İklimlendirme Ve Bal Arısı yılında antennal Örnekleme Stratejileri Hareket Analizi (

Özet

Daha Fazla Video Keşfet

Bu videodaki bölümler