We would like to thank Dr. Alengo Nyamay'antu and Dr. Ilse Timmerman for their advices about lentiviral packaging. This work is supported by an American Heart Association Scientist Development Grant 10SDG4170137.

<ol>
	<li>Gross, W. O., Schopf-Ebner, E., Bucher, O. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technique+for+the+preparation+of+homogeneous+cultures+of+isolated+heart+muscle+cells.">Technique for the preparation of homogeneous cultures of isolated heart muscle cells.</a> Experimental cell research. 53, 1-10 (1968).</li><li>Toraason, M., Luken, M. E., Breitenstein, M., Krueger, J. A., Biagini, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+toxicity+of+allylamine+and+acrolein+in+cultured+myocytes+and+fibroblasts+from+neonatal+rat+heart.">Comparative toxicity of allylamine and acrolein in cultured myocytes and fibroblasts from neonatal rat heart.</a> Toxicology. 56, 107-117 (1989).</li><li>MacGregor, R. R., Klein, R. M., Bansal, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secretion+of+plasminogen+activator+activity+from+neonatal+rat+heart+cells+is+regulated+by+hormones+and+growth+factors.">Secretion of plasminogen activator activity from neonatal rat heart cells is regulated by hormones and growth factors.</a> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 752, 331-342 (1995).</li><li>Louch, W. E., Sheehan, K. A., Wolska, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+in+cardiomyocyte+isolation,+culture,+and+gene+transfer.">Methods in cardiomyocyte isolation, culture, and gene transfer.</a> Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology. 51, 288-298 (2011).</li><li>Wolska, B. M., Solaro, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+isolation+of+adult+mouse+cardiac+myocytes+for+studies+of+contraction+and+microfluorimetry.">Method for isolation of adult mouse cardiac myocytes for studies of contraction and microfluorimetry.</a> The American journal of physiology. , 271-1250 (1996).</li><li>Kaestner, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+genetic+manipulation+of+adult+cardiac+myocytes+for+confocal+imaging.">Isolation and genetic manipulation of adult cardiac myocytes for confocal imaging.</a> J Vis Exp. 31 (31), (2009).</li><li>Xu, X., Colecraft, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+culture+of+adult+rat+heart+myocytes.">Primary culture of adult rat heart myocytes.</a> J Vis Exp. 28 (28), (2009).</li><li>Pinz, I., Zhu, M., Mende, U., Ingwall, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+isolation+procedure+for+adult+mouse+cardiomyocytes.">An improved isolation procedure for adult mouse cardiomyocytes.</a> Cell biochemistry and biophysics. 61, 93-101 (2011).</li><li>Sreejit, P., Kumar, S., Verma, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+protocol+for+primary+culture+of+cardiomyocyte+from+neonatal+mice.+In+vitro+cellular+&amp;+developmental+biology.">An improved protocol for primary culture of cardiomyocyte from neonatal mice. In vitro cellular &amp; developmental biology.</a> Animal. 44, 45-50 (2008).</li><li>Ehler, E., Moore-Morris, T., Lange, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+Culture+of+Neonatal+Mouse+Cardiomyocytes.">Isolation and Culture of Neonatal Mouse Cardiomyocytes.</a> J Vis Exp. 79 (79), (2013).</li><li>Kass-Eisler, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+determination+of+adenovirus-mediated+gene+delivery+to+rat+cardiac+myocytes+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Quantitative determination of adenovirus-mediated gene delivery to rat cardiac myocytes in vitro and in vivo.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90, 11498-11502 (1993).</li><li>Wasala, N. B., Shin, J. H., Duan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+evolution+of+heart+gene+delivery+vectors.">The evolution of heart gene delivery vectors.</a> The journal of gene medicine. 13, 557-565 (2011).</li><li>Metzger, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cardiac Cell and Gene Transfer: Principles, Protocols, and Applications. , (2003).</li><li>Naldini, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+gene+delivery+and+stable+transduction+of+nondividing+cells+by+a+lentiviral+vector.">In vivo gene delivery and stable transduction of nondividing cells by a lentiviral vector.</a> Science. 272, 263-267 (1996).</li><li>Zhao, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lentiviral+vectors+for+delivery+of+genes+into+neonatal+and+adult+ventricular+cardiac+myocytes+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Lentiviral vectors for delivery of genes into neonatal and adult ventricular cardiac myocytes in vitro and in vivo.</a> Basic research in cardiology. 97, 348-358 (2002).</li><li>Bonci, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced'+generation+lentiviruses+as+efficient+vectors+for+cardiomyocyte+gene+transduction+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Advanced' generation lentiviruses as efficient vectors for cardiomyocyte gene transduction in vitro and in vivo.</a> Gene therapy. 10, 630-636 (2003).</li><li>Murakami, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+FGF+system+has+a+key+role+in+regulating+vascular+integrity.">The FGF system has a key role in regulating vascular integrity.</a> The Journal of clinical investigation. 118, 3355-3366 (2008).</li><li>Nakano, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinning-disk+confocal+microscopy+--+a+cutting-edge+tool+for+imaging+of+membrane+traffic.">Spinning-disk confocal microscopy -- a cutting-edge tool for imaging of membrane traffic.</a> Cell structure and function. 27, 349-355 (2002).</li><li>Adams, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-speed+multispectral+spinning-disk+confocal+microscope+system+for+fluorescent+speckle+microscopy+of+living+cells.">A high-speed multispectral spinning-disk confocal microscope system for fluorescent speckle microscopy of living cells.</a> Methods (San Diego, Calif. 29, 29-41 (2003).</li><li>Wilson, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinning-disk+microscopy+systems.+Cold+Spring+Harbor+protocols).">Spinning-disk microscopy systems. Cold Spring Harbor protocols).</a> 2010, pdb top88, doi:10.1101/pdb.top88. , (2010).</li><li>Collins, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ImageJ+for+microscopy.">ImageJ for microscopy.</a> BioTechniques. 43, 25-30 (2007).</li><li>Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIH+Image+to+ImageJ:+25+years+of+image+analysis.">NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.</a> Nature. 9, 671-675 (2012).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nature. 9, 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Wang, X., McManus, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lentivirus+production.">Lentivirus production.</a> J Vis Exp. 32 (32), (2009).</li><li>Li, M., Husic, N., Lin, Y., Snider, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+lentiviral+vectors+for+transducing+cells+from+the+central+nervous+system.">Production of lentiviral vectors for transducing cells from the central nervous system.</a> J Vis Exp. 63 (63), 10-3791 (2012).</li><li>Mendenhall, A., Lesnik, J., Mukherjee, C., Antes, T., Sengupta, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Packaging+HIV-+or+FIV-based+lentivector+expression+constructs+and+transduction+of+VSV-G+pseudotyped+viral+particles.">Packaging HIV- or FIV-based lentivector expression constructs and transduction of VSV-G pseudotyped viral particles.</a> J Vis Exp. 62 (62), 10-3791 (2012).</li><li>Durocher, Y., Perret, S., Kamen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-level+and+high-throughput+recombinant+protein+production+by+transient+transfection+of+suspension-growing+human+293-EBNA1+cells.">High-level and high-throughput recombinant protein production by transient transfection of suspension-growing human 293-EBNA1 cells.</a> Nucleic acids research. 30, (2002).</li><li>Erbacher, P., Roche, A. C., Monsigny, M., Midoux, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Putative+role+of+chloroquine+in+gene+transfer+into+a+human+hepatoma+cell+line+by+DNA/lactosylated+polylysine+complexes.">Putative role of chloroquine in gene transfer into a human hepatoma cell line by DNA/lactosylated polylysine complexes.</a> Experimental cell research. 225, 186-194 (1996).</li><li>McSharry, J., Benzinger, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concentration+and+purification+of+vesicular+stomatitis+virus+by+polyethylene+glycol+'precipitation'.">Concentration and purification of vesicular stomatitis virus by polyethylene glycol 'precipitation'.</a> Virology. 40, 745-746 (1970).</li><li>Wulff, N. H., Tzatzaris, M., Young, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monte+Carlo+simulation+of+the+Spearman-Kaerber+TCID50.">Monte Carlo simulation of the Spearman-Kaerber TCID50.</a> Journal of clinical. 2, 10-1186 (2012).</li><li>Kaerber, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Beitrag zur kollektiven Behandlung pharmakologischer Reihenversuche. In: Beitrag zur kollektiven Behandlung pharmakologischer Reihenversuche. 162. , (1931).</li><li>Sakurai, T., Tsuchida, M., Lampe, P. D., Murakami, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiomyocyte+FGF+signaling+is+required+for+Cx43+phosphorylation+and+cardiac+gap+junction+maintenance.">Cardiomyocyte FGF signaling is required for Cx43 phosphorylation and cardiac gap junction maintenance.</a> Experimental cell research. 319, 2152-2165 (2013).</li><li>Ueno, H., Gunn, M., Dell, K., Tseng, A., Williams, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+truncated+form+of+fibroblast+growth+factor+receptor+1+inhibits+signal+transduction+by+multiple+types+of+fibroblast+growth+factor+receptor.">A truncated form of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 inhibits signal transduction by multiple types of fibroblast growth factor receptor.</a> The Journal of biological chemistry. , 267-1470 (1992).</li><li>Li, Y., Basilico, C., Mansukhani, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+transformation+by+fibroblast+growth+factors+can+be+suppressed+by+truncated+fibroblast+growth+factor+receptors.">Cell transformation by fibroblast growth factors can be suppressed by truncated fibroblast growth factor receptors.</a> Molecular and cellular biology. 14, 7660-7669 (1994).</li><li>Murakami, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FGF-dependent+regulation+of+VEGF+receptor+2+expression+in+mice.">FGF-dependent regulation of VEGF receptor 2 expression in mice.</a> The Journal of clinical investigation. 121, 2668-2678 (2011).</li><li>Bazan, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contractility+assessment+in+enzymatically+isolated+cardiomyocytes.">Contractility assessment in enzymatically isolated cardiomyocytes.</a> Biophysical reviews. , 231-2310 (2012).</li><li>Clark, W. A., Rudnick, S. J., Simpson, D. G., LaPres, J. J., Decker, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cultured+adult+cardiac+myocytes+maintain+protein+synthetic+capacity+of+intact+adult+hearts.">Cultured adult cardiac myocytes maintain protein synthetic capacity of intact adult hearts.</a> The American journal of physiology. , 264-573 (1993).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Neonatal sıçan izole edilmiş primer kardiyomiyositlerde uzun in vitro kardiyomiyosit fonksiyonlarını incelemek için kullanılmıştır. Bu protokol, ilk olarak 4 ° C&#39;de tripsin O / N ile sindirerek ve daha sonra saflaştırılmış kolajenaz, iki aşamalı bir enzim sindirimi yöntemi kullanılarak sıçan yavrularından neonatal kardiyomiyositlerde izolasyonu için bir yöntem tarif eder. Saflaştırılmış kolajenaz adımı kullanarak bir avantajı enzim aynı sınıf tüm izolasyon için kullanı...

İlköğretim sıçan yenidoğan kardiyomiyositler uzun vitro 1 kardiyomyosit fonksiyonlarını araştırmak için kullanılmıştır. Onlar birkaç iyi kurulmuş yöntemlerle 2-4 sıçan yavrular izole etmek kolaydır. En yaygın yöntem kolajenazı önce veya hücre izolasyonu için kalbin bağ dokusu sindirmek için tripsin kullanır. Araştırmacılar ayrıca yetişkin kemirgenler 5-8 yanı sıra yenidoğan farelerin 9,10 dan kardiyomiyositlerin izole etmek için yöntemler geliştirmişlerdir. Bu protokol, iki aşamalı bir prosedür kullanılarak enzim sindirimi, neonatal sıçan yavrularından kardiyomiyositlerde izole edilmesi için bir yöntem tarif eder. Tripsin ilk 4 ° C &#39;de O / N el ve 37 ° C sıcaklıkta ve sonra saf bir kolajenaz 4 ° C&#39;de tripsin O / N, kalp dokusu inkübasyonu sıcak bir enzim solüsyonu 2 ardışık inkübasyonlar kullanan yöntemleri ile karşılaştırıldığında hücre hasat için gerekli adımları azaltır. Buna ek olarak, saflaştırılmış co kullanarakllagenase daha basit bir enzimlere göre, çok partiye değişkenlik dolayısıyla daha tekrarlanabilirlik sağlayan, elimine edilebilir. , Belirli bir proteinin fonksiyonel çalışmalar, genellikle bir adenovirüs 11-13 ve / veya 14-16 lentivirüs kullanarak bir protein ifade sistemi kullanır. [Uyarıcı not] viral üretim ve manipülasyon NIH talimatlarına göre yapılmalıdır. Adenovirüs konakçı genomu içine entegre değildir. Bu bölünen hücreler ve bölünmeyen hücreleri de dahil olmak üzere pek çok hücre tipi, hem birincil hücre ve hücre serileri de transdüksiyon çok yüksek bir etkinliğe sahiptir. Bu, adenovirüs gen ifadesi için güvenilir bir vektör sağlar. Adenovirüs vektörü tarafından kodlanan proteinin yüksek seviyeleri transdüksiyonu takip eden 48 saat içinde gelişir ve bunlar birkaç hafta 17 sürebilir. Bununla birlikte, protein ekspresyonu için bir adenovirüs kullanımının bir dezavantajı olduğu bir yeniden birleştirici ade geliştirilmesiAdenovirüs karmaşık ve zaman alıcı hem de. Birçok araştırmacı rekombinant gen ifadesi için Lentivirüslerden dönüm edilmiştir neden bu dezavantajı kısmen açıklıyor. Adenoviral yapıları aksine, bir lentiviral yapı üreten hızlı ve kolaydır. Lentivirüsler genellikle her iki bölme ve bölünmeyen hücrelere adenovirüs daha düşük transdüksiyon verimliliği, sahip olmakla birlikte, bunlar bir konakçı genom içine entegre yok. Sonuç olarak, kalıt aktarılan genin ifadesi için adenovirüsler daha lentivirüsler daha kararlıdır. Nedeniyle mikroskopi alanındaki teknolojik gelişmeler, bu rekombinant proteinleri ifade eden hücrelerin, canlı hücre görüntülerini yakalamak için çok daha kolaydır. Bu bile edinimi video oranı hızlarda geçerlidir. Bu durum araştırmacı ilgilenilen proteinin, özellikle işlevsel değişiklikler, gerçek zamanlı olarak etki hücreyi belirlemek için izin verir. Konfokal dönen disk mikroskop o liv için optimal bir tekniktir yapmak birçok önemli özelliklere sahiptirE hücre görüntüleme 18,19. Aynı anda nokta tarama konfokal mikroskoplar çok daha az lazer güç kullanırken Yokogawa eğirme disk, çok daha hızlı görüntü elde etmek için izin verir. Bu özelliklerin her ikisi de lazer örnekler aynı zamanda geçtiği çok sayıda eş odaklı delik içeren dönen bir disk, kaynaklanmaktadır. Satın alma sırasında disk kendisini hızla ve sürekli olarak 18-20 spin. Mikroskop otofokus sistemi kullanarak, istikrarlı odak uzun süreler boyunca devam edilir. Bu araştırmacılar, iyi odaklanmış canlı hücre görüntü almasına izin veriyor. Edinsel Görüntülerin bir film dosyası olarak oynatılır. Görüntüleri, ImageJ 21,22, FIJI 23 ya da başka ticari olarak temin edilebilen yazılımı gibi görüntü analizi yazılımı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 scissors for decapitation</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>501749</td>
			<td>Autoclave before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 fine scissors for heart isolation and chopping</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>14393</td>
			<td>Autoclave before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 fine forceps (Dumont No. 5)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F6521</td>
			<td>Autoclave before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Three sterilized 10 cm plastic dishes</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>CLS430165</td>
			<td>for hearts isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3.5 cm glass bottom culture dishes</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35G-1.5-20-C</td>
			<td>for final plating of cardiomyocytes for future live cell imaging. micro-Dishes from ibidi are an acceptable alternative.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3.5 cm glass bottom culture dishes</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35G-0.17-14-C</td>
			<td>for TIRF or high resolution image</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol solution, 70 % (v/v) in water</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E7148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2% gelatin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G1393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>One sterilized 10 cm plastic dish</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>CLS430165</td>
			<td>for trypsinization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminium foil</td>
			<td>any brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>parafilm</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Two 10 cm plastic cell culture dish</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>CLS430165</td>
			<td>for selection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Auto pipette</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>4-000-300</td>
			<td>for trituration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell counter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160; Cellometer, automated cell counter</td>
			<td>nexcelom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to check and count cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160; Microscope and Hematocytometer</td>
			<td>any brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to check and count cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Sanyo</td>
			<td>MCO-19AIC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>incubating orbital shaker</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Z673129</td>
			<td>to shake heart tissue with collagenase at 37 C at 170-200 rpm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mg/ml BrdU solution</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>550891</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM, High Glucose</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>41965039</td>
			<td>Mix medium as indicated in the protocol and warm before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>31095029</td>
			<td>Mix medium as indicated in the protocol and warm before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>26140079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)&#160;</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Section 2 lentiviral transduction</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>three packaging plasmids</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;pMDLg/pRRE</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;pRSV-Rev</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12253</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;pMD2.G</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12259</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The lentiviral transfer vector, pLVX-IRES-Puro</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>632183</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM (serum-free medium)</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>31985070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>transfection reagent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160; polyethyleneimine&#8220;Max&#8221;, (Mw 40,000) - High Potency Linear PEI (Equivalent to Mw 25,000 in Free Base Form)&#160;</td>
			<td>Polysciences</td>
			<td>24765-2</td>
			<td>It can be substituted with X-tremeGENE 9 from Roche</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160; X-tremeGENE 9</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>6365779001</td>
			<td>substitute for PEI as transfection reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chloroquine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C6628</td>
			<td>dissolve in water and make 100 mM stock solution. Inhibition of endosomal acidification can be achieved with 10-100 &#956;M Chloroquine.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ml Luer-Lok syringe, sterilized</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309604</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.45 um filters</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F8677</td>
			<td>use only cellulose acetate or polyethersulfone (PES) (low protein binding) filters. Do not use nitrocellulose filters. Nitrocellulose binds surface proteins on the lentiviral envelope and destroys the virus.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexadimethrine bromide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H9268</td>
			<td>dissolve in water and make 8mg/ml stock solution, then filter it to sterilize.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polyethylene glicol 6000</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>81260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S9888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S5881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Section 3 Adenoviral transduction</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK 293T cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-11268</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Some 10 cm cell culture dishes</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>CLS430165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-Well Microplate with lid, flat-bottom, tissue culture, sterile</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>353072</td>
			<td>for titration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel piptte, 10-100 ul, 8-channel</td>
			<td>eppendorf</td>
			<td>3122 000.035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Section 4 live cell imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spinning disk confocal microspopy</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>L7267000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>a temperature controlled chamber</td>
			<td>any brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to keep temperature at 37 C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>a CO2 environmental system</td>
			<td>any brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>optional to maintain CO2 concentration optimal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160; CO2 Independent Medium, No Glutamine</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>18045-054&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>for long time time-lapse imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160; DMEM, High Glucose, HEPES, no Phenol Red&#160;</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>21063-029</td>
			<td>for long time time-lapse imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

live cell imaging of primary rat neonatal cardiomyocytes following adenoviral and lentiviral transduction using confocal spinning disk microscopy

Kolayca tek bir işlem içinde çok sayıda izole edilebilir, çünkü Birincil sıçan neonatal kardiyomiyositlerde vitro Kardiyovasküler araştırmalarda temel yararlıdır. Nedeniyle mikroskop teknolojisindeki ilerlemeler bu hücrelere fototoksisite ilişkin en az endişe ile gerçek zamanlı olarak hücresel olayları araştırmak amacıyla canlı hücre görüntülerini yakalamak için nispeten kolaydır. Bu protokol hücrenin özelliklerini modüle Lentiviral ve adenoviral transdüksiyon izleyen bir konfokal dönen disk mikroskop kullanılarak primer sıçan yenidoğan kardiyomiyositlerin canlı hücre timelapse görüntüleri çekmek için nasıl açıklar. Virüs iki farklı uygulama daha kolay iki farklı genler için uygun bir iletim hızı ve ekspresyon seviyelerini elde etmek için yapar. Peki odaklı canlı hücre görüntüleri uzun süreler boyunca istikrarlı odak tutar mikroskop otofokus sistemi kullanılarak elde edilebilir. Bu yöntemde, dışsal mühendisinin işlevlerikültürlenmiş primer hücrelerde ifade ed proteinlerin analiz edilebilir. Buna ek olarak, bu sistem siRNA&#39;lar kullanımı yoluyla hem de kimyasal modülatörlerinin genlerin fonksiyonlarını incelemek için kullanılabilir.

Teknik, lentivirüs encoding EGFP (gelişmiş yeşil floresan protein)-etiketli Cx43 (Connexin43) veya hücrelerde EGFP-etiketli proteinleri ifade etmek için kullanılan bir mutasyona uğramış Cx43 32 ve bir adenovirüs kodlama FGFR1DN (fibroblast büyüme faktörü reseptörü 1 baskın negatif açıklamak için ) hücrede 33-35 FGF sinyalizasyon kapatmaya kullanıldı. Kardiyomiyositlerde izolasyonu, aşağıdaki üç gün, izole edilmiş kardiyomiyositlerde hücrelerinde EGFP-etiketli protein...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Cell Imaging of Primary Rat Neonatal Cardiomyocytes Following Adenoviral and Lentiviral Transduction Using Confocal Spinning Disk Microscopy at JoVE.com

Live Cell Imaging of Primary Rat Neonatal Cardiomyocytes Following Adenoviral and Lentiviral Transduction Using Confocal Spinning Disk Microscopy

This protocol describes a method of live cell imaging using primary rat neonatal cardiomyocytes following lentiviral and adenoviral transduction using confocal spinning disk microscopy. This enables detailed observations of cellular processes in living cardiomyocytes.

İlköğretim Rat Yenidoğan kardiyomiyositlerin Canlı Hücre Görüntüleme Adenoviral izlenerek ve Lentiviral İletimi Confocal Disk Mikroskopi Spinning kullanma

Primary rat neonatal cardiomyocytes are useful in basic in vitro cardiovascular research because they can be easily isolated in large numbers in a single ...

live-cell-imaging-primary-rat-neonatal-cardiomyocytes-following

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.4K Görüntüleme.  Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and Institute of Cell Biology. This protocol describes a method of live cell imaging using primary rat neonatal cardiomyocytes following lentiviral and adenoviral transduction using confocal spinning disk microscopy. This enables detailed observations of cellular processes in living cardiomyocytes.

Video: Live Cell Imaging of Primary Rat Neonatal Cardiomyocytes Following Adenoviral and Lentiviral Transduction Using Confocal Spinning Disk Microscopy

Two-photon axotomy and time-lapse confocal imaging in live zebrafish embryos

Zebrafish have long been utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development by time-lapse imaging of the living transparent embryo. Here we describe a method to mount zebrafish embryos for long-term imaging and demonstrate how to automate the capture of time-lapse images using a confocal microscope. We also describe a method to create controlled, precise damage to individual branches of peripheral sensory axons in zebrafish using the focused power of a femtosecond laser mounted on a two-photon microscope. The parameters for successful two-photon axotomy must be optimized for each microscope. We will demonstrate two-photon axotomy on both a custom built two-photon microscope and a Zeiss 510 confocal/two-photon to provide two examples.

Zebrafish trigeminal sensory neurons can be visualized in a transgenic line expressing GFP driven by a sensory neuron specific promoter 1. We have adapted this zebrafish trigeminal model to directly observe sensory axon regeneration in living zebrafish embryos. Embryos are anesthetized with tricaine and positioned within a drop of agarose as it solidifies. Immobilized embryos are sealed within an imaging chamber filled with phenylthiourea (PTU) Ringers. We have found that embryos can be continuously imaged in these chambers for 12-48 hours. A single confocal image is then captured to determine the desired site of axotomy. The region of interest is located on the two-photon microscope by imaging the sensory axons under low, non-damaging power. After zooming in on the desired site of axotomy, the power is increased and a single scan of that defined region is sufficient to sever the axon. Multiple location time-lapse imaging is then set up on a confocal microscope to directly observe axonal recovery from injury.

Here we describe a method for mounting zebrafish embryos for long-term imaging, two-photon imaging and tissue-damage techniques, and time-lapse confocal imaging.

İki foton axotomy ve zaman atlamalı konfokal görüntüleme canlı zebrafish embriyolar

Zebrafish have long been utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development by time-lapse imaging of the living transparent embryo.  ...

Biyoloji

Live Imaging of the Zebrafish Embryonic Brain by Confocal Microscopy

In this video, we demonstrate the method our lab has developed to analyze the cell shape changes and rearrangements required to bend and fold the developing zebrafish brain (Gutzman et al, 2008). Such analysis affords a new understanding of the underlying cell biology required for development of the 3D structure of the vertebrate brain, and significantly increases our ability to study neural tube morphogenesis. The embryonic zebrafish brain is shaped beginning at 18 hours post fertilization (hpf) as the ventricles within the neuroepithelium inflate. By 24 hpf, the initial steps of neural tube morphogenesis are complete. Using the method described here, embryos at the one cell stage are injected with mRNA encoding membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein (memGFP). After injection and incubation, the embryo, now between 18 and 24 hpf, is mounted, inverted, in agarose and imaged by confocal microscopy. Notably, the zebrafish embryo is transparent making it an ideal system for fluorescent imaging. While our analyses have focused on the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and the hindbrain, this method could be extended for analysis of any region in the zebrafish to a depth of 
80-100 &mu;m.

In this video, we demonstrate a method by which to analyze the developing vertebrate brain in live zebrafish embryos at single cell resolution by confocal microscopy. This includes the method by which we inject the single-cell zebrafish embryo and subsequently mount and image the developing brain.

Konfokal Mikroskop Zebra balığı Embriyonik Beyin Görüntüleme Canlı

In this video, we demonstrate the method our lab has developed to analyze the cell shape changes and rearrangements required to bend and fold the ...

Fluorescence-based Measurement of Store-operated Calcium Entry in Live Cells: from Cultured Cancer Cell to Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to replenish depleted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ stores1,2. Since Ca2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger, it is not surprising to see that SOCE plays important roles in a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, gene transcription and motility. Due to its wide occurrence in nearly all cell types, including epithelial cells and skeletal muscles, this pathway has received great interest3,4. However, the heterogeneity of SOCE characteristics in different cell types and the physiological function are still not clear5-7.
The functional channel properties of SOCE can be revealed by patch-clamp studies, whereas a large body of knowledge about this pathway has been gained by fluorescence-based intracellular Ca2+ measurements because of its convenience and feasibility for high-throughput screening. The objective of this report is to summarize a few fluorescence-based methods to measure the activation of SOCE in monolayer cells, suspended cells and muscle fibers5,8-10. The most commonly used of these fluorescence methods is to directly monitor the dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ using the ratio of F340nm and F380nm (510 nm for emission wavelength) of the ratiometric Ca2+ indicator Fura-2. To isolate the activity of unidirectional SOCE from intracellular Ca2+ release and Ca2+ extrusion, a Mn2+ quenching assay is frequently used. Mn2+ is known to be able to permeate into cells via SOCE while it is impervious to the surface membrane extrusion processes or to ER uptake by Ca2+ pumps due to its very high affinity with Fura-2. As a result, the quenching of Fura-2 fluorescence induced by the entry of extracellular Mn2+ into the cells represents a measurement of activity of SOCE9. Ratiometric measurement and the Mn+2 quenching assays can be performed on a cuvette-based spectrofluorometer in a cell population mode or in a microscope-based system to visualize single cells. The advantage of single cell measurements is that individual cells subjected to gene manipulations can be selected using GFP or RFP reporters, allowing studies in genetically modified or mutated cells. The spatiotemporal characteristics of SOCE in structurally specialized skeletal muscle can be achieved in skinned muscle fibers by simultaneously monitoring the fluorescence of two low affinity Ca2+ indicators targeted to specific compartments of the muscle fiber, such as Fluo-5N in the SR and Rhod-5N in the transverse tubules9,11,12.

The extent of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) can be monitored using fluorescent Ca2+ indicators. Mn2+ quenching of such indicators assays SOCE in cultured cells and skeletal muscle fibers. A technique allowing spatial and temporal resolution of SOCE by confocal imaging of mechanically skinned muscle fibers is also described.

Canlı hücreler Mağaza çalışan Kalsiyum Giriş Floresans tabanlı Ölçümü: Kültür Kanseri Hücre gelen İskelet Kası Fiber

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to ...

Isolation and Culture of Neonatal Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow for easy investigation and manipulation of biochemical pathways, and their effect on the biomechanical properties of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes.	
The following 2-day protocol describes the isolation and culture of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. We show how to easily dissect hearts from neonates, dissociate the cardiac tissue and enrich cardiomyocytes from the cardiac cell-population. We discuss the usage of different enzyme mixes for cell-dissociation, and their effects on cell-viability. The isolated cardiomyocytes can be subsequently used for a variety of morphological, electrophysiological, biochemical, cell-biological or biomechanical assays. We optimized the protocol for robustness and reproducibility, by using only commercially available solutions and enzyme mixes that show little lot-to-lot variability. We also address common problems associated with the isolation and culture of cardiomyocytes, and offer a variety of options for the optimization of isolation and culture conditions.

Primary mouse cardiomyocyte cultures are one of the pivotal tools for the investigation of myofibrillar organization and function. The following protocol describes the isolation and culture of primary cardiomyocytes from neonatal mouse hearts. The resulting cardiomyocyte cultures may be subsequently used for a variety of biomechanical, biochemical and cell-biological assays.

İzolasyon ve Kültür Yenidoğan Fare kardiyomiyositlerin

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study  myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow  for easy ...

Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy

Time-lapse imaging is a technique that allows for the direct observation of the process of morphogenesis, or the generation of shape. Due to their optical clarity and amenability to genetic manipulation, the zebrafish embryo has become a popular model organism with which to perform time-lapse analysis of morphogenesis in living embryos. Confocal imaging of a live zebrafish embryo requires that a tissue of interest is persistently labeled with a fluorescent marker, such as a transgene or injected dye. The process demands that the embryo is anesthetized and held in place in such a way that healthy development proceeds normally. Parameters for imaging must be set to account for three-dimensional growth and to balance the demands of resolving individual cells while getting quick snapshots of development. Our results demonstrate the ability to perform long-term in vivo imaging of fluorescence-labeled zebrafish embryos and to detect varied tissue behaviors in the cranial neural crest that cause craniofacial abnormalities. Developmental delays caused by anesthesia and mounting are minimal, and embryos are unharmed by the process. Time-lapse imaged embryos can be returned to liquid medium and subsequently imaged or fixed at later points in development. With an increasing abundance of transgenic zebrafish lines and well-characterized fate mapping and transplantation techniques, imaging any desired tissue is possible. As such, time-lapse in vivo imaging combines powerfully with zebrafish genetic methods, including analyses of mutant and microinjected embryos.

Time-lapse confocal imaging is a powerful technique useful for characterizing embryonic development. Here, we describe the methodology and characterize craniofacial morphogenesis in wild-type, as well as pdgfra, smad5, and smo mutant embryos.

4D konfokal mikroskopi kullanılarak Zebra balığı Kranyofasiyel morfogenez Analizi

Time-lapse imaging is a technique that allows for the direct observation of the process of morphogenesis, or the generation of shape. Due to their optical ...

Isolation, Culture and Transduction of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Cultured cardiomyocytes can be used to study cardiomyocyte biology using techniques that are complementary to in vivo systems. For example, the purity and accessibility of in vitro culture enables fine control over biochemical analyses, live imaging, and electrophysiology. Long-term culture of cardiomyocytes offers access to additional experimental approaches that cannot be completed in short term cultures. For example, the in vitro investigation of dedifferentiation, cell cycle re-entry, and cell division has thus far largely been restricted to rat cardiomyocytes, which appear to be more robust in long-term culture. However, the availability of a rich toolset of transgenic mouse lines and well-developed disease models make mouse systems attractive for cardiac research. Although several reports exist of adult mouse cardiomyocyte isolation, few studies demonstrate their long-term culture. Presented here, is a step-by-step method for the isolation and long-term culture of adult mouse cardiomyocytes. First, retrograde Langendorff perfusion is used to efficiently digest the heart with proteases, followed by gravity sedimentation purification. After a period of dedifferentiation following isolation, the cells gradually attach to the culture and can be cultured for weeks. Adenovirus cell lysate is used to efficiently transduce the isolated cardiomyocytes. These methods provide a simple, yet powerful model system to study cardiac biology.

This protocol describes a step-by-step method for the reproducible isolation and long-term culture of adult mouse cardiomyocytes with high yield, purity, and viability.

İzolasyon, Kültür ve Yetişkin Fare kardiyomiyositlerde İletimi

Cultured cardiomyocytes can be used to study cardiomyocyte biology using techniques that are complementary to in vivo systems. For example, the purity and ...

Live Cell Imaging and 3D Analysis of Angiotensin Receptor Type 1a Trafficking in Transfected Human Embryonic Kidney Cells Using Confocal Microscopy

Live-cell imaging is used to simultaneously capture time-lapse images of angiotensin type 1a receptors (AT1aR) and intracellular compartments in transfected human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK) cells following stimulation with angiotensin II (Ang II). HEK cells are transiently transfected with plasmid DNA containing AT1aR tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Lysosomes are identified with a red fluorescent dye. Live-cell images are captured on a laser scanning confocal microscope after Ang II stimulation and analyzed by software in three dimensions (3D, voxels) over time. Live-cell imaging enables investigations into receptor trafficking and avoids confounds associated with fixation, and in particular, the loss or artefactual displacement of EGFP-tagged membrane receptors. Thus, as individual cells are tracked through time, the subcellular localization of receptors can be imaged and measured. Images must be acquired sufficiently rapidly to capture rapid vesicle movement. Yet, at faster imaging speeds, the number of photons collected is reduced. Compromises must also be made in the selection of imaging parameters like voxel size in order to gain imaging speed. Significant applications of live-cell imaging are to study protein trafficking, migration, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy and protein-protein interaction and dynamics, to name but a few.

Here we present a protocol to image cells expressing green fluorescent protein-tagged angiotensin type 1a receptors during endocytosis initiated by angiotensin II treatment. This technique includes labeling lysosomes with a second fluorescent marker, and then utilizing software to analyze the co-localization of receptor and lysosome in three dimensions over time.

Konfokal Mikroskobu kullanılarak Transfekte İnsan Embriyonik Böbrek Hücreleri Canlı Hücre Görüntüleme ve 3D Analiz Angiotensin Reseptör Tip 1a Ticareti

Live-cell imaging is used to simultaneously capture time-lapse images of angiotensin type 1a receptors (AT1aR) and intracellular compartments in ...

Measurement of Microtubule Dynamics by Spinning Disk Microscopy in Monopolar Mitotic Spindles

We describe a modification of an established method to determine microtubule dynamics in living cells. The protocol is based on the expression of a genetically encoded marker for the positive ends of microtubules (EB3 labelled with tdTomato fluorescent protein) and high-speed, high-resolution, live-cell imaging using spinning disk confocal microscopy. Cell cycle synchronization and increased density of microtubules are achieved by inhibiting centrosomal separation in mitotic cells, and analysis of growth is performed using open-source U-Track software. The use of a bright and red-shifted fluorescent protein, in combination with the lower laser power and reduced exposure time required for spinning disk microscopy reduce phototoxicity and the probability of light-induced artifacts. This allows for imaging a larger number of cells in the same preparation while maintaining the cells in a growth medium under standard culture conditions. Because the analysis is performed in a supervised automatic fashion, the results are statistically robust and reproducible.

Here we present a robust and detailed method of microtubule dynamics analysis in cells synchronized in prometaphase using live-cell spinning disk confocal microscopy and MATLAB-based image processing.

Monopolar Mitotik İğlerde Dönen Disk Mikroskobu ile Mikrotübül Dinamiğinin Ölçülmesi

We describe a modification of an established method to determine microtubule dynamics in living cells. The protocol is based on the expression of a ...

Autofluorescence Imaging to Evaluate Red Algae Physiology

Red algae (Rhodophyta) contain phycobiliproteins and colonize habitats with dim light, however some (e.g., some Chroothece species) can also develop in full sunshine. Most rhodophytes are red, however some can appear bluish, depending on the proportion of blue and red biliproteins (phycocyanin and phycoerythrin). Different phycobiliproteins can capture light at diverse wavelengths and transmit it to chlorophyll a, which makes photosynthesis under very different light conditions possible. These pigments respond to habitat changes in light, and their autofluorescence can help to study biological processes. Using Chroothece mobilis as a model organism and the spectral lambda scan mode in a confocal microscope, the adaptation of photosynthetic pigments to different monochromatic lights was studied at the cellular level to guess the species' optimal growth conditions. The results showed that, even when the studied strain was isolated from a cave, it adapted to both dim and medium light intensities. The presented method is especially useful for studying photosynthetic organisms that do not grow or grow very slowly under laboratory conditions, which is usually the case for those living in extreme habitats.

The present protocol describes step-by-step autofluorescence imaging and evaluation of phycobiliprotein changes in red algae based on spectral analysis. This is a label-free and non-destructive method to evaluate cellular adaptation to extreme habitats, when only scarce material is available and cells grow slowly, or not at all, under laboratory conditions.

Kırmızı Alg Fizyolojisini Değerlendirmek için Otofloresan Görüntüleme

Red algae (Rhodophyta) contain phycobiliproteins and colonize habitats with dim light, however some (e.g., some Chroothece species) can also develop in ...

Mitokondriyal Membran Potansiyeli ve Süperoksit Seviyelerinin Miktar Tayini

Fluorescence-Based Quantification of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Superoxide Levels Using Live Imaging in HeLa Cells

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles critical for metabolic homeostasis by controlling energy production via ATP synthesis. To support cellular metabolism, various mitochondrial quality control mechanisms cooperate to maintain a healthy mitochondrial network. One such pathway is mitophagy, where PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin phospho-ubiquitination of damaged mitochondria facilitate autophagosome sequestration and subsequent removal from the cell via lysosome fusion. Mitophagy is important for cellular homeostasis, and mutations in Parkin are linked to Parkinson's disease (PD). Due to these findings, there has been a significant emphasis on investigating mitochondrial damage and turnover to understand the molecular mechanisms and dynamics of mitochondrial quality control. Here, live-cell imaging was used to visualize the mitochondrial network of HeLa cells, to quantify the mitochondrial membrane potential and superoxide levels following treatment with carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), a mitochondrial uncoupling agent. In addition, a PD-linked mutation of Parkin (ParkinT240R) that inhibits Parkin-dependent mitophagy was expressed to determine how mutant expression impacts the mitochondrial network compared to cells expressing wild-type Parkin. The protocol outlined here describes a simple workflow using fluorescence-based approaches to quantify mitochondrial membrane potential and superoxide levels effectively.

Yazar Gündemi: HeLa Hücrelerinde Canlı Görüntüleme Kullanılarak Mitokondriyal Membran Potansiyelinin ve Süperoksit Seviyelerinin Floresan Tabanlı Miktar Tayini  

This technique describes an effective workflow to visualize and quantitatively measure mitochondrial membrane potential and superoxide levels within HeLa cells using fluorescence-based live imaging.

HeLa hücrelerinde canlı görüntüleme kullanılarak mitokondriyal membran potansiyelinin ve süperoksit seviyelerinin floresan bazlı ölçümü

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles critical for metabolic homeostasis by controlling energy production via ATP synthesis. To support cellular metabolism, ...