Yazarlar ucsf Kaynak Tahsis Programı tarafından sağlanan fon kabul etmek istiyorum.

Tüm hayvan çalışmaları Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri Laboratuvar Hayvanları Bakım ve Kullanım Kılavuzu önerilere sıkı göre altında yapıldı. Protokol California Üniversitesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi (IACUC), San Francisco tarafından onaylandı. 1. Fare Embriyonik Gözyaşı bezleri (LG): Hasat ve Mikrodiseksiyon <ol><li> Bilimsel Araştırma Etik komite için Kurumsal Hayvanlar tarafından onaylanan prosedürleri takiben uygun embriyonik günde hasat embriyolar servikal dislokasyon tarafından onaylanması ardından, yükselen CO 2 inhalasyon ile hamile CD-1 (veya transgenik) kadın aşımına euthanize. Vajinal fiş keşif e0&#39;ın gün belirleyin. Not: Gözyaşı bezleri (Lgs) itibaren e14 tek tomurcuk aşamasından hasat edilebilir. Ancak, e16 (5-10 tomurcukları) embriyolar ex vivo kültür için en tutarlı sonuçlar verir. </li><li> V sterilize% 70 etanol kullanılarak fare Entral tarafında. Cildi çimdik ve steril cerrahi makas ile orta hatta bir kesi yapmak; deri yoluyla kesilmiş ve karın boşluğuna maruz periton. 100 U / ml penisilin ve 100 ug / ml streptomisin ile takviye edilmiş Her bir uterusa ve yerine soğuk PBS (fosfat tamponlu salin) ya da DMEM F12 ortamında üstündeki mesometrium boyunca keserek 2 rahim boynuzları çıkarın. </li><li> Forseps kullanarak (# 5), amnion kesesi embriyolar çıkarın ve soğuk PBS içeren ikinci bir steril Petri kabı içine yerleştirin. Gözleri veya kafa alana dokunmayın dikkatli olun. </li><li> Bir transillüminasyonu tabanı ile bir mikroskop üzerine embriyo yerleştirin. 1.7 - embriyo &lt;E17 ise, adımları 1.5 gerçekleştirin. Embriyolar iseniz&gt; E17, bu adımlar bu nedenle 1.8 adıma geçin, faydalı olabilir, ancak şart değildir. </li><li> Sadece alt çene altındaki gövde (aşama 1, şekil 2) &#39;deki Bağın gelen kafa Severga steril neşter (# 10 bıçak). Mandibula diseksiyon plaka üzerinde şimdi böylece başını döndürün. Kafa ve yaklaşık ¼ beyin (adım 2, 1. kesim, Şekil 2) dorsal tarafına kaldırmak için bir neşter stabilize forseps kullanın - Bu kıkırdak e15 etrafında stiffens kez özellikle önemlidir. </li><li> Neşter gözler arasındaki burun delmek böylece başını döndürün. Gözleri ayrı yarımları (aşama 2, 2. kesme, Şekil 2) artık demektir ki, başlığın merkezinden geçen bir kesim yapın. </li><li> İki # 5 forseps kullanarak, başın bir yarısını almak ve aşırı doku (Şekil 2 adım 3) çıkarın. (Gözün alt arka köşede bulunur) LG bu kaldırma işlemi kayıp değil bu yüzden başını yönlendirmek için emin olun. Fazlalığı serebral, kıkırdak ve burun çevresindeki doku ve gözün altında çıkarın. Bezi bu noktada zor görünür olduğundan, doğru aşırı doku kaldırma t sonra yönlendirilmiş gözü sağlamako LG konumunu kaybetmemek. </li><li> Dikkatle posterior, hem forseps ile göz alt köşesinde cildi kapmak. Dikkatle LG maruz forseps ile açık çekerek cildi çıkarın. LG görselleştirmek yardımcı olmak için doku altında ve üstünde ek aydınlatma kullanın. Not: LG, koyu, yoğun mezenşimin içinde bir kanal üzerinde bir tomurcuk olarak görünüm ile ayırt, bu noktada görünür olmalıdır. </li><li> Dikkatle LG ve ilgili mezenşimi LG veya ilişkili kanalı kapmak için dikkatli olmak, forseps kullanarak uzak çevreleyen dokudan (diyagram ve görüntüler bakın) incelemek başlar. Bezi çevreleyen dokudan serbest sonra, yavaşça LG kanalının dibinde gözünü çevreleyen epitel kavrayarak tüm bezini çıkarın. Yoğunlaştırılmış bir mezenşimin içine epitel invaginates olarak görülebilir epiteli çevreleyen mezenşimi korumak için özen gösterin. Not: Tissu&#39;dan bazı ilave gerie (herhangi bir küçük kemik fragmanları, kas ve bağ doku) komşu / büyüme faktörü sinyal önlemek için gerekli olabilir. </li><li> Kültür, hasat 4 - 5 bezleri ve plaka başına ilişkili mezenşimin (Lgs hemen diseksiyon üzerine ekilir); RT-PCR 6 RNA lisis tampon 100 ul başına 14 bezlerinin en az toplamak. </li></ol> 2. ex vivo Kültür Plakaları hazırlayın Bu prosedür, gelişmekte olan tükürük bezi 7,8 için kullanılana dayanır. <ol><li> Cam tabanlı bir 50 mm çaplı bir mikro çanak 7 50 ug / ml, askorbik asit ve 50 ug / ml holo-transferrin ile birlikte kültür ortamı (100 U / ml penisilin ve 100 ug / ml streptomisin ile takviye edilmiş), DMEM F12 200 ul ekle. Not: Daha önce embriyonik tükürük bezinde morfogenetiğine maksimize etmek için bunu buldum DMEM F12 seçildi. </li><li> 13 mm POLYCARB Floatmedyanın üstüne 0.1 mikron gözenekleri ile onat membran filtre. </li><li> İsteğe bağlı Adım: 3 mg / ml&#39;lik bir son konsantrasyon sağlamak için DMEM / F12 ile 1 (hafifçe karıştırmak için, 200 ul pipet kullanın, santrifüj 1 dakika boyunca kabarcıklar görüldüğünde): 3-D laminin 1 seyreltin. Ekle Bu 15 ul filtre 3-D laminin seyreltilmiş. Not: Bu seyreltme epitel dallanma ödün vermeden, 3B durumda LG muhafaza edilmesi için uygun olduğu bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte, LG&#39;nin kültürü için gerekli değildir. </li><li> Filtrenin üzerine ya da laminin içine 5 LG - 4 yerleştirin. Kültür Lgs ex vivo olarak 24 - 48 saat (Şekil 3) veya 20 qPCR daha fazla analiz için dk ya da immüno-boyama (Şekil 4)% 4 PFA ile yapışması. Embriyonik glandüler doku QPCR analizi için, Rebustini ark bakın., 2011. Embriyonik bez dokularında imüno-analizi için aşağıdaki alıntılarda bakınız: Hoffman ve arkadaşları, (2002), Steinberg ör.T ve arkadaşları., (2005). </li></ol> 3. Fare Postnatal ve Erişkin Gözyaşı bezleri (LG): Diseksiyon <ol><li> Uygun hayvan etik komitenin standartlarına göre doğum sonrası fareyi euthanize. Doğum sonrası yavrular gün 8 ya da daha genç, steril makas ile kafa kesilmesinin euthanize. Doğum sonrası gün 8 veya üzeri için,% 70 etanol ile kürk sprey. </li><li> LG bulmak için, fare yukarıdan aydınlatma ile bir mikroskop altında yan yanal yatıyordu. Not: doğum sonrası ve yetişkin LG karotid arter, masseter kas ve dermis (Şekil 5) ile çevrelenmiştir. </li><li> Küçük diseksiyon makas kullanarak, yanal LG nerede olması gerektiğini Epidermisteki küçük bir kesi yapmak. </li><li> Forseps kullanarak, LG maruz kulak doğru epidermis çekerek açın. </li><li> Yavaşça çevreleyen dokudan LG gevşetmek için forseps kullanın. </li><li> LG çevreleyen dokudan serbest bırakıldıktan sonra, dikkatli, kanal tarafından LG kaldırmakkanal ve göz çevresindeki epitel (Şekil 1) bağlamak nerede kavrama tarafından. </li><li> RT-PCR için RNA, liziz tamponu içinde LGS yerleştirin veya immün için 20 dakika boyunca% 4 PFA ile yapışması. </li></ol>

<ol>
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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concise+review:+can+the+intrinsic+power+of+branching+morphogenesis+be+used+for+engineering+epithelial+tissues+and+organs.">Concise review: can the intrinsic power of branching morphogenesis be used for engineering epithelial tissues and organs.</a> Stem cells translational medicine. 2, 993-1000 (2013).</li><li>Qu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycosaminoglycan-dependent+restriction+of+FGF+diffusion+is+necessary+for+lacrimal+gland+development.">Glycosaminoglycan-dependent restriction of FGF diffusion is necessary for lacrimal gland development.</a> Development. 139, 2730-2739 (2012).</li><li>Rebustini, I. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MT2-MMP-dependent+release+of+collagen+IV+NC1+domains+regulates+submandibular+gland+branching+morphogenesis.">MT2-MMP-dependent release of collagen IV NC1 domains regulates submandibular gland branching morphogenesis.</a> Developmental cell. 17, 482-493 (2009).</li><li>Hoffman, M. 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Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Kültürüne çok yönlülük ve LG ex vivo gelişimini incelemek için önemli avantajlar sağlamaktadır manipüle. Bu araştırmacı hipotezleri ve nöronal, endotelyal ve mezenkimal hücreler organı oluşturacak nasıl etkileşimde epitel değerlendirmek için yapılabilir pertürbasyonların sayıda test edebilir hızını içerir. Bu modeli kullanarak, ancak, uyarılar bir dizi bulunmaktadır. İlk olarak, izolasyon sayesinde bezi sırada artık sinirler veya kan damarlarının 9,10 tarafında...

Gözyaşı bezi (LG) görme keskinliği ve sağlık, bakım ve göz yüzeyinin hücrelerinin korunması için kritik sulu gözyaşı salgılanmasından sorumludur. Batma, ışık duyarlılığı ile karakterize ve vizyonunu 1 azalır sulu eksik Kuru Göz Hastalığı: En sık ve zayıflatıcı göz bozuklukları birinde LG disfonksiyon sonuçları. İnsanda LG gözün lateral ucunda yukarıdaki yörüngede bulunduğu yeri 3 - oküler yüzey üzerine 5 boşaltım kanalları mevduat gözyaşları. Fare büyük göz bezlerinin üç çift, çoğu çalışılan tek bir boşaltım kanalı yoluyla göze seyahat gözyaşları ile kulak (exorbital) için gözyaşı bezi (LG) bulunduğu ön ve ventral olduğunu. Diğer glandular organlara benzer şekilde, LG, yoğunlaştırılmış mezenşim içinde tek bir epitel tomurcuk birden tomurcuğu mermi ve talimat için oluk oluşumu maruz kalmakta ve epitel dallanma morfojenezinin sürecinde gelişir(Şekil 1) salgılama asinüs ve kanalların karmaşık bir birbirine birleşik ağ m 2. Gelişimi sırasında epitel vaskülare olur yanı olarak ağır şekilde üstün servikal ganglion 3 sempatik sinirler tarafından pterigopalatin ganglion parasempatik sinirler tarafından ve daha az bir ölçüde innerve. Türleri nöronal, epitel, endotel ve mezenkimal hücreler yani bu hücrelerin her biri arasındaki etkileşimleri, işlevi ve yetişkin doku bakımı için gereklidir. Ancak, arası hücre tipi iletişim bu süreçleri kılavuzları nasıl yanı sıra LG gelişimini ve yenilenmesini koordine yatan moleküler mekanizmalar belirsizdir. Embriyonik ex vivo kültür tekniklerinin ortaya çıkışı, çok dallanmış organ 4 gelişimsel ve rejeneratif yolların belirlenmesi izin vermektedir. Ex vivo kültürlenmesiyle araştırmacıya (beni organı manipüle yeteneği verirchanical, genetik veya kimyasal) tanımlanmış koşullar altında yanı sıra gerçek zamanlı organ gelişimi ve hücre-hücre etkileşimleri karakterize etmek. Farenin exorbital LG, bu tekniğin son derece müsait olduğunu ve son çalışmalar gelişimini 2,5 düzenleyen sinyalizasyon sistemi tanımlamıştır. Ancak, LG gelişimini ve yenilenmesini destekleyen moleküler ipuçlarını anlamak için ihtiyaca rağmen, şu anda büyük olasılıkla nedeniyle organın izole teknik zorluklar, ilgili yeterli kalır. Bu yazıda, izole ve gelişim programları tanımlamak için embriyonik fare LG ex vivo kültürünü gerçekleştirmek için nasıl açıklar.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1767">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:428px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Catalog #.</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:997px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM/F12 without HEPES</td>
			<td>SH3027101</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>P0781</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Albumin solution from bovine serum</td>
			<td>A9576</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde 16% Solution</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>Diluted to 4% in 1X PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline 10X</td>
			<td>BP665-1</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline 1X</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Prepared from 10X stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">holo-Transferrin bovine</td>
			<td>T1283</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>25 mg/ml stock solution in water. Freeze single-use aliquots at -20C. Add to DMEM/F12 media to a final concentration of 50 ug/mL.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:428px;">L- Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)</td>
			<td>A4544</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>25 mg/ml stock solution in water. Freeze single-use aliquots at -20C. Add to DMEM/F12 media to a final concentration of 50 ug/mL.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BioLite 100mm Tissue Culture Treated Dishes</td>
			<td>130182</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>Non-tissue culture-treated plates can also be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereo Microscope with substage iluminator</td>
			<td>Stemi 2000</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Any stereo dissecting microscope can be used that has a transmitted light base.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Substage Illuminator Base for Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>TLB 4000</td>
			<td>Diagnostics Instruments, Inc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Falcon 35mm Tissue Culture Treated Dishes</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>Non-tissue culture-treated plates can also be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50mm uncoated glass bottom dishes</td>
			<td>P50G-1.5-14-F</td>
			<td>MatTek Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:428px;">Widefield fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Axio Observer Z1</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>Any fluorescence microscope (upright, inverted or stereo dissecting microscope) can be used to monitor GFP expression at low magnification with an attached 
			digital camera.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>TCS SP5</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td>Confocal microscopy is necessary to see detailed cell structures. Any confocal microscope can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ideal for harvesting glands from embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SWISS Micro-Fine Forceps, #5 (11.2cm)</td>
			<td>17-305X</td>
			<td>Integra LifeSciences Corporation</td>
			<td>Fine tips are required for removing mesenchyme from epithelium. Tungsten needles can also be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dumont Standard Tip Forceps, #5 (11cm)</td>
			<td>91150-20</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools (USA), Inc.</td>
			<td>Ideal for harvesting glands from embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Reusable Plastic Surgical Knife Handles, style no. 3.</td>
			<td>4-30</td>
			<td colspan="2">Integra LifeSciences Corporation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stainless Steel Sterile Surgical Blades, no. 10</td>
			<td>4-310</td>
			<td colspan="2">Integra LifeSciences Corporation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNAqueous-Micro Total RNA Isolation Kit</td>
			<td>AM1931</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cultrex 3D Culture Matrix Laminin I</td>
			<td>3446-005-01</td>
			<td>Trevigen</td>
			<td>6 mg/ml stock diluted 1:1 with DMEM/F12</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:428px;">Timed-pregnant Crl:CD1(ICR) mice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Charles River Labs</td>
			<td>Embryos are harvested on day 14 (with day of plug discovery designated as day 0).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nucleopore Track-Etched Hydrophilic Membranes, 0.1 um pre size, 13mm</td>
			<td>110405</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Timed-pregnant Pax6-Cre,GFP mice</td>
			<td>Tg(Pax-Cre, GFP)1Pgr</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>Optional mice for learning how to locate the LG.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

manipulating the murine lacrimal gland

Gözyaşı bezi (LG) korneanın yapısını ve işlevini, görme için gerekli şeffaf bir doku korumak için gerekli sulu gözyaşı salgılar. 5 kanallar - insanda bir tek LG 3 ile oküler yüzeye gözyaşları veren her gözün lateral ucunda yukarıdaki yörüngede bulunur. Fare büyük göz bezlerinin üç çift, çoğu okudu kulağına exorbital gözyaşı bezi (LG) bulunduğu ön ve ventral olduğunu. Diğer glandular organlara benzer şekilde, LG, yoğunlaştırılmış mezenşim içinde tek bir epitel tomurcuk salgılama asinüs ve kanalların karmaşık bir birbirine birleşik bir şebekenin oluşturulması için tomurcuk ve kanal formasyonu birçok kere maruz kalmakta ve epitel dallanma morfojenezinin sürecinde gelişir. Bu ayrıntılı süreci iyi gibi pankreas ve tükürük bezi gibi diğer birçok epitelyal organlarda belgelenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, LG daha az araştırılmıştır ve morfojenezini kontrol eden mekanizmalar zayıf biçimde altındadırdurdu. Biz bir model sistem olarak bu altında temsil bulma diseksiyon ve LG kültürleme ile ilişkili zorluklar bir sonucu olduğunu sanıyorum. Bu nedenle, burada diseksiyon hasat embriyonik ve doğum sonrası LG için teknikler ve doku ex vivo kültür için yöntemleri tarif eder.

LG epitel dallanma morfojenezinin sürecinde gelişir. E14, e15, E16, E17, ve P2 disseke embriyonik LGS aydınlık görüntüler bu olay göstermektedir. <img alt="Şekil 1," fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51970/51970fig1highres.jpg" width="600" /> Şekil 1. LG morfogenetiğine dallanma epitel sürecinde gelişir. Taze e14, e15, E16, E17 ve P2 disseke embriyonik LGS aydınlık görüntüler. <a href="https://www.jove....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Manipulating the Murine Lacrimal Gland at JoVE.com

Manipulating the Murine Lacrimal Gland

Gözyaşı bezi (LG) vizyon ve göz sağlığını korumak için gerekli gözyaşının sulu bileşenlerini üreten bir dallanma organdır. Burada LG gelişiminde rol oynayan sinyal yolları deşifre üzere kemirgen LG diseksiyonu ve ex vivo kültür teknikleri açıklar.

Kemirgen Gözyaşı bezi kurgulama

The lacrimal gland (LG) secretes aqueous tears necessary for maintaining the structure and function of the cornea, a transparent tissue essential for ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

20.7K Görüntüleme.  University of California San Francisco.  Gözyaşı bezi (LG) vizyon ve göz sağlığını korumak için gerekli gözyaşının sulu bileşenlerini üreten bir dallanma organdır. Burada LG gelişiminde rol oynayan sinyal yolları deşifre üzere kemirgen LG diseksiyonu ve ex vivo kültür teknikleri açıklar. 

Video: Manipulating the Murine Lacrimal Gland

Silicon Microchips for Manipulating Cell-cell Interaction

The role of the cellular microenvironment is recognized as crucial in determining cell fate and function in virtually all mammalian tissues from development to malignant transformation.&nbsp; In particular, interaction with neighboring stroma has been implicated in a plethora of biological phenomena; however, conventional techniques limit the ability to interrogate the spatial and dynamic elements of such interactions.
In Micromechanical Reconfigurable Culture (RC), we employ a micromachined silicon substrate with moving parts to dynamically control cell-cell interactions through mechanical repositioning. Previously, this method has been applied to investigate intercellular communication in co-cultures of hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells, demonstrating time-dependent interactions and a limited range for soluble signaling 1.
Here, we describe in detail the preparation and use of the RC system. We begin by demonstrating the handling of the device parts using tweezers, including actuating between the gap and contact configurations (cell populations separated by a narrow 80-&micro;m gap, or in direct intimate contact). Next, we detail the process of preparing the substrates for culture, and the multi-step cell seeding process required for obtaining confluent cell monolayers. Using live microscopy, we then illustrate real-time manipulation of cells between the different possible experimental configurations. Finally, we demonstrate the steps required in order to regenerate the device surface for reuse: toluene and piranha cleaning, polystyrene coating, and oxygen plasma treatment.

This article describes an experimental approach for dynamic regulation of cell-cell interactions between adherent cells on a micrometer scale. Manipulation of intercellular communication between hepatocytes and stromal cell is demonstrated. The developed platform enables investigation of cell-cell interactions in a variety of biological processes, including development and pathogenesis.

Hücre hücre Etkileşim kurgulama için Silikon mikroçipler

The role of the cellular microenvironment is recognized as crucial in determining cell fate and function in virtually all mammalian tissues from ...

Biyoloji

Using Laser Tweezers For Manipulating Isolated Neurons In Vitro

In this paper and video, we describe the protocols used in our laboratory to study the targeting preferences of regenerating cell processes of adult retinal neurons in vitro. Procedures for preparing retinal cell cultures start with the dissection, digestion and trituration of the retina, and end with the plating of isolated retinal cells on dishes made especially for use with laser tweezers. These dishes are divided into a cell adhesive half and a cell repellant half. The cell adhesive side is coated with a layer of Sal-1 antibodies, which provide a substrate upon which our cells grow. Other adhesive substrates could be used for other cell types. The cell repellant side is coated with a thin layer of poly-HEMA. The cells plated on the poly-HEMA side of the dish are trapped with the laser tweezers, transported and then placed adjacent to a cell on the Sal-1 side to create a pair. Formation of cell groups of any size should be possible with this technique. "Laser-tweezers-controlled micromanipulation" means that the investigator can choose which cells to move, and the desired distance between the cells can be standardized. Because the laser beam goes through transparent surfaces of the culture dish, cell selection and placement are done in an enclosed, sterile environment. Cells can be monitored by video time-lapse and used with any cell biological technique required. This technique may help investigations of cell-cell interactions.

This video describes the manipulation of cultured neurons using laser tweezers in vitro.

In Vitro İzole Nöronlar kurgulama için Lazer Cımbız

In this paper and video, we describe the protocols used in our laboratory to study the targeting preferences of regenerating cell processes of adult ...

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell et al over 30 years ago (1) and refined by Zhang et al years later (2), few people in the world have mastered this procedure. In our laboratory we have successfully performed 1200 orthotopic kidney transplantations with &gt; 90% survival rate. The key points for success include stringent control of reperfusion injury, bleeding and thrombosis, both during the procedure and post-transplantation, and use of 10-0 instead of 11-0 suture for anastomoses.
Post-operative care and treatment of the recipient is extremely important to transplant success and evaluation. All renal graft recipients receive antibiotics in the form of an injection of penicillin immediately post-transplant and sulfatrim in the drinking water continually. Overall animal health is evaluated daily and whole blood creatinine analyses are performed routinely with a portable I-STAT machine to assess graft function.

Renal transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure that requires careful post-operative care and treatment for success.

Murin Böbrek Nakli Prosedürü

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell ...

Isolation of Mouse Salivary Gland Stem Cells

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of saliva into the oral cavity. Serous and mucous acinar cells are the protein and mucous producing factories of the gland respectively, and represent the origin of saliva production. Once synthesised, the various enzymatic and other proteinaceous components of saliva are secreted through a series of ductal cells bearing epithelial-type morphology, until the eventual expulsion of the saliva through one major duct into the cavity of the mouth. The composition of saliva is also modified by the ductal cells during this process.
In the manifestation of diseases such as Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome, and in some clinical situations such as radiotherapy treatment for head and neck cancers, saliva production by the glands is dramatically reduced 1,2. The resulting xerostomia, a subjective feeling of dry mouth, affects not only the ability of the patient to swallow and speak, but also encourages the development of dental caries and can be socially debilitating for the sufferer.
The restoration of saliva production in the above-mentioned clinical conditions therefore represents an unmet clinical need, and as such several studies have demonstrated the regenerative capacity of the salivary glands 3-5. Further to the isolation of stem cell-like populations of cells from various tissues within the mouse and human bodies 6-8, we have shown using the described method that stem cells isolated from mouse salivary glands can be used to rescue saliva production in irradiated salivary glands 9,10. This discovery paves the way for the development of stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of xerostomic conditions in humans, and also for the exploration of the salivary gland as a microenvironment containing cells with multipotent self-renewing capabilities.

An optimized protocol for the isolation of stem cells from the mouse salivary gland is described. The method employs enzymatic and mechanical digestion, and permits isolation of salispheres containing cells with characteristics of stem cells.

Fare Tükürük Bezi Kök Hücre İzolasyonu

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of ...

Genetic Modification and Recombination of Salivary Gland Organ Cultures

Branching morphogenesis occurs during the development of many organs, and the embryonic mouse submandibular gland (SMG) is a classical model for the study of branching morphogenesis. In the developing SMG, this process involves iterative steps of epithelial bud and duct formation, to ultimately give rise to a complex branched network of acini and ducts, which serve to produce and modify/transport the saliva, respectively, into the oral cavity1-3. The epithelial-associated basement membrane and aspects of the mesenchymal compartment, including the mesenchyme cells, growth factors and the extracellular matrix, produced by these cells, are critical to the branching mechanism, although how the cellular and molecular events are coordinated remains poorly understood 4. The study of the molecular mechanisms driving epithelial morphogenesis advances our understanding of developmental mechanisms and provides insight into possible regenerative medicine approaches. Such studies have been hampered due to the lack of effective methods for genetic manipulation of the salivary epithelium. Currently, adenoviral transduction represents the most effective method for targeting epithelial cells in adult glands in vivo5. However, in embryonic explants, dense mesenchyme and the basement membrane surrounding the epithelial cells impedes viral access to the epithelial cells. If the mesenchyme is removed, the epithelium can be transfected using adenoviruses, and epithelial rudiments can resume branching morphogenesis in the presence of Matrigel or laminin-1116,7. Mesenchyme-free epithelial rudiment growth also requires additional supplementation with soluble growth factors and does not fully recapitulate branching morphogenesis as it occurs in intact glands8. Here we describe a technique which facilitates adenoviral transduction of epithelial cells and culture of the transfected epithelium with associated mesenchyme. Following microdissection of the embryonic SMGs, removal of the mesenchyme, and viral infection of the epithelium with a GFP-containing adenovirus, we show that the epithelium spontaneously recombines with uninfected mesenchyme, recapitulating intact SMG glandular structure and branching morphogenesis. The genetically modified epithelial cell population can be easily monitored using standard fluorescence microscopy methods, if fluorescently-tagged adenoviral constructs are used. The tissue recombination method described here is currently the most effective and accessible method for transfection of epithelial cells with a wild-type or mutant vector within a complex 3D tissue construct that does not require generation of transgenic animals.

A technique to genetically manipulate epithelial cells within whole ex vivo cultured embryonic mouse submandibular glands (SMGs) using viral gene transfer is described. This method takes advantage of the innate ability of SMG epithelium and mesenchyme to spontaneously recombine after separation and infection of epithelial rudiments with adenoviral vectors.

Tükürük Bezi Organ Kültürleri Genetik Modifikasyon ve Rekombinasyon

Branching  morphogenesis occurs during the development of many organs, and the embryonic  mouse submandibular gland (SMG) is a classical model for the ...

Intraductal Injection for Localized Drug Delivery to the Mouse Mammary Gland

Herein we describe a protocol to deliver various reagents to the mouse mammary gland via intraductal injections. Localized drug delivery and knock-down of genes within the mammary epithelium has been difficult to achieve due to the lack of appropriate targeting molecules that are independent of developmental stages such as pregnancy and lactation. Herein, we describe a technique for localized delivery of reagents to the mammary gland at any stage in adulthood via intraductal injection into the nipples of mice. The injections can be performed on live mice, under anesthesia, and allow for a non-invasive and localized drug delivery to the mammary gland. Furthermore, the injections can be repeated over several months without damaging the nipple. Vital dyes such as Evans Blue are very helpful to learn the technique. Upon intraductal injection of the blue dye, the entire ductal tree becomes visible to the eye. Furthermore, fluorescently labeled reagents also allow for visualization and distribution within the mammary gland. This technique is adaptable for a variety of compounds including siRNA, chemotherapeutic agents, and small molecules.

A protocol for the non-invasive intraductal delivery of aqueous reagents to the mouse mammary gland is described. The method takes advantage of localized injection into the nipples of mammary glands targeting mammary ducts specifically. This technique is adaptable for a variety of compounds including siRNA, chemotherapeutic agents and small molecules.

Fare meme bezi Lokalize İlaç Teslim Intradüktal Enjeksiyon

Herein we describe a protocol to deliver various reagents to the mouse mammary gland via intraductal injections. Localized drug delivery and knock-down of ...

Isolation of Murine Valve Endothelial Cells

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and surrounded by a monolayer of valve endothelial cells (VECs). VECs play essential roles in establishing the valve structures during embryonic development, and are important for maintaining life-long valve integrity and function. In contrast to a continuous endothelium over the surface of healthy valve leaflets, VEC disruption is commonly observed in malfunctioning valves and is associated with pathological processes that promote valve disease and dysfunction. Despite the clinical relevance, focused studies determining the contribution of VECs to development and disease processes are limited. The isolation of VECs from animal models would allow for cell-specific experimentation. VECs have been isolated from large animal adult models but due to their small population size, fragileness, and lack of specific markers, no reports of VEC isolations in embryos or adult small animal models have been reported. Here we describe a novel method that allows for the direct isolation of VECs from mice at embryonic and adult stages. Utilizing the Tie2-GFP reporter model that labels all endothelial cells with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), we have been successful in isolating GFP-positive (and negative) cells from the semilunar and atrioventricular valve regions using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Isolated GFP-positive VECs are enriched for endothelial markers, including CD31 and von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and retain endothelial cell expression when cultured; while, GFP-negative cells exhibit molecular profiles and cell shapes consistent with VIC phenotypes. The ability to isolate embryonic and adult murine VECs allows for previously unattainable molecular and functional studies to be carried out on a specific valve cell population, which will greatly improve our understanding of valve development and disease mechanisms.

The ability to isolate heart valve endothelial cells (VECs) is critical for understanding mechanisms of valve development, maintenance, and disease. Here we describe the isolation of VECs from embryonic and adult Tie2-GFP mice using FACS that will allow for studies determining the contribution of VECs in developmental and disease processes.

Murin Vana Endotel Hücreleri İzolasyon

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and ...

Isolation of Murine Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs from the coronary circulation. Hearts with intact aortic arches were removed and perfused via retrograde Langendorff with digestion solution containing 300 Units/ml of collagenase type II, 0.1 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor and 1 M CaCl2. The perfusates were collected at 15 min intervals for 90 min, pelleted by centrifugation, resuspended in plating media, and plated on tissue culture dishes. VSMCs were characterized by presence of SM22&#945;, &#945;-SMA, and vimentin. One of the main advantages of using this technique is the ability to isolate VSMCs from the coronary circulation of mice. Although the small number of cells obtained can limit some of the applications for which the cells can be utilized, isolated coronary VSMCs can be used in a variety of well-established cell culture techniques and assays. Studies investigating VSMCs from genetically modified mice can provide further information about structure-function and signaling processes associated with vascular pathologies.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the isolation and culture techniques of murine primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the coronary circulation. Once VSMCs have been isolated, they can be used for many standard culture techniques.

Murin Koroner Damar düz kas hücrelerinin izolasyonu

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs ...

Bovine Mammary Gland Biopsy Techniques

Bovine mammary gland biopsies allow researchers to collect tissue samples to study cell biology including gene expression, histological analysis, signaling pathways, and protein translation. This article describes two techniques for biopsy of the bovine mammary gland (MG). Three healthy Holstein dairy cows were the subjects. Before biopsies, cows were milked and subsequently restrained in a cattle chute. An analgesic (flunixin meglumine, 1.1 to 2.2 mg/kg of body weight) was administered via jugular intravenous [IV] injection 15-20 min prior to biopsy. For standing sedation, xylazine hydrochloride (0.01-0.05 mg/kg of body weight) was injected via the coccygeal vessels 5-10 min before the procedure. Once adequately sedated, the biopsy site was aseptically prepared and locally anaesthetized with 6 mL of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride via subcutaneous injection. Using aseptic technique, a 2 to 3 cm vertical incision was made using a number 10 scalpel. Core and needle biopsy tools were used. The core biopsy tool was attached to a cordless drill and inserted into the MG tissue through the incision using a clock-wise drill action. The needle biopsy tool was manually inserted into the incision site. Immediately after the procedure, an assistant applied pressure on the incision site for 20 to 25 min using a sterile towel to achieve hemostasis. Stainless steel surgical staples were used to oppose the skin incision. The staples were removed 10 days post-procedure. The main advantages of core and needle biopsies is that both approaches are minimally invasive procedures that can be safely performed in healthy cows. Milk yield following the biopsy was unaffected. These procedures require a short recovery time and result in fewer risks of complications. Specific limitations may include bleeding after the biopsy and infection on the biopsy site. Applications of these techniques include tissue collection for clinical diagnosis and research purposes, such as primary cell culture.

This article presents a bovine mammary gland biopsy using core and needle biopsy tools. Harvested tissue can be used for cell culture or to assess mammary physiology and metabolism including gene expression, protein expression, protein modifications, immunohistochemistry, and metabolite concentrations.

Sığır meme bezi biyopsisi teknikleri

Bovine mammary gland biopsies allow researchers to collect tissue samples to study cell biology including gene expression, histological analysis, ...

Isolation of Myoepithelial Cells from Adult Murine Lacrimal and Submandibular Glands

The lacrimal gland (LG) is an exocrine tubuloacinar gland that secretes an aqueous layer of tear film. The LG epithelial tree is comprised of acinar, ductal epithelial, and myoepithelial cells (MECs). MECs express alpha smooth muscle actin (&#945;SMA) and have a contractile function. They are found in multiple glandular organs and are of ectodermal origin. In addition, the LG contains SMA+ vascular smooth muscle cells of endodermal origin called pericytes: contractile cells that envelop the surface of vascular tubes. A new protocol allows us to isolate both MECs and pericytes from adult murine LGs and submandibular glands (SMGs). The protocol is based on the genetic labeling of MECs and pericytes using the SMACreErt2/+:Rosa26-TdTomatofl/fl mouse strain, followed by preparation of the LG single-cell suspension for fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The protocol allows for the separation of these two cell populations of different origins based on the expression of the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) by MECs, whereas pericytes do not express EpCAM. Isolated cells could be used for cell cultivation or gene expression analysis.

The lacrimal gland (LG) has two cell types expressing &#945;-smooth muscle actin (&#945;SMA): myoepithelial cells (MECs) and pericytes. MECs are of ectodermal origin, found in many glandular tissues, while pericytes are vascular smooth muscle cells of endodermal origin. This protocol isolates MECs and pericytes from murine LGs.

Yetişkin Murine lacrimal ve submandibular bezlerden Myoepitelyal hücrelerin izolasyonu

The lacrimal gland (LG) is an exocrine tubuloacinar gland that secretes an aqueous layer of tear film. The LG epithelial tree is comprised of acinar, ...