Die Autoren bedanken sich bei Förderung durch die UCSF Ressourcenzuordnung Programm vorgesehen anzuerkennen.

Alle Tier Arbeit wurde unter strenger Übereinstimmung mit den Empfehlungen im Leitfaden für die Pflege und Verwendung von Labortieren der National Institutes of Health durchgeführt. Das Protokoll wurde von der Institutional Animal Care und Use Committee (IACUC) von der University of California, San Francisco genehmigt. 1. embryonalen Maus-Tränendrüsen (LG): Ernten und Mikrodissektion <ol><li> Folgenden Verfahren durch die Institutional Tiere für wissenschaftliche Forschung Ethik-Kommission genehmigt, einschläfern timed schwanger CD-1 (oder transgene) Weibchen mit steigenden CO 2 Inhalation, gefolgt von der Bestätigung durch Genickbruch zu ernten Embryonen auf den entsprechenden embryonalen Tag. Bestimmen Sie den Tag der Vaginalpfropf Entdeckung e0. Hinweis: Tränendrüsen (LGs) aus dem e14 einzelnen Knospenstadium ab geerntet werden. Allerdings e16 - geben (5 10 Knospen) Embryonen die konsequentesten Ergebnisse für die ex vivo Kultur. </li><li> Sterilisieren Sie die ventral Seite der Maus unter Verwendung von 70% Ethanol. Pinch die Haut und machen einen Einschnitt an der Mittellinie mit sterilen chirurgischen Schere; schneiden durch die Haut und Bauchfell, die Bauchhöhle aus. Die 2 Uterushörner durch Schneiden entlang der Mesometrium an der Oberseite jedes Uterushorn und in kaltem PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) oder DMEM F12-Medium mit 100 U / ml Penicillin und 100 ug / ml Streptomycin ergänzt. </li><li> Mit einer Pinzette (# 5), zu entfernen Embryonen aus den Fruchtblasen und in einen zweiten sterilen Petrischale mit kaltem PBS. Seien Sie vorsichtig, um die Augen oder Kopfbereich nicht berühren. </li><li> Zeigen Embryo auf einem Binokular mit einer Durchleuchtung Basis. Wenn der Embryo &lt;e17, führen Sie die Schritte 1,5-1,7. Wenn Embryonen&gt; e17, diese Schritte können hilfreich sein, sind aber nicht unbedingt erforderlich, daher gehen Sie zu Schritt 1.8. </li><li> Sever den Kopf vom Rumpf knapp unter dem Unterkiefer (Schritt 1, Abbildung 2) Usinga sterilen Skalpell (# 10 Klinge). Drehen Sie den Kopf, so dass der Unterkiefer ist jetzt auf dem Seziertisch Platte. Verwenden einer Pinzette, um den Kopf und ein Skalpell, um etwa ¼ der dorsalen Seite des Gehirns (Schritt 2, 1. Schnitt, Abbildung 2) zu entfernen stabilisieren - dies ist besonders wichtig, wenn Knorpel versteift rund e15. </li><li> Richten Sie den Kopf, so dass das Skalpell kann die Nase zwischen den Augen durchbohren. Machen Sie einen Schnitt durch die Mitte des Kopfes, so dass die Augen sind jetzt auf getrennten Hälften (Schritt 2, 2. Schnitt, Abbildung 2). </li><li> Mit Hilfe von zwei # 5 Zangen, nehmen Sie eine Hälfte des Kopfes und entfernen überschüssiges Gewebe (siehe Schritt 3, Abbildung 2). Achten Sie darauf, den Kopf so zu orientieren, das LG (in der unteren hinteren Ecke des Auges befindet) wird in diesem Entfernungsprozess verloren. Entfernen überschüssigen zerebralen, Knorpel und Nasengewebe umgibt und unter dem Auge. Da die Verschraubung an dieser Stelle kaum sichtbar, sicherzustellen, ist das Auge nach dem überschüssigen Gewebeentfernung t richtig orientierto nicht zu verlieren die Lage des LG. </li><li> Vorsichtig greifen die Haut von der hinteren, unteren Ecke des Auges mit beiden Zangen. Entfernen Sie die Haut vorsichtig abziehen offen mit der Pinzette, um die LG aussetzen. Verwenden Sie zusätzliche Beleuchtung oberhalb und unterhalb des Gewebes zu helfen visualisieren die LG. Hinweis: Das LG, unterscheidbar durch sein Aussehen als Knospe auf einem Kanal in einen dunkleren, Kondensmilch Mesenchym, sichtbar an dieser Stelle. </li><li> Vorsichtig beginnen zu LG und zugehörige Mesenchym (siehe Diagramm und Bilder) aus dem umgebenden Gewebe mit einer Pinzette, wobei Sie darauf achten das LG oder den angeschlossenen Kanal nicht zu greifen sezieren. Sobald die Drüse ist frei von dem umgebenden Gewebe, entfernen Sie vorsichtig die gesamte Drüse durch Ergreifen des Epithelien um die Augen an der Basis des LG Kanal. Achten Sie auf die umgebende Mesenchym das Epithel, das als kondensiertes Mesenchym in welche die Epithel stülpt beobachtet werden kann erhalten. HINWEIS: Einige zusätzliche Entfernung von tissue (jedoch kleine Knochenfragmente, Muskeln und Bindegewebe) kann notwendig sein, um zu vermeiden, Signalisierung / Wachstumsfaktoren aus dem benachbarten Gewebe. </li><li> Für Kultur, Ernte 4-5 Drüsen und die damit verbundenen Mesenchym pro Platte (LGs sind sofort nach Dissektion plattiert); Sammeln mindestens 14 Drüsen pro 100 &amp; mgr; l RNA-Lysepuffer für RT-PCR 6. </li></ol> 2. Bereiten Teller für Ex-vivo-Kultur Dieses Verfahren wird auf die für die Entwicklung von Speicheldrüsen 7,8, bezogen. <ol><li> Mit 200 &amp; mgr; l DMEM F12 Kulturmedium mit 50 &amp; mgr; g / ml Ascorbinsäure und 50 &amp; mgr; g / ml holo-Transferrin mit einem Glasboden-Mikrotiterplatten mit 50 mm Durchmesser Teller 7 (mit 100 U / ml Penicillin und 100 ug / ml Streptomycin). Hinweis: DMEM F12 wurde gewählt, da wir zuvor fand es Morphogenese in der embryonalen Speicheldrüse zu maximieren. </li><li> Float eine 13 mm PolycarbOnate Membranfilter mit 0,1 um Poren auf der Oberseite der Medien. </li><li> Optionaler Schritt: Verdünnen 3-D Laminin 1: 1 mit DMEM / F12, um eine Endkonzentration von 3 mg / ml zu (verwenden Sie 200 ul Pipette vorsichtig mischen; Zentrifuge für 1 min, wenn Blasenbildung). Werden 15 &amp; mgr; l dieser verdünnten 3-D Laminin zu filtern. Hinweis: Diese Verdünnung wurde als optimal für die Aufrechterhaltung der LG in seiner 3D-Zustand ohne Kompromisse epithelialen Verzweigung zu sein. Es ist jedoch nicht wesentlich für die Kultur von LG. </li><li> Zeigen 4-5 LG auf Filter oder in Laminin. Kultur LGs ex vivo für 24 - 48 h (Figur 3) oder fix mit 4% PFA für 20 min für eine weitere Analyse durch qPCR oder Immunfärbung (Abbildung 4). Für qPCR Analyse der embryonalen Drüsengewebe entnehmen Sie bitte Rebustini et al beziehen. 2011. Für Immunfluoreszenz-Analyse der embryonalen Drüsengewebe entnehmen Sie bitte den folgenden Zitaten: Hoffman et al, (2002) und Steinberg e.t al., (2005). </li></ol> 3. Maus Postnatale und Erwachsenentränendrüsen (LG): Dissection <ol><li> Euthanize der postnatalen Maus nach Normen geeigneten Tierethikausschuss. Für die postnatale Welpen Tag 8 oder jünger, einschläfern durch Abtrennen des Kopfes mit einer sterilen Schere. Für postnatalen Tag 8 oder älter, Spray Fell mit 70% Ethanol. </li><li> Um die LG zu finden, lag der Maus seitlich von oben Seite nach oben unter einem Binokular mit Beleuchtung. Hinweis: Die postnatale und Erwachsenen LG werden durch die Halsschlagader, M. masseter und der Dermis (siehe Abbildung 5) begrenzt. </li><li> Mit kleinen Dissektion Schere, machen kleinen Einschnitt in der Epidermis seitlich von dem die LG befinden soll. </li><li> Mit einer Pinzette, öffnen Sie die Epidermis in Richtung Ohr, um den LG aussetzen. </li><li> Verwenden einer Pinzette vorsichtig lockern LG vom umgebenden Gewebe. </li><li> Sobald das LG wird vom umgebenden Gewebe freigesetzt wird, entfernen Sie vorsichtig das LG durch den Kanal,durch Ergreifen wobei der Kanal und die Epithelien Umgebung des Auges zu verbinden (Figur 1). </li><li> Platzieren LGS RNA Lysepuffer für RT-PCR, oder fix mit 4% PFA für 20 min zur Immunfärbung. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Liu, K. C., Huynh, K., Grubbs, J., Davis, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoimmunity+in+the+pathogenesis+and+treatment+of+keratoconjunctivitis+sicca.">Autoimmunity in the pathogenesis and treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca.</a> Current allergy and asthma reports. 14, 403 (2014).</li><li>Makarenkova, H. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FGF10+is+an+inducer+and+Pax6+a+competence+factor+for+lacrimal+gland+development.">FGF10 is an inducer and Pax6 a competence factor for lacrimal gland development.</a> Development. 127, 2563-2572 (2000).</li><li>Dartt, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+regulation+of+lacrimal+gland+secretory+processes:+relevance+in+dry+eye+diseases.">Neural regulation of lacrimal gland secretory processes: relevance in dry eye diseases.</a> Progress in retinal and eye research. 28, 155-177 (2009).</li><li>Nigam, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concise+review:+can+the+intrinsic+power+of+branching+morphogenesis+be+used+for+engineering+epithelial+tissues+and+organs.">Concise review: can the intrinsic power of branching morphogenesis be used for engineering epithelial tissues and organs.</a> Stem cells translational medicine. 2, 993-1000 (2013).</li><li>Qu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycosaminoglycan-dependent+restriction+of+FGF+diffusion+is+necessary+for+lacrimal+gland+development.">Glycosaminoglycan-dependent restriction of FGF diffusion is necessary for lacrimal gland development.</a> Development. 139, 2730-2739 (2012).</li><li>Rebustini, I. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MT2-MMP-dependent+release+of+collagen+IV+NC1+domains+regulates+submandibular+gland+branching+morphogenesis.">MT2-MMP-dependent release of collagen IV NC1 domains regulates submandibular gland branching morphogenesis.</a> Developmental cell. 17, 482-493 (2009).</li><li>Hoffman, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+Expression+Profiles+of+Mouse+Submandibular+Gland+Development:+FGFR1+Regulates+Branching+Morphogenesis+in+Vitro+Through+BMP-+and+FGF-Dependent+Mechanisms.">Gene Expression Profiles of Mouse Submandibular Gland Development: FGFR1 Regulates Branching Morphogenesis in Vitro Through BMP- and FGF-Dependent Mechanisms.</a> Development. 129, 24-5778 (2002).</li><li>Steinberg, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FGFR2b+signaling+regulates+ex+vivo+submandibular+gland+epithelial+cell+proliferation+and+branching+morphogenesis.">FGFR2b signaling regulates ex vivo submandibular gland epithelial cell proliferation and branching morphogenesis.</a> Development. 132, 1223-1234 (2005).</li><li>Knox, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Parasympathetic innervation maintains epithelial progenitor cells during salivary organogenesis. 329, 1645-1647 (2010).</li><li>Magenheim, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+vessels+restrain+pancreas+branching,+differentiation+and+growth.">Blood vessels restrain pancreas branching, differentiation and growth.</a> Development. 138, 4743-4752 (2011).</li><li>Jaskoll, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FGF10/FGFR2b+signaling+plays+essential+roles+during+in+vivo+embryonic+submandibular+salivary+gland+morphogenesis.">FGF10/FGFR2b signaling plays essential roles during in vivo embryonic submandibular salivary gland morphogenesis.</a> BMC developmental biology. 5, 11 (2005).</li><li>Takasato, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directing+human+embryonic+stem+cell+differentiation+towards+a+renal+lineage+generates+a+self-organizing+kidney.">Directing human embryonic stem cell differentiation towards a renal lineage generates a self-organizing kidney.</a> Nature cell biology. 16, 118-126 (2014).</li><li>Knox, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parasympathetic+stimulation+improves+epithelial+organ+regeneration.">Parasympathetic stimulation improves epithelial organ regeneration.</a> Nature communications. 4, 1494 (2013).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

Die Vielseitigkeit der Kultur und manipulieren das LG ex vivo bietet erhebliche Vorteile für das Studium ihrer Entwicklung. Dies schließt die Geschwindigkeit, mit der sich der Forscher in der Lage, Hypothesen und die Vielzahl von Störungen, die ausgeführt ist, um zu beurteilen, wie Epithelzellen, neuronale, Endothel- und mesencyhmal Zellen interagieren, um das Organ zu bilden, zu testen. Es gibt jedoch eine Reihe von Einschränkungen bei der Nutzung dieses Modell. Erstens durch seine Isolierung die Drüse n...

Die Tränendrüse (LG) ist für wässrige Tränensekretion kritisch für die Sehschärfe und die Gesundheit, Pflege und zum Schutz der Zellen der Augenoberfläche verantwortlich. LG Dysfunktion führt zu einer der häufigsten und schwächenden Augenerkrankungen: wässrige mangel Trockenen Auges, die durch Augenreizung, Lichtempfindlichkeit auszeichnet und verminderte Sicht ein. Im menschlichen LG liegt in der Umlaufbahn über dem seitlichen Ende des Auges in dem 3 - 5 Werkausführungsgänge Ablagerung Tränen auf der Augenoberfläche. Die Maus verfügt über drei Paare von großen Augendrüsen, die am meisten untersuchte, von denen ist die Tränendrüse (LG) befindet vorderen und ventralen zum Ohr (exorbital) mit Tränen über einen einzigen Ausführungsgang Reisen in das Auge. Ähnlich wie bei anderen Drüsenorgane entwickelt das LG durch den Prozess der epithelialen Verzweigung Morphogenese bei dem eine einzelne epitheliale Knospe innerhalb eines kondensierten Mesenchym erfährt mehrere Runden von Knospe und Kanalbildung fürm eine komplizierte Verbundnetz von sekretorischen Acini und Leitungen (1) 2. Während der Entwicklung des Epithels vaskularisiert sowie stark von den parasympathischen Nerven des Ganglion pterygopalatinum und in geringerem Maße von der überlegenen zervikalen Ganglion 3 innerviert durch sympathische Nerven. Wechselwirkungen zwischen jedem dieser Zelltypen, dh neuronale, Epithelzellen, Endothelzellen und mesenchymalen Zellen, sind für die Funktion und Wartung der adulten Geweben. Allerdings bleibt die zugrundeliegenden molekularen Mechanismen koordiniere LG Entwicklung und Regeneration und wie Inter-Zellen-Typ-Kommunikation führt diese Prozesse unklar. Das Aufkommen von embryonalen ex vivo Kulturtechniken hat die Identifizierung von Entwicklungs- und Regenerationswege in mehreren verzweigenden Organe 4 erlaubt. Züchten ex vivo gibt dem Forscher die Möglichkeit, die Orgel mich zu manipulieren (mechanisch, genetische oder chemische) unter definierten Bedingungen sowie die Organentwicklung und Zell-Zell-Wechselwirkungen in Echtzeit zu charakterisieren. Die exorbital LG der Maus ist sehr gut für diese Technik und neuere Studien haben festgelegt, Signalsysteme, die ihre Entwicklung 2,5 regulieren. Doch trotz der Notwendigkeit, Signalstoffe zugrunde LG Entwicklung und Regeneration zu verstehen, momentan bleibt wenig erforschten, wahrscheinlich aufgrund der technischen Schwierigkeiten bei der Isolierung des Organs. In diesem Beitrag beschreiben wir, wie zu isolieren und zu führen ex vivo Kultur von embryonalen Maus-LG zu Entwicklungsprogramme definieren.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1767">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:428px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Catalog #.</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:997px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM/F12 without HEPES</td>
			<td>SH3027101</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>P0781</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Albumin solution from bovine serum</td>
			<td>A9576</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde 16% Solution</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>Diluted to 4% in 1X PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline 10X</td>
			<td>BP665-1</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline 1X</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Prepared from 10X stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">holo-Transferrin bovine</td>
			<td>T1283</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>25 mg/ml stock solution in water. Freeze single-use aliquots at -20C. Add to DMEM/F12 media to a final concentration of 50 ug/mL.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:428px;">L- Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)</td>
			<td>A4544</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>25 mg/ml stock solution in water. Freeze single-use aliquots at -20C. Add to DMEM/F12 media to a final concentration of 50 ug/mL.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BioLite 100mm Tissue Culture Treated Dishes</td>
			<td>130182</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>Non-tissue culture-treated plates can also be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereo Microscope with substage iluminator</td>
			<td>Stemi 2000</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Any stereo dissecting microscope can be used that has a transmitted light base.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Substage Illuminator Base for Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>TLB 4000</td>
			<td>Diagnostics Instruments, Inc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Falcon 35mm Tissue Culture Treated Dishes</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>Non-tissue culture-treated plates can also be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50mm uncoated glass bottom dishes</td>
			<td>P50G-1.5-14-F</td>
			<td>MatTek Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:428px;">Widefield fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Axio Observer Z1</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>Any fluorescence microscope (upright, inverted or stereo dissecting microscope) can be used to monitor GFP expression at low magnification with an attached 
			digital camera.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>TCS SP5</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td>Confocal microscopy is necessary to see detailed cell structures. Any confocal microscope can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ideal for harvesting glands from embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SWISS Micro-Fine Forceps, #5 (11.2cm)</td>
			<td>17-305X</td>
			<td>Integra LifeSciences Corporation</td>
			<td>Fine tips are required for removing mesenchyme from epithelium. Tungsten needles can also be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dumont Standard Tip Forceps, #5 (11cm)</td>
			<td>91150-20</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools (USA), Inc.</td>
			<td>Ideal for harvesting glands from embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Reusable Plastic Surgical Knife Handles, style no. 3.</td>
			<td>4-30</td>
			<td colspan="2">Integra LifeSciences Corporation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stainless Steel Sterile Surgical Blades, no. 10</td>
			<td>4-310</td>
			<td colspan="2">Integra LifeSciences Corporation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNAqueous-Micro Total RNA Isolation Kit</td>
			<td>AM1931</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cultrex 3D Culture Matrix Laminin I</td>
			<td>3446-005-01</td>
			<td>Trevigen</td>
			<td>6 mg/ml stock diluted 1:1 with DMEM/F12</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:428px;">Timed-pregnant Crl:CD1(ICR) mice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Charles River Labs</td>
			<td>Embryos are harvested on day 14 (with day of plug discovery designated as day 0).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nucleopore Track-Etched Hydrophilic Membranes, 0.1 um pre size, 13mm</td>
			<td>110405</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Timed-pregnant Pax6-Cre,GFP mice</td>
			<td>Tg(Pax-Cre, GFP)1Pgr</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>Optional mice for learning how to locate the LG.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

manipulating the murine lacrimal gland

Die Tränendrüse (LG) sezerniert wäßrigen Tränen zur Aufrechterhaltung von Struktur und Funktion der Hornhaut, ein transparentes Gewebe wichtig für das Sehvermögen erforderlich. Im menschlichen einen einzigen LG liegt in der Umlaufbahn über dem seitlichen Ende eines jeden Auges liefern Tränen auf die Augenoberfläche über 3 - 5 Werkkanäle. Die Maus verfügt über drei Paare von großen Augendrüsen, die am meisten untersuchte, von denen ist die exorbital Tränendrüse (LG) befindet vorderen und ventralen an das Ohr. Ähnlich wie bei anderen Drüsenorgane entwickelt das LG durch den Prozess der epithelialen Verzweigung Morphogenese bei dem eine einzelne epitheliale Knospe innerhalb eines kondensierten Mesenchym erfährt mehrere Runden von Knospe und Kanalbildung, um eine komplizierte Verbundnetz von sekretorischen Acini und Kanäle bilden. Diese aufwendigen Verfahren wurde auch in vielen anderen epithelialen Organen wie der Bauchspeicheldrüse und der Speicheldrüse dokumentiert. Allerdings hat das LG viel weniger erforscht und die Mechanismen, die Morphogenese sind schlecht unterstand. Wir vermuten, dass diese Unterrepräsentanz als Modellsystem ist eine Folge der Schwierigkeiten bei der Suche, Präparieren und Kultivieren der LG verbunden. So beschreiben wir Dissektion Techniken für die Ernte embryonalen und postnatalen LG und Methoden für die ex vivo Kultur des Gewebes.

Das LG entwickelt sich durch den Prozess der epithelialen Verzweigung Morphogenese. Hell Bilder embryonaler LGs bei e14, e15, e16, e17 und P2 seziert illustrieren diese Veranstaltung. <img alt="Figur 1" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51970/51970fig1highres.jpg" width="600" /> Abbildung 1. Das LG entwickelt sich durch den Prozess der epithelialen Verzweigung Morphogenese. Hell Bilder embryonaler LGs frisch bei e14, e15...

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Manipulating the Murine Lacrimal Gland

Die Tränendrüse (LG) ist ein Verzweigungs Organ, das die wässrigen Bestandteile der Tränen notwendig für die Aufrechterhaltung der Vision und Augengesundheit produziert. Hier beschreiben wir murine LG Dissektion und ex vivo Kulturtechniken zu entziffern Signalwege in LG Entwicklung beteiligt.

Manipulation der Murine Lakrimal

The lacrimal gland (LG) secretes aqueous tears necessary for maintaining the structure and function of the cornea, a transparent tissue essential for ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

20.7K Aufrufe.  University of California San Francisco.  Die Tränendrüse (LG) ist ein Verzweigungs Organ, das die wässrigen Bestandteile der Tränen notwendig für die Aufrechterhaltung der Vision und Augengesundheit produziert. Hier beschreiben wir murine LG Dissektion und ex vivo Kulturtechniken zu entziffern Signalwege in LG Entwicklung beteiligt. 

Serie: Manipulating the Murine Lacrimal Gland

Silicon Microchips for Manipulating Cell-cell Interaction

The role of the cellular microenvironment is recognized as crucial in determining cell fate and function in virtually all mammalian tissues from development to malignant transformation.&nbsp; In particular, interaction with neighboring stroma has been implicated in a plethora of biological phenomena; however, conventional techniques limit the ability to interrogate the spatial and dynamic elements of such interactions.
In Micromechanical Reconfigurable Culture (RC), we employ a micromachined silicon substrate with moving parts to dynamically control cell-cell interactions through mechanical repositioning. Previously, this method has been applied to investigate intercellular communication in co-cultures of hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells, demonstrating time-dependent interactions and a limited range for soluble signaling 1.
Here, we describe in detail the preparation and use of the RC system. We begin by demonstrating the handling of the device parts using tweezers, including actuating between the gap and contact configurations (cell populations separated by a narrow 80-&micro;m gap, or in direct intimate contact). Next, we detail the process of preparing the substrates for culture, and the multi-step cell seeding process required for obtaining confluent cell monolayers. Using live microscopy, we then illustrate real-time manipulation of cells between the different possible experimental configurations. Finally, we demonstrate the steps required in order to regenerate the device surface for reuse: toluene and piranha cleaning, polystyrene coating, and oxygen plasma treatment.

This article describes an experimental approach for dynamic regulation of cell-cell interactions between adherent cells on a micrometer scale. Manipulation of intercellular communication between hepatocytes and stromal cell is demonstrated. The developed platform enables investigation of cell-cell interactions in a variety of biological processes, including development and pathogenesis.

Silizium-Mikrochips zur Manipulation Zell-Zell-Interaktion

The role of the cellular microenvironment is recognized as crucial in determining cell fate and function in virtually all mammalian tissues from ...

Forschung

Biologie

Using Laser Tweezers For Manipulating Isolated Neurons In Vitro

In this paper and video, we describe the protocols used in our laboratory to study the targeting preferences of regenerating cell processes of adult retinal neurons in vitro. Procedures for preparing retinal cell cultures start with the dissection, digestion and trituration of the retina, and end with the plating of isolated retinal cells on dishes made especially for use with laser tweezers. These dishes are divided into a cell adhesive half and a cell repellant half. The cell adhesive side is coated with a layer of Sal-1 antibodies, which provide a substrate upon which our cells grow. Other adhesive substrates could be used for other cell types. The cell repellant side is coated with a thin layer of poly-HEMA. The cells plated on the poly-HEMA side of the dish are trapped with the laser tweezers, transported and then placed adjacent to a cell on the Sal-1 side to create a pair. Formation of cell groups of any size should be possible with this technique. "Laser-tweezers-controlled micromanipulation" means that the investigator can choose which cells to move, and the desired distance between the cells can be standardized. Because the laser beam goes through transparent surfaces of the culture dish, cell selection and placement are done in an enclosed, sterile environment. Cells can be monitored by video time-lapse and used with any cell biological technique required. This technique may help investigations of cell-cell interactions.

This video describes the manipulation of cultured neurons using laser tweezers in vitro.

Mit Laser-Pinzette zur Manipulation isolierter Neuronen In Vitro

In this paper and video, we describe the protocols used in our laboratory to study the targeting preferences of regenerating cell processes of adult ...

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell et al over 30 years ago (1) and refined by Zhang et al years later (2), few people in the world have mastered this procedure. In our laboratory we have successfully performed 1200 orthotopic kidney transplantations with &gt; 90% survival rate. The key points for success include stringent control of reperfusion injury, bleeding and thrombosis, both during the procedure and post-transplantation, and use of 10-0 instead of 11-0 suture for anastomoses.
Post-operative care and treatment of the recipient is extremely important to transplant success and evaluation. All renal graft recipients receive antibiotics in the form of an injection of penicillin immediately post-transplant and sulfatrim in the drinking water continually. Overall animal health is evaluated daily and whole blood creatinine analyses are performed routinely with a portable I-STAT machine to assess graft function.

Renal transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure that requires careful post-operative care and treatment for success.

Murine Renal Transplantation

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell ...

Isolation of Mouse Salivary Gland Stem Cells

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of saliva into the oral cavity. Serous and mucous acinar cells are the protein and mucous producing factories of the gland respectively, and represent the origin of saliva production. Once synthesised, the various enzymatic and other proteinaceous components of saliva are secreted through a series of ductal cells bearing epithelial-type morphology, until the eventual expulsion of the saliva through one major duct into the cavity of the mouth. The composition of saliva is also modified by the ductal cells during this process.
In the manifestation of diseases such as Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome, and in some clinical situations such as radiotherapy treatment for head and neck cancers, saliva production by the glands is dramatically reduced 1,2. The resulting xerostomia, a subjective feeling of dry mouth, affects not only the ability of the patient to swallow and speak, but also encourages the development of dental caries and can be socially debilitating for the sufferer.
The restoration of saliva production in the above-mentioned clinical conditions therefore represents an unmet clinical need, and as such several studies have demonstrated the regenerative capacity of the salivary glands 3-5. Further to the isolation of stem cell-like populations of cells from various tissues within the mouse and human bodies 6-8, we have shown using the described method that stem cells isolated from mouse salivary glands can be used to rescue saliva production in irradiated salivary glands 9,10. This discovery paves the way for the development of stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of xerostomic conditions in humans, and also for the exploration of the salivary gland as a microenvironment containing cells with multipotent self-renewing capabilities.

An optimized protocol for the isolation of stem cells from the mouse salivary gland is described. The method employs enzymatic and mechanical digestion, and permits isolation of salispheres containing cells with characteristics of stem cells.

Isolierung von Maus Speicheldrüsen Stem Cells

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of ...

Genetic Modification and Recombination of Salivary Gland Organ Cultures

Branching morphogenesis occurs during the development of many organs, and the embryonic mouse submandibular gland (SMG) is a classical model for the study of branching morphogenesis. In the developing SMG, this process involves iterative steps of epithelial bud and duct formation, to ultimately give rise to a complex branched network of acini and ducts, which serve to produce and modify/transport the saliva, respectively, into the oral cavity1-3. The epithelial-associated basement membrane and aspects of the mesenchymal compartment, including the mesenchyme cells, growth factors and the extracellular matrix, produced by these cells, are critical to the branching mechanism, although how the cellular and molecular events are coordinated remains poorly understood 4. The study of the molecular mechanisms driving epithelial morphogenesis advances our understanding of developmental mechanisms and provides insight into possible regenerative medicine approaches. Such studies have been hampered due to the lack of effective methods for genetic manipulation of the salivary epithelium. Currently, adenoviral transduction represents the most effective method for targeting epithelial cells in adult glands in vivo5. However, in embryonic explants, dense mesenchyme and the basement membrane surrounding the epithelial cells impedes viral access to the epithelial cells. If the mesenchyme is removed, the epithelium can be transfected using adenoviruses, and epithelial rudiments can resume branching morphogenesis in the presence of Matrigel or laminin-1116,7. Mesenchyme-free epithelial rudiment growth also requires additional supplementation with soluble growth factors and does not fully recapitulate branching morphogenesis as it occurs in intact glands8. Here we describe a technique which facilitates adenoviral transduction of epithelial cells and culture of the transfected epithelium with associated mesenchyme. Following microdissection of the embryonic SMGs, removal of the mesenchyme, and viral infection of the epithelium with a GFP-containing adenovirus, we show that the epithelium spontaneously recombines with uninfected mesenchyme, recapitulating intact SMG glandular structure and branching morphogenesis. The genetically modified epithelial cell population can be easily monitored using standard fluorescence microscopy methods, if fluorescently-tagged adenoviral constructs are used. The tissue recombination method described here is currently the most effective and accessible method for transfection of epithelial cells with a wild-type or mutant vector within a complex 3D tissue construct that does not require generation of transgenic animals.

A technique to genetically manipulate epithelial cells within whole ex vivo cultured embryonic mouse submandibular glands (SMGs) using viral gene transfer is described. This method takes advantage of the innate ability of SMG epithelium and mesenchyme to spontaneously recombine after separation and infection of epithelial rudiments with adenoviral vectors.

Genetic Modification und Rekombination von Speicheldrüsen Organkulturen

Branching  morphogenesis occurs during the development of many organs, and the embryonic  mouse submandibular gland (SMG) is a classical model for the ...

Intraductal Injection for Localized Drug Delivery to the Mouse Mammary Gland

Herein we describe a protocol to deliver various reagents to the mouse mammary gland via intraductal injections. Localized drug delivery and knock-down of genes within the mammary epithelium has been difficult to achieve due to the lack of appropriate targeting molecules that are independent of developmental stages such as pregnancy and lactation. Herein, we describe a technique for localized delivery of reagents to the mammary gland at any stage in adulthood via intraductal injection into the nipples of mice. The injections can be performed on live mice, under anesthesia, and allow for a non-invasive and localized drug delivery to the mammary gland. Furthermore, the injections can be repeated over several months without damaging the nipple. Vital dyes such as Evans Blue are very helpful to learn the technique. Upon intraductal injection of the blue dye, the entire ductal tree becomes visible to the eye. Furthermore, fluorescently labeled reagents also allow for visualization and distribution within the mammary gland. This technique is adaptable for a variety of compounds including siRNA, chemotherapeutic agents, and small molecules.

A protocol for the non-invasive intraductal delivery of aqueous reagents to the mouse mammary gland is described. The method takes advantage of localized injection into the nipples of mammary glands targeting mammary ducts specifically. This technique is adaptable for a variety of compounds including siRNA, chemotherapeutic agents and small molecules.

Intraduktale Injection für Lokalisierte Drug Delivery auf die Maus Milchdrüse

Herein we describe a protocol to deliver various reagents to the mouse mammary gland via intraductal injections. Localized drug delivery and knock-down of ...

Isolation of Murine Valve Endothelial Cells

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and surrounded by a monolayer of valve endothelial cells (VECs). VECs play essential roles in establishing the valve structures during embryonic development, and are important for maintaining life-long valve integrity and function. In contrast to a continuous endothelium over the surface of healthy valve leaflets, VEC disruption is commonly observed in malfunctioning valves and is associated with pathological processes that promote valve disease and dysfunction. Despite the clinical relevance, focused studies determining the contribution of VECs to development and disease processes are limited. The isolation of VECs from animal models would allow for cell-specific experimentation. VECs have been isolated from large animal adult models but due to their small population size, fragileness, and lack of specific markers, no reports of VEC isolations in embryos or adult small animal models have been reported. Here we describe a novel method that allows for the direct isolation of VECs from mice at embryonic and adult stages. Utilizing the Tie2-GFP reporter model that labels all endothelial cells with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), we have been successful in isolating GFP-positive (and negative) cells from the semilunar and atrioventricular valve regions using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Isolated GFP-positive VECs are enriched for endothelial markers, including CD31 and von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and retain endothelial cell expression when cultured; while, GFP-negative cells exhibit molecular profiles and cell shapes consistent with VIC phenotypes. The ability to isolate embryonic and adult murine VECs allows for previously unattainable molecular and functional studies to be carried out on a specific valve cell population, which will greatly improve our understanding of valve development and disease mechanisms.

The ability to isolate heart valve endothelial cells (VECs) is critical for understanding mechanisms of valve development, maintenance, and disease. Here we describe the isolation of VECs from embryonic and adult Tie2-GFP mice using FACS that will allow for studies determining the contribution of VECs in developmental and disease processes.

Isolierung von murinen Ventil Endothelzellen

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and ...

Isolation of Murine Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs from the coronary circulation. Hearts with intact aortic arches were removed and perfused via retrograde Langendorff with digestion solution containing 300 Units/ml of collagenase type II, 0.1 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor and 1 M CaCl2. The perfusates were collected at 15 min intervals for 90 min, pelleted by centrifugation, resuspended in plating media, and plated on tissue culture dishes. VSMCs were characterized by presence of SM22&#945;, &#945;-SMA, and vimentin. One of the main advantages of using this technique is the ability to isolate VSMCs from the coronary circulation of mice. Although the small number of cells obtained can limit some of the applications for which the cells can be utilized, isolated coronary VSMCs can be used in a variety of well-established cell culture techniques and assays. Studies investigating VSMCs from genetically modified mice can provide further information about structure-function and signaling processes associated with vascular pathologies.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the isolation and culture techniques of murine primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the coronary circulation. Once VSMCs have been isolated, they can be used for many standard culture techniques.

Die Isolierung von murinen Coronary glatten Gefäßmuskelzellen

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs ...

Bovine Mammary Gland Biopsy Techniques

Bovine mammary gland biopsies allow researchers to collect tissue samples to study cell biology including gene expression, histological analysis, signaling pathways, and protein translation. This article describes two techniques for biopsy of the bovine mammary gland (MG). Three healthy Holstein dairy cows were the subjects. Before biopsies, cows were milked and subsequently restrained in a cattle chute. An analgesic (flunixin meglumine, 1.1 to 2.2 mg/kg of body weight) was administered via jugular intravenous [IV] injection 15-20 min prior to biopsy. For standing sedation, xylazine hydrochloride (0.01-0.05 mg/kg of body weight) was injected via the coccygeal vessels 5-10 min before the procedure. Once adequately sedated, the biopsy site was aseptically prepared and locally anaesthetized with 6 mL of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride via subcutaneous injection. Using aseptic technique, a 2 to 3 cm vertical incision was made using a number 10 scalpel. Core and needle biopsy tools were used. The core biopsy tool was attached to a cordless drill and inserted into the MG tissue through the incision using a clock-wise drill action. The needle biopsy tool was manually inserted into the incision site. Immediately after the procedure, an assistant applied pressure on the incision site for 20 to 25 min using a sterile towel to achieve hemostasis. Stainless steel surgical staples were used to oppose the skin incision. The staples were removed 10 days post-procedure. The main advantages of core and needle biopsies is that both approaches are minimally invasive procedures that can be safely performed in healthy cows. Milk yield following the biopsy was unaffected. These procedures require a short recovery time and result in fewer risks of complications. Specific limitations may include bleeding after the biopsy and infection on the biopsy site. Applications of these techniques include tissue collection for clinical diagnosis and research purposes, such as primary cell culture.

This article presents a bovine mammary gland biopsy using core and needle biopsy tools. Harvested tissue can be used for cell culture or to assess mammary physiology and metabolism including gene expression, protein expression, protein modifications, immunohistochemistry, and metabolite concentrations.

Bovine Brustdrüse Biopsie-Techniken

Bovine mammary gland biopsies allow researchers to collect tissue samples to study cell biology including gene expression, histological analysis, ...

Isolation of Myoepithelial Cells from Adult Murine Lacrimal and Submandibular Glands

The lacrimal gland (LG) is an exocrine tubuloacinar gland that secretes an aqueous layer of tear film. The LG epithelial tree is comprised of acinar, ductal epithelial, and myoepithelial cells (MECs). MECs express alpha smooth muscle actin (&#945;SMA) and have a contractile function. They are found in multiple glandular organs and are of ectodermal origin. In addition, the LG contains SMA+ vascular smooth muscle cells of endodermal origin called pericytes: contractile cells that envelop the surface of vascular tubes. A new protocol allows us to isolate both MECs and pericytes from adult murine LGs and submandibular glands (SMGs). The protocol is based on the genetic labeling of MECs and pericytes using the SMACreErt2/+:Rosa26-TdTomatofl/fl mouse strain, followed by preparation of the LG single-cell suspension for fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The protocol allows for the separation of these two cell populations of different origins based on the expression of the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) by MECs, whereas pericytes do not express EpCAM. Isolated cells could be used for cell cultivation or gene expression analysis.

The lacrimal gland (LG) has two cell types expressing &#945;-smooth muscle actin (&#945;SMA): myoepithelial cells (MECs) and pericytes. MECs are of ectodermal origin, found in many glandular tissues, while pericytes are vascular smooth muscle cells of endodermal origin. This protocol isolates MECs and pericytes from murine LGs.

Isolierung von myepithelialen Zellen aus der Urmorine, Lacrimal und Submandibular Drüsen

The lacrimal gland (LG) is an exocrine tubuloacinar gland that secretes an aqueous layer of tear film. The LG epithelial tree is comprised of acinar, ...