Biz Annie B. Kristensen, Elisabeth V. Andersen, Belinda B. Bringtoft ve Deneysel Tıp, Frederiksberg Kampüsü, Sağlık ve Tıp Bilimleri Fakültesi, Kopenhag, Danimarka Üniversitesi Bölümü&#39;nde hayvan bakıcıları maharetli yardım kabul. Jacob Lønholdt prosedürleri filme yaptığı mükemmel teknik yardım için teşekkür etti. Bu çalışma, in vivo Farmakoloji ve Kopenhag Üniversitesi LIFEPHARM Merkezi tarafından kısmen desteklenmiştir.

Gösterilen işlemleri Gıda, Tarım ve Balıkçılık Bakanlığı bünyesinde Danimarka Hayvan Deneyleri Müfettişliği tarafından onaylanan protokollere göre gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yanal safen veya Tarsal Ven 1. Kan Alınması <ol><li> Anestezi olmadan bu prosedürü ve bir araştırmacı, kobay ele biri olan ve bir örneği toplama yardım gerçekleştirin. </li><li> Damarlar görünür olana kadar bir elektrikli tıraş makinesi ile arka bacak tarsal bölge tıraş. Alan ponksiyon ile müdahale kürk önlemek için yeterince büyük olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> Bir ılık su banyosu içinde arka bacak yerleştirin ve yavaşça venler daha genişlemiş ve belirgin hale bacak ovmak. </li><li> Temiz bir havlu ile silin ve bacak gazlı bez veya% 70 alkol ile nemlendirilmiş bir pamuklu çubukla delinme siteyi dezenfekte. </li><li> Kobay dizginlemek ve hemen diz eklem t yukarıda nazik bir basınç uygularken aşağı arka bacak uzatmakO durağanlığı sağlar. </li><li> 21 G iğne veya neşter kullanarak ven delinme. Kan örneğin toplayın., Bir koleksiyon veya kılcal tüp kullanarak. Yavaşça kan akışını yardım bacak manipüle. </li><li> Numune alındıktan sonra, durağanlık bırakın. Kanama durana kadar ponksiyon hafif basınç ile gazlı bez veya pamuk parçası uygulayın. </li><li> Hemostaz sağlamak için 5-10 dakika için kendi kafesine ve monitöre hayvan dönün. </li></ol> Kulak damarından 2. Kan Alınması <ol><li> Bir arkadaşımızın yardımı ile tek başına ya da tercihen anestezi olmadan bu işlemi gerçekleştirin. </li><li> Tül veya% 70 alkol ile nemlendirilmiş bir pamuklu çubuk kullanarak kulağın dorsal yüzeyini dezenfekte edin. </li><li> Durağanlığı sağlamak için kulak tabanına hafif bir basınç uygulayın. </li><li> 21 G iğne veya neşter kullanarak ven delinme ve kan toplamak. </li><li> , Staz bırakın örnek elde edildikten sonra, ge ile gazlı bez veya pamuk parçası uygulayınKanama kadar ponksiyon ntle basınç durdu. </li><li> Hemostaz sağlamak için 5-10 dakika için kendi kafesine ve monitöre hayvan dönün. </li></ol> Boyun Ven 3. Kan Alınması <ol><li> Bir ek araştırmacının yardımıyla kullanarak bu işlemi yürütmek; bir kobay işleme ve bir numune alınması. </li><li> Bu prosedürün süresi boyunca uygun bir anestezi ile kobay Anesteziyoloji. Tiletamine bir karışımı (0.93 mg / kg), zolazepam (0.93 mg / kg), ksilazin (1.49 mg / kg) ve butorfanol (0.06 mg / kg) kullanılabilir. </li><li> Sırtında anestezi kobay yerleştirin ve yavaşça kaudal ön ayaklarını geri çekin. </li><li> Tıraş ve dezenfekte (örneğin,.,% 70 alkol), boynun ventral parçası. </li><li> Coat pıhtılaşma riskini azaltmak amacıyla heparin veya EDTA örnekleme öncesinde biriyle şırınga. </li><li> Iğne 1 ml şırınga ap monte (23 G veya) klavikulayı palpe ve 25 G eklemekk 1 cm omuz eklemi hizasında lateral. Hafif bir alçak basınç uygulanarak bir hafif bir yükseliş ve medial açıda şırınga tutun. Juguler ven oldukça yüzeysel bulunmaktadır olarak altta yatan yapılara zarar kaçının. Venin artan durağanlığı sağlamak için hafifçe geriye doğru kobay boyun eğin. </li><li> Kan örneği elde edilir, ön bacaklar bırakın ve iğne çekilmeden önce stasisi iyileştirmeye. Ponksiyon hafif bir basınç uygulamak için gazlı bez veya pamuk kuru bir parça kullanın. </li><li> Bir kurtarma kafesine hayvan dönün ve anestezi hemostaz ve iyileşme sağlamak için izlemek. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>DeOgburn, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+increased+dietary+cholesterol+with+carbohydrate+restriction+on+hepatic+lipid+metabolism+in+Guinea+pigs.">Effects of increased dietary cholesterol with carbohydrate restriction on hepatic lipid metabolism in Guinea pigs.</a> Comp.Med. 62 (2), 109-115 (2012).</li><li>Fernandez, M., Volek, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guinea+pigs+a+suitable+animal+model+to+study+lipoprotein+metabolism,+atherosclerosis+and+inflammation.">Guinea pigs a suitable animal model to study lipoprotein metabolism, atherosclerosis and inflammation.</a> Nutr Metab (Lond). 3 (17), (2006).</li><li>Frikke-Schmidt, H., Tveden-Nyborg, P., Birck, M. 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K., Halliwell, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+fat+diets+and+pathology+in+the+guinea+pig+Atherosclerosis+or+liver+damage.">High fat diets and pathology in the guinea pig Atherosclerosis or liver damage.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1832 (2), 355-364 (2013).</li><li>Tveden-Nyborg, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+vitamin+C+deficiency+during+pregnancy+persistently+impairs+hippocampal+neurogenesis+in+offspring+of+guinea+pigs.">Maternal vitamin C deficiency during pregnancy persistently impairs hippocampal neurogenesis in offspring of guinea pigs.</a> PLoS One. 7 (10), 12-18391 (2012).</li><li>Schjoldager, J. G., Tveden-Nyborg, P., Lykkesfeldt, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+maternal+vitamin+C+deficiency+overrides+preferential+fetal+ascorbate+transport+but+does+not+influence+perinatal+survival+in+guinea+pigs.">Prolonged maternal vitamin C deficiency overrides preferential fetal ascorbate transport but does not influence perinatal survival in guinea pigs.</a> Br J Nutr. 110 (9), 1573-1579 (2013).</li><li>Greulich, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secretory+products+of+guinea+pig+epicardial+fat+induce+insulin+resistance+and+impair+primary+adult+rat+cardiomyocyte+function.">Secretory products of guinea pig epicardial fat induce insulin resistance and impair primary adult rat cardiomyocyte function.</a> J Cell Mol Med. 15 (11), 2399-2410 (2011).</li><li>Swifka, J., Weiss, J., Addicks, K., Eckel, J., Rosen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epicardial+fat+from+guinea+pig+a+model+to+study+the+paracrine+network+of+interactions+between+epicardial+fat+and+myocardium.">Epicardial fat from guinea pig a model to study the paracrine network of interactions between epicardial fat and myocardium.</a> Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 22 (2), 107-114 (2008).</li><li>Pilny, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+hematology+of+rodent+species.">Clinical hematology of rodent species.</a> Vet.Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 11 (3), 523-vii (2008).</li><li>Franco, N. H., Olsson, I. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scientists+and+the+3Rs:+attitudes+to+animal+use+in+biomedical+research+and+the+effect+of+mandatory+training+in+laboratory+animal+science.">Scientists and the 3Rs: attitudes to animal use in biomedical research and the effect of mandatory training in laboratory animal science.</a> Lab Anim. 48 (1), 50-60 (2014).</li><li>Van, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=eAssessing+the+application+of+the+3Rs+a+survey+among+animal+welfare+officers+in+The+Netherlands.">eAssessing the application of the 3Rs a survey among animal welfare officers in The Netherlands.</a> Lab Anim. 47 (3), 210-219 (2013).</li><li>Sloan, R. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+doses+of+ketamine-xylazine+anesthesia+reduce+cardiac+ischemia-reperfusion+injury+in+guinea+pigs.">High doses of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia reduce cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury in guinea pigs.</a> J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 50 (3), 349-354 (2011).</li><li>Jacobson, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+anaesthetic+regimen+for+surgical+procedures+in+guinea+pigs.">A novel anaesthetic regimen for surgical procedures in guinea pigs.</a> Lab Anim. 35 (3), 271-276 (2001).</li><li>Saha, J. K., Xia, J., Grondin, J. M., Engle, S. K., Jakubowski, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+hyperglycemia+induced+by+ketamine+xylazine+anesthesia+in+rats+mechanisms+and+implications+for+preclinical+models.">Acute hyperglycemia induced by ketamine xylazine anesthesia in rats mechanisms and implications for preclinical models.</a> Exp Biol Med(Maywood). 230 (10), 777-784 (2005).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok. Tüm prosedürler Avrupa Sözleşmesi ETS 123 Kurulu Kararı gereğince Danimarka&#39;nın Hayvan Deneyleri Yasası, tarafından kabul edildi.

Fareler ve sıçanlar ile karşılaştırıldığında, kobay doğası gereği korku ve sakince yaklaştı ve stresi azaltmak için doğru ele alınması gerekir. Görünümünde bir hayvan refahı açısından, dikkatle hareket doğal bir önceliktir; Bununla birlikte, bu da,. toplanan veriler örneğin anksiyete ile ilişkili etkilerin riskini azaltmak kortikosteroid artmış kan glikoz düzeyleri ve 12 olacaktır. Aynı şekilde, günlük kullanım normal prosedürler için hayvanları alıştıra...

Kobay nedeniyle vitamin C, insan plasenta ile enzim ve lipoprotein profillerini yanı sıra ortak benzerlik metabolize benzer plazma lipoprotein bir besin kaynağı için bir gereklilik olarak, insanlarda biyolojik benzerlikler bir dizi değerli ve valide deneysel hayvan modelidir Prenatal gelişim 1-3,7,8. Bu kobay gibi non-alkolik yağlı karaciğer hastalığı, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar ve C vitamini eksikliğinin varsayılan etkileri değil, aynı zamanda örneğin bir etkisi olarak diyet ilişkili hastalıkların etkilerinin araştırılması için bir çekici ve uygun bir model yapar., Anne diyet müdahale gelişmekte üzerinde değinilir. Tekrarlanan kan örnekleme çoğu zaman in vivo çalışmalar, hem uzun hem de kısa vadede gereklidir. Nedeniyle türe spesifik anatomik farklılıklara bağlı olarak örnekleme tekniği modülasyonunun diğer kemirgen modelleri ile karşılaştırıldığında, kobaylarda kan örneklerinin elde edilmesi için gerekli olan <sup&gt; 4,5. Böylece örnekleme ve taşıma hem de farklı gereksinimleri ve seçenekleri vardır, bu damarların ve arterlerin içerisinde değişiklik içerir ve aynı zamanda kobay bir kuyruk yok. Safen veya tarsal ven örnekleme, hayvan minimal rahatsızlık ve stres neden olur ve 3,9 anestezi gerektirmez. Bu teknik, kan (100-400 ul), örneğin, az miktarda numune tekrar sağlar., Plazmadaki biyokimyasal belirteçlerini. Daha küçük bir numune boyutu (50-100 ul) yeterli değilse, bu oldukça kolay kulak damarından iğne ile elde edilebilir. Bu teknik aynı zamanda bilinçli hayvanlarda gerçekleştirilen ve kan glukoz ölçümü, örneğin 10,11 için yararlıdır edilebilir. Şahdamarından Örnekleme kan daha büyük miktarda (1-2 ml) toplanması için izin verir ama anestezi gerektirir. Burada, biz bilinçli veya anestezi kobay biri için dört farklı kan örnekleme teknikleri sunuyoruz. Procedures olmayan tüm terminal prosedürler, laboratuar hayvanlarında 6 kan toplanması için kurallar aşmamak numune hacimleri ve örneklerin sayısını temin vardır. Bu stres minimumda tutulması gerektiğini hayvan refahı yanı sıra iyi bilim çıkarınadır. Sonuç olarak, sadece iyi eğitimli ve yetkin kişisel hayvan işlemleri yapmalıdır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="944">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:315px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Electric shaver</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Wella (Contura), Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">273207</td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Syringes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">B.Braun-Omnifix-F, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9161406V</td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Needles</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">BD Microlance,Spain</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">301156</td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Microvette collection tube&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Sarstedt, D-51588N&#252;mbrecht, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">201,288,100</td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Accu-Check analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Roche A/S Diagnostics, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Heparin 5000 IE/ml</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">LEO Pharma, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Anesthesia</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Zoletil 50, Chemvet, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Anesthesia</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Narcoxyl vet 20 mg/ml, Intervet, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Anesthesia</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Torbugesic vet 10 mg/ml, Scanvet, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Neutral eye ointment</td>
			<td style="width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gauze or a cotton swab&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Disinfectant (70% alcohol)</td>
			<td style="width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

non-terminal blood sampling techniques in guinea pigs

Kobaylar insanlara çeşitli biyolojik benzerliklere sahip ve deneysel hayvan modelleri 1-3 doğrulanır. Belirli metodoloji de çok az üzerinde Ancak, kobay kullanımı halen araştırma ve açıklayıcı veri, nispeten dar bir alanı temsil eder. Kobayların anatomik özellikleri, fare ve sıçanlara kıyasla,. Dolayısıyla örnekleme teknikleri modülasyonu, örneğin, türe özgü farklılıklar için yerleştirmek için, diğer kemirgen modellerinde farklı olmaktadır yeterli ve yüksek kalitede örnekleri elde etmek için gereklidir. In vivo çalışmalar hem uzun hem de kısa süreli sık sık örnekleme kan tekrarlanan gerektiren olarak tekniğinin seçimi de hayvanlarda stres ve rahatsızlığı azaltmak için düşünülmelidir ama aynı zamanda örneklem büyüklüğü ve ulaşılabilirlik gereksinimleri ile sağkalım yanı sıra uyum sağlamak için. Venöz kan örnekleri kobay gibi sitelerin bir dizi elde edilebilir., Safen ve şah damarınıvenler, hem avantajları ve dezavantajları içeren her tekniği 4,5. Burada, biz bilinçli veya anestezi kobay biri için dört farklı kan örnekleme teknikleri sunuyoruz. Prosedürler olmayan tüm terminal prosedürler, laboratuar hayvanlarında 6 kan toplanması için kurallar aşmamak numune hacimleri ve örneklerin sayısını temin vardır. Tüm tarif edilen yöntemler iyice test ve araştırma tesisi bünyesinde çalışmalar in vivo kan örneklemesi tekrarlanmıştır için uygulanmıştır.

Bilinçli ya da anestezi kobay ya olmayan terminal in vivo kan örnekleme tekniklerine dört farklı yaklaşımlar sunulmuştur. Şekil 1 kobay ve olası delinme sitelerinde yanal Safen ve tarsal ven seyrini göstermektedir. Gine domuzu kulağın arka yüzeyinde görülebilir Kulak damarları sadece çok az bir miktarı, gerekli olduğunda Bu damarlar kan örneği almak için kullanılabilir, Şekil 2&#39;de gösterilmiştir. Juguler kan numunesi almak için kobay konumu <stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-Terminal Blood Sampling Techniques in Guinea Pigs at JoVE.com

Non-Terminal Blood Sampling Techniques in Guinea Pigs

Bilinen bir modeli olsa da, kobay şu anda deneysel hayvan bilimleri bir niş temsil eder ve sınırlı veri çoğu prosedürlerin yürütülmesi mevcuttur. Burada bilinçli ya da anestezi kobay ya vivo kan örnekleme teknikleri terminal olmayan dört farklı yaklaşımlar sunuyoruz.

Kobaylardaki Sigara Terminal Kan Örnekleme Teknikleri

Guinea pigs possess several biological similarities to humans and are validated experimental animal models1-3. However, the use of guinea pigs currently ...

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37.2K Görüntüleme.  University of Copenhagen.  Bilinen bir modeli olsa da, kobay şu anda deneysel hayvan bilimleri bir niş temsil eder ve sınırlı veri çoğu prosedürlerin yürütülmesi mevcuttur. Burada bilinçli ya da anestezi kobay ya vivo kan örnekleme teknikleri terminal olmayan dört farklı yaklaşımlar sunuyoruz. 

Video: Non-Terminal Blood Sampling Techniques in Guinea Pigs

Optical Recording of Electrical Activity in Guinea-pig Enteric Networks using Voltage-sensitive Dyes

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a self-contained network with identified functions, capable of performing complex behaviors in isolation. Its neurons (10 to 25 &mu;m in diameter) are arranged in plexuses that are confined to distinct planes of the gut wall 1; the myenteric plexus can be found between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, and the submucous plexus between the circular muscle layer and the mucosa. Since the effector systems for these plexuses (transporting epithelium, endocrine cells, immune elements, blood vessels and smooth muscle) are also contained within the gut wall, semi-intact preparations can be dissected that preserve individual components of different reflex pathways. The behavior of the effector systems is controlled by the submucous and myenteric plexuses acting in concert. Therefore, detailed knowledge of synaptic interactions within and between ganglia, and of communication between the plexuses, is essential for understanding normal gastrointestinal function. The ENS, as an intact nervous system, is a unique experimental model in which one can correlate molecular and cellular events with the electrical behavior of the neuronal network and its physiological outputs. Because of the quasi-two-dimensional organization of its plexuses, the ENS is particularly well suited for the study of neural networks using multiple site optical recording techniques that employ voltage-sensitive dyes 2,7,8,9. We will illustrate here the use of a relatively new naphthylstyryl-pyridinium dye (di-4-ANEPPDHQ) 3 that offers multiple advantages over its predecessors, including very low phototoxicity, slow rate of internalization, and remarkable chemical stability. When used in conjunction with a camera that permits sub-millisecond time resolution, this dye allows us to monitor the electrical activity of all the neurons in the field of view with a maximal spatial resolution of ~ 2.5 &mu;m at 100X magnification. At lower magnification (10X or 20X), the sacrifice of single-cell resolution is compensated by a gain in perspective, revealing the intricacies of the inter-ganglionic circuitry.

This protocol illustrates how voltage-sensitive dyes enable optical recording of electrical activity from intact neural networks such as the plexuses of the guinea-pig enteric nervous system, with an adjustable resolution that ranges from single-cells to multi-ganglionic circuitry.

Gerilim duyarlı Boyalar kullanarak Gine domuzu Enterik Ağları Elektrik Faaliyet Optik Kayıt

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a self-contained network with identified functions, capable of performing complex behaviors in isolation. Its neurons ...

Biyoloji

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may also be used to study the structure-function relationship for other ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors1. BK channels are widely expressed in different tissues and have been implicated in many physiological functions, including regulation of smooth muscle contraction, frequency tuning of inner hair cells and regulation of neurotransmitter release2-6. BK channels are activated by membrane depolarization and by intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ 6-9. Therefore, the protocol is designed to control both the membrane voltage and the intracellular solution. In this protocol, messenger RNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes (stage V-VI) followed by 2-5 days of incubation at 18&deg;C10-13. Membrane patches that contain single or multiple BK channels are excised with the inside-out configuration using patch clamp techniques10-13. The intracellular side of the patch is perfused with desired solutions during recording so that the channel activation under different conditions can be examined. To summarize, the mRNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes to express channel proteins on the oocyte membrane; patch clamp techniques are used to record currents flowing through the channels under controlled voltage and intracellular solutions.

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Ionic current of BK channels is recorded using patch clamp techniques. BK channels are expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injecting messenger RNA. The intracellular solution during patch clamp recordings is controlled by a perfusion system.

İyon Kanalları incelenmesi için yama Kelepçe ve Perfüzyon Teknikleri cinsinden ifade edilir Xenopus Oosit

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells from Neonatal Mice

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have shown to be convenient, easy to obtain and culture, and thus are the most widely studied endothelial cells. However, for research focused on processes like angiogenesis, permeability or many others, microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a much more physiologically relevant model to study 2. Furthermore, ECs isolated from knockout mice provide a useful tool for analysis of protein function ex vivo. Several approaches to isolate and culture microvascular ECs of different origin have been reported to date 3-7, but consistent isolation and culture of pure ECs is still a major technical problem in many laboratories. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol on a reliable and relatively simple method of isolating and culturing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs). In this approach, lung tissue obtained from 6- to 8-day old pups is first cut into pieces, digested with collagenase/dispase (C/D) solution and dispersed mechanically into single-cell suspension. MLECS are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to Dynabeads using a Magnetic Particle Concentrator (MPC). Such purified cells are cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture (TC) dishes until they become confluent. At that point, cells are further purified using Dynabeads coupled to anti-ICAM-2 antibody. MLECs obtained with this protocol exhibit a cobblestone phenotype, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy, and their endothelial phenotype has been confirmed using FACS analysis with anti-VE-cadherin 8 and anti-VEGFR2 9 antibodies and immunofluorescent staining of VE-cadherin. In our hands, this two-step isolation procedure consistently and reliably yields a pure population of MLECs, which can be further cultured. This method will enable researchers to take advantage of the growing number of knockout and transgenic mice to directly correlate in vivo studies with results of in vitro experiments performed on isolated MLECs and thus help to reveal molecular mechanisms of vascular phenotypes observed in vivo.

Here, we describe a protocol for isolation and culture of murine pulmonary endothelial cells. This method comprises mechanic and enzymatic lung tissue dissociation as well as a 2-step purification process using anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-2 antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which produces a pure endothelial cell population of mostly microvascular origin.

Yenidoğan Fareler Pulmoner Endotel Hücreleri İzolasyon ve Kültür

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...

Techniques for the Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Using Flow Cytometry

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help regulate a diverse range of biological processes. Analysis of EVs using flow cytometry (FCM) has been notoriously difficult due to their small size and lack of discrete populations positive for markers of interest. Methods for EV analysis, while considerably improved over the last decade, are still a work in progress. Unfortunately, there is no one-size-fits-all protocol, and several aspects must be considered when determining the most appropriate method to use. Presented here are several different techniques for processing EVs and two protocols for analyzing EVs using either individual detection or a bead-based approach. The methods described here will assist with eliminating the antibody aggregates commonly found in commercial preparations, increasing signal&#8211;to-noise ratio, and setting gates in a rational fashion that minimizes detection of background fluorescence. The first protocol uses an individual detection method that is especially well suited for analyzing a high volume of clinical samples, while the second protocol uses a bead-based approach to capture and detect smaller EVs and exosomes.

Many different methods exist for the measurement of extracellular vesicles (EVs) using flow cytometry (FCM). Several aspects should be considered when determining the most appropriate method to use. Two protocols for measuring EVs are presented, using either individual detection or a bead-based approach.

Akım Sitometri Kullanımı Ekstrasellüler Veziküller Analizi Teknikleri

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help ...

Dried Blood Spots - Preparing and Processing for Use in Immunoassays and in Molecular Techniques

The idea of collecting blood on a paper card and subsequently using the dried blood spots (DBS) for diagnostic purposes originated a century ago. Since then, DBS testing for decades has remained predominantly focused on the diagnosis of infectious diseases especially in resource-limited settings or the systematic screening of newborns for inherited metabolic disorders and only recently have a variety of new and innovative DBS applications begun to emerge. For many years, pre-analytical variables were only inappropriately considered in the field of DBS testing and even today, with the exception of newborn screening, the entire pre-analytical phase, which comprises the preparation and processing of DBS for their final analysis has not been standardized. Given this background, a comprehensive step-by-step protocol, which covers al the essential phases, is proposed, i.e., collection of blood; preparation of blood spots; drying of blood spots; storage and transportation of DBS; elution of DBS, and finally analyses of DBS eluates. The effectiveness of this protocol was first evaluated with 1,762 coupled serum/DBS pairs for detecting markers of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections on an automated analytical platform. In a second step, the protocol was utilized during a pilot study, which was conducted on active drug users in the German cities of Berlin and Essen.

The preparing and processing of dried blood spots (DBS) for their final analysis are still poorly standardized for most diagnostic applications. To overcome this shortcoming, a comprehensive step-by-step protocol is suggested and subsequently evaluated with regard to its effectiveness for detecting markers of viral infections.

Kurumuş kan lekeleri - hazırlanması ve uzun ve moleküler teknikleri kullanmak için işleme

The idea of collecting blood on a paper card and subsequently using the dried blood spots (DBS) for diagnostic purposes originated a century ago. Since ...

Sampling Blood from the Lateral Tail Vein of the Rat

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, proteins, and glucose, yet the composition of the blood is dynamically regulated and easily perturbed. One factor that can change the blood composition is the stress response triggered by the sampling procedure, which can contribute to variability in the measures of interest. Here we describe a procedure for blood sampling from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This procedure offers significant advantages over other more commonly used techniques. It permits rapid sampling with minimal pain or invasiveness, without anesthesia or analgesia. Additionally, it can be used to obtain large volume samples (upwards of 1 ml in some rats), and it may be used repeatedly across experimental days. By minimizing the stress response and pain resulting from blood sampling, measures can more accurately reflect the true basal state of the animal, with minimal influence from the sampling procedure itself.

Blood samples are useful for assessing biomarkers of physiological states or disease in vivo. Here we describe the methodology to sample blood from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This method provides rapid samples with minimal pain and invasiveness.

Rat Yanal Kuyruk Ven gelen Kan Örnekleme

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, ...

Simple and Effective Administration and Visualization of Microparticles in the Circulatory System of Small Fishes Using Kidney Injection

The systemic administration of micro-size particles into a living organism can be applied for vasculature visualization, drug and vaccine delivery, implantation of transgenic cells and tiny optical sensors. However, intravenous microinjections into small animals, which are mostly used in biological and veterinary laboratories, are very difficult and require trained personnel. Herein, we demonstrate a robust and efficient method for the introduction of microparticles into the circulatory system of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) by injection into the fish kidney. To visualize the introduced microparticles in the vasculature, we propose a simple intravital imaging technique in fish gills. In vivo monitoring of the zebrafish blood pH was accomplished using an injected microencapsulated fluorescent probe, SNARF-1, to demonstrate one of the possible applications of the described technique. This article provides a detailed description of the encapsulation of pH-sensitive dye and demonstrates the principles of the quick injection and visualization of the obtained microcapsules for in vivo recording of the fluorescent signal. The proposed method of injection is characterized by a low mortality rate (0-20%) and high efficiency (70-90% success), and it is easy to institute using commonly available equipment. All described procedures can be performed on other small fish species, such as guppies and medaka.

This article demonstrates the principles of a quick, minimally invasive injection of fluorescent microparticles into the circulatory system of small fishes and the in vivo visualization of the microparticles in fish blood.

Basit ve etkili yönetim ve küçük balıklar böbrek enjeksiyon kullanarak dolaşım sistemi içinde Microparticles görselleştirme

The systemic administration of micro-size particles into a living organism can be applied for vasculature visualization, drug and vaccine delivery, ...

Micron-scale Phenotyping Techniques of Maize Vascular Bundles Based on X-ray Microcomputed Tomography

It is necessary to accurately quantify the anatomical structures of maize materials based on high-throughput image analysis techniques. Here, we provide a 'sample preparation protocol' for maize materials (i.e., stem, leaf, and root) suitable for ordinary microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) scanning. Based on high-resolution CT images of maize stem, leaf, and root, we describe two protocols for the phenotypic analysis of vascular bundles: (1) based on the CT image of maize stem and leaf, we developed a specific image analysis pipeline to automatically extract 31 and 33 phenotypic traits of vascular bundles; (2) based on the CT image series of maize root, we set up an image processing scheme for the three-dimensional (3-D) segmentation of metaxylem vessels, and extracted two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D phenotypic traits, such as volume, surface area of metaxylem vessels, etc. Compared with traditional manual measurement of vascular bundles of maize materials, the proposed protocols significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of micron-scale phenotypic quantification.

We provide a novel method to improve the X-ray absorption contrast of maize tissue suitable for ordinary microcomputed tomography scanning. Based on CT images, we introduce a set of image-processing workflows for different maize materials to effectively extract microscopic phenotypes of vascular bundles of maize.

X-ışını Microcomputed tomografi üzerinde dayalı Mısır Vaskular demetleri mikron çaplı fenotipleme teknikleri

It is necessary to accurately quantify the anatomical structures of maize materials based on high-throughput image analysis techniques. Here, we provide a ...

Gonadectomy and Blood Sampling Procedures in the Small Size Teleost Model Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Sex steroids, produced by the gonads, play an essential role in brain and pituitary tissue plasticity and in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction in all vertebrates by providing feedback to the brain and pituitary. Teleost fishes possess a higher degree of tissue plasticity and variation in reproductive&#160;strategies compared to mammals and appear to be useful models to investigate the role of sex steroids and the mechanisms by which they act. The removal of the main source of sex steroid production using gonadectomy together with blood sampling to measure steroid levels has been well-established and fairly feasible in bigger fish and is a powerful technique to investigate the role and effects of sex steroids. However, these techniques raise challenges when implemented in small size teleost models. Here, we describe the step-by-step procedures of gonadectomy in both males and female Japanese medaka followed by blood sampling. These protocols are shown to be highly feasible in medaka indicated by a high survival rate, safety for the life span and phenotype of the fish, and reproducibility in terms of sex steroid clearance. The use of these procedures combined with the other advantages of using this small teleost model will greatly improve the understanding of feedback mechanisms in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction and tissue plasticity provided by sex steroids in vertebrates.

Gonadectomy and Blood Sampling Procedures in the Small Size Teleost Model Japanese Medaka Oryzias latipes

The article describes a quick protocol to gonadectomize and sample blood from the small teleost fish, using Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as a model, to investigate the role of sex steroids in animal physiology.

Küçük Boyutlu Teleost Model Japonca Medaka'da Gonadektomi ve Kan Örnekleme İşlemleri (Oryzias latipes)

Sex steroids, produced by the gonads, play an essential role in brain and pituitary tissue plasticity and in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction in ...

Isolation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Guinea Pig Eyes

This protocol describes the isolation of cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from the eyes of young pigmented guinea pigs for potential application in molecular biology studies, including gene expression analyses. In the context of eye growth regulation and myopia, the RPE likely plays a role as a cellular relay for growth modulatory signals, as it is located between the retina and the two walls of the eye, such as the choroid and sclera. While protocols for isolating the RPE have been developed for both chicks and mice, these protocols have proven not to be directly translatable to the guinea pig, which has become an important and widely used mammalian myopia model. In this study, molecular biology tools were used to examine the expression of specific genes to confirm that the samples were free of contamination from the adjacent tissues. The value of this protocol has already been demonstrated in an RNA-Seq study of RPE from young pigmented guinea pigs exposed to myopia-inducing optical defocus. Beyond eye growth regulation, this protocol has other potential applications in studies of retinal diseases, including myopic maculopathy, one of the leading causes of blindness in myopes, in which the RPE has been implicated. The main advantage of this technique is that it is relatively simple and&#160;once perfected, yields high-quality RPE samples suitable for molecular biology studies, including RNA analysis.

We describe a simple and efficient method for isolating cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells from the eyes of young pigmented guinea pigs. This procedure allows for follow-up molecular biology studies on the isolated RPE, including gene expression analyses.