私たちは、アニーB.クリステンセン、エリザベスV.アンデルセン、ベリンダB. Bringtoftと実験医学、フレデリックスキャンパス、保健医療学部、コペンハーゲン、デンマークの大学の学部での動物の世話人の巧みな支援を認める。ヤコブLønholdtは手続きを撮影中の彼の優れた技術支援のために感謝している。この研究は、in vivoでの薬理とコペンハーゲン大学のためLIFEPHARMセンターによって部分的にサポートされていました。

示す手順は食料·農業·水産省の下にデンマークの動物実験検査官によって承認されたプロトコルに従って行った。 横伏在または足根静脈から1血液サンプリング<ol><li>麻酔と1研究者、モルモットを扱う一つであり、サンプルを採取1の助けを借りずにこの手順を実行してください。 </li><li>静脈が表示されるまで電気シェーバーで後肢の足根域を剃る。エリアは、穿刺部位と干渉毛皮を回避するのに十分な大きさであることを確認してください。 </li><li>ぬるい水浴中で後肢を置き、そっと足をこすり、静脈がより拡張したと明らかになっています。 </li><li>清潔なタオルで足を拭きやガーゼや70％アルコールで湿らせた綿棒で穿刺部位を消毒。 </li><li>モルモットを抑制し、すぐに膝関節トンを超える穏やかな圧力をかけながら下方向に後ろ足を拡張Oうっ滞を提供する。 </li><li> 21 G針またはランセットを使用して静脈を穿刺。血液などを収集し、収集またはキャピラリーチューブを用いて。静かに血流を支援するために足を操作します。 </li><li>サンプルが得られると、停滞を解放します。出血が停止するまで、穿刺部位に穏やかな圧力をガーゼやコットンウールの一部を適用します。 </li><li>そのケージに動物を戻し、止血を確実にするために5〜10分間監​​視します。 </li></ol>耳静脈から2採血<ol><li> 1同僚の助けを借りて、単独で、または好ましくは、麻酔なしでこの手順を実行します。 </li><li>ガーゼまたは70％アルコールで湿らせた綿棒を使って耳の背面を消毒。 </li><li>うっ血を提供するために、耳の付け根に軽い圧力を適用します。 </li><li> 21 G針またはランセットを使用して静脈を穿刺し、血液を採取。 </li><li> 、うっ滞を離しサンプルが得られると、GEとのガーゼや脱脂綿の一部を適用します出血まで、穿刺部位へntle圧力が停止しました。 </li><li>そのケージに動物を戻し、止血を確実にするために5〜10分間監​​視します。 </li></ol>頸静脈から3採血<ol><li>つの追加の研究者の助けを使用してこの手順を実行してください。 1モルモットを処理し、一つのサンプルを採取する。 </li><li>この手順の全期間に適した麻酔薬でモルモットを麻酔し。チレタミンの混合物（0.93ミリグラム/ kg）を、ゾラゼパム（0.93ミリグラム/ kg）を、キシラジン（1.49ミリグラム/ kg）およびブトルファノール（0.06ミリグラム/ kg）を使用することができる。 </li><li>その背中に麻酔したモルモットを置き、静かに尾側に前足を引っ込める。 </li><li>剃ると消毒（ 例えば 、70％のアルコールで）首の腹側の部分。 </li><li>コー​​ト凝固の危険性を低減するためにヘパリンまたはEDTAサンプリング前のいずれかで注射器。 </li><li>鎖骨を触診し、1mlのシリンジAPに搭載された25のG（または23 G）の針を挿入近接して1センチメートルは、肩関節のレベルで正中線に横。わずかな負圧をかけながら、わずかな上向きおよび内側の角度で注射器を保管してください。頸静脈はかなり表面的に位置​​するように下にある構造を損傷することは避けてください。静脈の増加うっ滞を提供するために、わずかに後方にモルモットの首を傾けます。 </li><li>血液サンプルが得られたとき、前脚を解放し、針が後退する前に、うっ血を緩和する。穿刺部位に穏やかな圧力を適用するためにガーゼや脱脂綿の乾燥部分を使用してください。 </li><li>回復ケージに動物を戻し、止血および麻酔からの回復を確実にするために監視します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>DeOgburn, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+increased+dietary+cholesterol+with+carbohydrate+restriction+on+hepatic+lipid+metabolism+in+Guinea+pigs.">Effects of increased dietary cholesterol with carbohydrate restriction on hepatic lipid metabolism in Guinea pigs.</a> Comp.Med. 62 (2), 109-115 (2012).</li><li>Fernandez, M., Volek, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guinea+pigs+a+suitable+animal+model+to+study+lipoprotein+metabolism,+atherosclerosis+and+inflammation.">Guinea pigs a suitable animal model to study lipoprotein metabolism, atherosclerosis and inflammation.</a> Nutr Metab (Lond). 3 (17), (2006).</li><li>Frikke-Schmidt, H., Tveden-Nyborg, P., Birck, M. M., Lykkesfeldt, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+dietary+fat+and+cholesterol+exacerbates+chronic+vitamin+C+deficiency+in+guinea+pigs.">High dietary fat and cholesterol exacerbates chronic vitamin C deficiency in guinea pigs.</a> Br J Nutr. 105 (1), 54-61 (2011).</li><li>Hem, A., Smith, A. J., Solberg, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Saphenous+vein+puncture+for+blood+sampling+of+the+mouse,+rat,+hamster,+gerbil,+guinea+pig,+ferret+and+mink.">Saphenous vein puncture for blood sampling of the mouse, rat, hamster, gerbil, guinea pig, ferret and mink.</a> Lab Anim. 32 (4), 364-368 (1998).</li><li>Parasuraman, S., Raveendran, R., Kesavan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+sample+collection+in+small+laboratory+animals.">Blood sample collection in small laboratory animals.</a> J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 1 (2), 87-93 (2010).</li><li>Guillen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FELASA+guidelines+and+recommendations.">FELASA guidelines and recommendations.</a> J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 51 (3), 311-321 (2012).</li><li>Ye, P., Cheah, I. K., Halliwell, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+fat+diets+and+pathology+in+the+guinea+pig+Atherosclerosis+or+liver+damage.">High fat diets and pathology in the guinea pig Atherosclerosis or liver damage.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1832 (2), 355-364 (2013).</li><li>Tveden-Nyborg, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+vitamin+C+deficiency+during+pregnancy+persistently+impairs+hippocampal+neurogenesis+in+offspring+of+guinea+pigs.">Maternal vitamin C deficiency during pregnancy persistently impairs hippocampal neurogenesis in offspring of guinea pigs.</a> PLoS One. 7 (10), 12-18391 (2012).</li><li>Schjoldager, J. G., Tveden-Nyborg, P., Lykkesfeldt, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+maternal+vitamin+C+deficiency+overrides+preferential+fetal+ascorbate+transport+but+does+not+influence+perinatal+survival+in+guinea+pigs.">Prolonged maternal vitamin C deficiency overrides preferential fetal ascorbate transport but does not influence perinatal survival in guinea pigs.</a> Br J Nutr. 110 (9), 1573-1579 (2013).</li><li>Greulich, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secretory+products+of+guinea+pig+epicardial+fat+induce+insulin+resistance+and+impair+primary+adult+rat+cardiomyocyte+function.">Secretory products of guinea pig epicardial fat induce insulin resistance and impair primary adult rat cardiomyocyte function.</a> J Cell Mol Med. 15 (11), 2399-2410 (2011).</li><li>Swifka, J., Weiss, J., Addicks, K., Eckel, J., Rosen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epicardial+fat+from+guinea+pig+a+model+to+study+the+paracrine+network+of+interactions+between+epicardial+fat+and+myocardium.">Epicardial fat from guinea pig a model to study the paracrine network of interactions between epicardial fat and myocardium.</a> Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 22 (2), 107-114 (2008).</li><li>Pilny, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+hematology+of+rodent+species.">Clinical hematology of rodent species.</a> Vet.Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 11 (3), 523-vii (2008).</li><li>Franco, N. H., Olsson, I. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scientists+and+the+3Rs:+attitudes+to+animal+use+in+biomedical+research+and+the+effect+of+mandatory+training+in+laboratory+animal+science.">Scientists and the 3Rs: attitudes to animal use in biomedical research and the effect of mandatory training in laboratory animal science.</a> Lab Anim. 48 (1), 50-60 (2014).</li><li>Van, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=eAssessing+the+application+of+the+3Rs+a+survey+among+animal+welfare+officers+in+The+Netherlands.">eAssessing the application of the 3Rs a survey among animal welfare officers in The Netherlands.</a> Lab Anim. 47 (3), 210-219 (2013).</li><li>Sloan, R. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+doses+of+ketamine-xylazine+anesthesia+reduce+cardiac+ischemia-reperfusion+injury+in+guinea+pigs.">High doses of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia reduce cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury in guinea pigs.</a> J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 50 (3), 349-354 (2011).</li><li>Jacobson, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+anaesthetic+regimen+for+surgical+procedures+in+guinea+pigs.">A novel anaesthetic regimen for surgical procedures in guinea pigs.</a> Lab Anim. 35 (3), 271-276 (2001).</li><li>Saha, J. K., Xia, J., Grondin, J. M., Engle, S. K., Jakubowski, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+hyperglycemia+induced+by+ketamine+xylazine+anesthesia+in+rats+mechanisms+and+implications+for+preclinical+models.">Acute hyperglycemia induced by ketamine xylazine anesthesia in rats mechanisms and implications for preclinical models.</a> Exp Biol Med(Maywood). 230 (10), 777-784 (2005).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もない。すべての手順は、欧州条約ETS 123の評議会に従うものであるデンマークの動物実験法、によって承認された。

マウスとラットと比較して、モルモットは本質的に恐れていると冷静に近づき、ストレスを軽減するために、正しく処理されなければならない。ビューの動物福祉の観点から、注意して作用する、自然優先事項である。しかし、これはまた、収集されたデータ等に不安に関連した副作用のリスクを減少させる、コルチコステロイドおよびグルコース12の血中濃度を増加させた。...

モルモットは、人間の胎盤を持つ貴重なビタミンCの栄養供給のための要件として人間に起因する生物学的類似点の数に実験動物モデルを検証し、酵素およびリポタンパク質プロファイルの代謝匹敵する血漿リポタンパクだけでなく、共有の類似点で、出生前の開発1-3,7,8。現像このモルモットなどの非アルコール性脂肪肝疾患、心血管疾患およびビタミンCの欠乏はなく、 例えば、の効果の推定上の効果として、食事関連疾患の影響を研究するための魅力的で適切なモデルとなる。母体食事介入子孫。 繰り返し採血は、多くの場合、 インビボ研究の両方において長期および短期のに必要とされる。による種特異的な解剖学的な違いにサンプリング技術の変調は他の齧歯動物モデルと比べてモルモットの血液サンプルを得るために必要である<sup&gt; 4,5。これは静脈と動脈の過程の変化を含んでおり、また、そのモルモットは尾を持っていない、したがって、サンプリングおよび取り扱いの両方のためのさまざまな要件とオプションを持っている。伏在または足根静脈からのサンプリング、動物に最小限の不快感やストレスを誘導し、3,9麻酔を必要としません。この技術は、血液（100〜400μl）を、 例えば、少量のサンプルを繰り返し可能にする、血漿中の生化学的マーカーを決定する。より小さなサンプルサイズが（50〜100μl）のに十分である場合、これは非常に簡単に耳静脈を穿刺することによって得ることができる。この技術は、意識のある動物で行い、血糖10,11を測定する場合などに便利であることができる。頸静脈から採取は、血液の大量の（1-2）溶液の回収を可能にするが、麻酔を必要とします。 ここでは、意識的または麻酔したモルモットのどちらかのための4つの異なる血液サンプリング技術を提示する。 PROCeduresは、サンプル量、サンプルの数は、実験動物6の採血のためのガイドラインを超えないことを提供されるすべての非末端手順である。それは、ストレスを最小限に維持されるべきであることが動物福祉のと同様に優れた科学の利益になる。その結果、唯一の十分な訓練を受けた有能個人、動物の手順を実行する必要があります。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="944">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:315px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Electric shaver</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Wella (Contura), Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">273207</td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Syringes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">B.Braun-Omnifix-F, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9161406V</td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Needles</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">BD Microlance,Spain</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">301156</td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Microvette collection tube&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Sarstedt, D-51588N&#252;mbrecht, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">201,288,100</td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Accu-Check analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Roche A/S Diagnostics, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Heparin 5000 IE/ml</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">LEO Pharma, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Anesthesia</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Zoletil 50, Chemvet, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Anesthesia</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Narcoxyl vet 20 mg/ml, Intervet, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Anesthesia</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Torbugesic vet 10 mg/ml, Scanvet, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Neutral eye ointment</td>
			<td style="width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gauze or a cotton swab&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Disinfectant (70% alcohol)</td>
			<td style="width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

non-terminal blood sampling techniques in guinea pigs

モルモットは、ヒトへのいくつかの生物学的類似性を有し、実験動物モデル1-3検証されます。具体的な方法論は相応に乏しい上しかし、モルモットの使用は、現在の研究と記述データの比較的狭い領域を表す。モルモットの解剖学的特徴は、マウスとラットと比較して、従ってサンプリング技術の変調は、例えば 、種特異的な違いに適応するように、他のげっ歯類モデルとは若干異なって十分な高品質のサンプルを得るために必要である。 インビボ研究における長期および短期の両方は、多くの場合、技術の選択をサンプリング繰り返し血液を必要とするだけでなく、動物にストレスや不快感を軽減するだけでなく、生存ならびにサンプルサイズとアクセシビリティの要件への準拠を保証するために考慮されるべきである。静脈血サンプルを、モルモットの部位、例えば数で得ることができる、伏在静脈および頸静静脈、長所と短所の両方を含む各手法4,5。ここでは、意識的または麻酔したモルモットのどちらかのための4つの異なる血液サンプリング技術を提示する。手順は、サンプル量、サンプルの数が、実験動物6の採血のためのガイドラインを超えないことを提供されるすべての非末端手順である。すべての記載されている方法は、徹底的にテストされ、私たちの研究施設内で ​​の研究で、生体内血液サンプリングで繰り返しのために適用されている。

意識的または麻酔したモルモットのいずれかで非末端の生体内の血液サンプリング技術の4つの異なるアプローチが提示されている。 図1は、モルモットと可能な穿刺部位の横伏在と足根静脈のコースを示しています。モルモットの耳の背側表面上の目に見える耳の静脈は、非常に小さい体積が必要とされる場合、これらの静脈は、血液採取のために使用することができる<s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-Terminal Blood Sampling Techniques in Guinea Pigs at JoVE.com

Non-Terminal Blood Sampling Techniques in Guinea Pigs

既知のモデルが、モルモットは、現在、実験動物科学のニッチを表し、限られたデータは、ほとんどのプロシージャの実行でのみ使用できます。ここでは、意識的または麻酔したモルモットのどちらかの生体内の血液サンプリング技術における非末端4つの異なるアプローチを提示します。

モルモットにおける非ターミナル採血テクニック

Guinea pigs possess several biological similarities to humans and are validated experimental animal models1-3. However, the use of guinea pigs currently ...

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JoVE Journal

Biology

37.2K ビュー.  University of Copenhagen. 既知のモデルが、モルモットは、現在、実験動物科学のニッチを表し、限られたデータは、ほとんどのプロシージャの実行でのみ使用できます。ここでは、意識的または麻酔したモルモットのどちらかの生体内の血液サンプリング技術における非末端4つの異なるアプローチを提示します。 

ビデオ: Non-Terminal Blood Sampling Techniques in Guinea Pigs

Optical Recording of Electrical Activity in Guinea-pig Enteric Networks using Voltage-sensitive Dyes

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a self-contained network with identified functions, capable of performing complex behaviors in isolation. Its neurons (10 to 25 &mu;m in diameter) are arranged in plexuses that are confined to distinct planes of the gut wall 1; the myenteric plexus can be found between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, and the submucous plexus between the circular muscle layer and the mucosa. Since the effector systems for these plexuses (transporting epithelium, endocrine cells, immune elements, blood vessels and smooth muscle) are also contained within the gut wall, semi-intact preparations can be dissected that preserve individual components of different reflex pathways. The behavior of the effector systems is controlled by the submucous and myenteric plexuses acting in concert. Therefore, detailed knowledge of synaptic interactions within and between ganglia, and of communication between the plexuses, is essential for understanding normal gastrointestinal function. The ENS, as an intact nervous system, is a unique experimental model in which one can correlate molecular and cellular events with the electrical behavior of the neuronal network and its physiological outputs. Because of the quasi-two-dimensional organization of its plexuses, the ENS is particularly well suited for the study of neural networks using multiple site optical recording techniques that employ voltage-sensitive dyes 2,7,8,9. We will illustrate here the use of a relatively new naphthylstyryl-pyridinium dye (di-4-ANEPPDHQ) 3 that offers multiple advantages over its predecessors, including very low phototoxicity, slow rate of internalization, and remarkable chemical stability. When used in conjunction with a camera that permits sub-millisecond time resolution, this dye allows us to monitor the electrical activity of all the neurons in the field of view with a maximal spatial resolution of ~ 2.5 &mu;m at 100X magnification. At lower magnification (10X or 20X), the sacrifice of single-cell resolution is compensated by a gain in perspective, revealing the intricacies of the inter-ganglionic circuitry.

This protocol illustrates how voltage-sensitive dyes enable optical recording of electrical activity from intact neural networks such as the plexuses of the guinea-pig enteric nervous system, with an adjustable resolution that ranges from single-cells to multi-ganglionic circuitry.

電位感受性色素を用いてモルモット腸ネットワークにおける電気活動の光学的記録

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a self-contained network with identified functions, capable of performing complex behaviors in isolation. Its neurons ...

生物学

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may also be used to study the structure-function relationship for other ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors1. BK channels are widely expressed in different tissues and have been implicated in many physiological functions, including regulation of smooth muscle contraction, frequency tuning of inner hair cells and regulation of neurotransmitter release2-6. BK channels are activated by membrane depolarization and by intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ 6-9. Therefore, the protocol is designed to control both the membrane voltage and the intracellular solution. In this protocol, messenger RNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes (stage V-VI) followed by 2-5 days of incubation at 18&deg;C10-13. Membrane patches that contain single or multiple BK channels are excised with the inside-out configuration using patch clamp techniques10-13. The intracellular side of the patch is perfused with desired solutions during recording so that the channel activation under different conditions can be examined. To summarize, the mRNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes to express channel proteins on the oocyte membrane; patch clamp techniques are used to record currents flowing through the channels under controlled voltage and intracellular solutions.

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Ionic current of BK channels is recorded using patch clamp techniques. BK channels are expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injecting messenger RNA. The intracellular solution during patch clamp recordings is controlled by a perfusion system.

イオンチャネル研究のためのパッチクランプおよび灌流のテクニックで表さアフリカツメガエル卵母細胞

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells from Neonatal Mice

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have shown to be convenient, easy to obtain and culture, and thus are the most widely studied endothelial cells. However, for research focused on processes like angiogenesis, permeability or many others, microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a much more physiologically relevant model to study 2. Furthermore, ECs isolated from knockout mice provide a useful tool for analysis of protein function ex vivo. Several approaches to isolate and culture microvascular ECs of different origin have been reported to date 3-7, but consistent isolation and culture of pure ECs is still a major technical problem in many laboratories. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol on a reliable and relatively simple method of isolating and culturing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs). In this approach, lung tissue obtained from 6- to 8-day old pups is first cut into pieces, digested with collagenase/dispase (C/D) solution and dispersed mechanically into single-cell suspension. MLECS are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to Dynabeads using a Magnetic Particle Concentrator (MPC). Such purified cells are cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture (TC) dishes until they become confluent. At that point, cells are further purified using Dynabeads coupled to anti-ICAM-2 antibody. MLECs obtained with this protocol exhibit a cobblestone phenotype, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy, and their endothelial phenotype has been confirmed using FACS analysis with anti-VE-cadherin 8 and anti-VEGFR2 9 antibodies and immunofluorescent staining of VE-cadherin. In our hands, this two-step isolation procedure consistently and reliably yields a pure population of MLECs, which can be further cultured. This method will enable researchers to take advantage of the growing number of knockout and transgenic mice to directly correlate in vivo studies with results of in vitro experiments performed on isolated MLECs and thus help to reveal molecular mechanisms of vascular phenotypes observed in vivo.

Here, we describe a protocol for isolation and culture of murine pulmonary endothelial cells. This method comprises mechanic and enzymatic lung tissue dissociation as well as a 2-step purification process using anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-2 antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which produces a pure endothelial cell population of mostly microvascular origin.

新生児マウスからの肺血管内皮細胞の単離と培養

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...

Techniques for the Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Using Flow Cytometry

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help regulate a diverse range of biological processes. Analysis of EVs using flow cytometry (FCM) has been notoriously difficult due to their small size and lack of discrete populations positive for markers of interest. Methods for EV analysis, while considerably improved over the last decade, are still a work in progress. Unfortunately, there is no one-size-fits-all protocol, and several aspects must be considered when determining the most appropriate method to use. Presented here are several different techniques for processing EVs and two protocols for analyzing EVs using either individual detection or a bead-based approach. The methods described here will assist with eliminating the antibody aggregates commonly found in commercial preparations, increasing signal&#8211;to-noise ratio, and setting gates in a rational fashion that minimizes detection of background fluorescence. The first protocol uses an individual detection method that is especially well suited for analyzing a high volume of clinical samples, while the second protocol uses a bead-based approach to capture and detect smaller EVs and exosomes.

Many different methods exist for the measurement of extracellular vesicles (EVs) using flow cytometry (FCM). Several aspects should be considered when determining the most appropriate method to use. Two protocols for measuring EVs are presented, using either individual detection or a bead-based approach.

フローサイトメトリーを用いて細胞外小胞の分析のための技術

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help ...

Dried Blood Spots - Preparing and Processing for Use in Immunoassays and in Molecular Techniques

The idea of collecting blood on a paper card and subsequently using the dried blood spots (DBS) for diagnostic purposes originated a century ago. Since then, DBS testing for decades has remained predominantly focused on the diagnosis of infectious diseases especially in resource-limited settings or the systematic screening of newborns for inherited metabolic disorders and only recently have a variety of new and innovative DBS applications begun to emerge. For many years, pre-analytical variables were only inappropriately considered in the field of DBS testing and even today, with the exception of newborn screening, the entire pre-analytical phase, which comprises the preparation and processing of DBS for their final analysis has not been standardized. Given this background, a comprehensive step-by-step protocol, which covers al the essential phases, is proposed, i.e., collection of blood; preparation of blood spots; drying of blood spots; storage and transportation of DBS; elution of DBS, and finally analyses of DBS eluates. The effectiveness of this protocol was first evaluated with 1,762 coupled serum/DBS pairs for detecting markers of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections on an automated analytical platform. In a second step, the protocol was utilized during a pilot study, which was conducted on active drug users in the German cities of Berlin and Essen.

The preparing and processing of dried blood spots (DBS) for their final analysis are still poorly standardized for most diagnostic applications. To overcome this shortcoming, a comprehensive step-by-step protocol is suggested and subsequently evaluated with regard to its effectiveness for detecting markers of viral infections.

乾燥血液スポット - 準備とイムノアッセイや分子技術の使用のための処理

The idea of collecting blood on a paper card and subsequently using the dried blood spots (DBS) for diagnostic purposes originated a century ago. Since ...

Sampling Blood from the Lateral Tail Vein of the Rat

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, proteins, and glucose, yet the composition of the blood is dynamically regulated and easily perturbed. One factor that can change the blood composition is the stress response triggered by the sampling procedure, which can contribute to variability in the measures of interest. Here we describe a procedure for blood sampling from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This procedure offers significant advantages over other more commonly used techniques. It permits rapid sampling with minimal pain or invasiveness, without anesthesia or analgesia. Additionally, it can be used to obtain large volume samples (upwards of 1 ml in some rats), and it may be used repeatedly across experimental days. By minimizing the stress response and pain resulting from blood sampling, measures can more accurately reflect the true basal state of the animal, with minimal influence from the sampling procedure itself.

Blood samples are useful for assessing biomarkers of physiological states or disease in vivo. Here we describe the methodology to sample blood from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This method provides rapid samples with minimal pain and invasiveness.

ラットの外側尾静脈から血液をサンプリング

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, ...

Simple and Effective Administration and Visualization of Microparticles in the Circulatory System of Small Fishes Using Kidney Injection

The systemic administration of micro-size particles into a living organism can be applied for vasculature visualization, drug and vaccine delivery, implantation of transgenic cells and tiny optical sensors. However, intravenous microinjections into small animals, which are mostly used in biological and veterinary laboratories, are very difficult and require trained personnel. Herein, we demonstrate a robust and efficient method for the introduction of microparticles into the circulatory system of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) by injection into the fish kidney. To visualize the introduced microparticles in the vasculature, we propose a simple intravital imaging technique in fish gills. In vivo monitoring of the zebrafish blood pH was accomplished using an injected microencapsulated fluorescent probe, SNARF-1, to demonstrate one of the possible applications of the described technique. This article provides a detailed description of the encapsulation of pH-sensitive dye and demonstrates the principles of the quick injection and visualization of the obtained microcapsules for in vivo recording of the fluorescent signal. The proposed method of injection is characterized by a low mortality rate (0-20%) and high efficiency (70-90% success), and it is easy to institute using commonly available equipment. All described procedures can be performed on other small fish species, such as guppies and medaka.

This article demonstrates the principles of a quick, minimally invasive injection of fluorescent microparticles into the circulatory system of small fishes and the in vivo visualization of the microparticles in fish blood.

シンプルで効果的な管理と腎臓の注入を使用する小型魚の循環システムの微粒子の可視化

The systemic administration of micro-size particles into a living organism can be applied for vasculature visualization, drug and vaccine delivery, ...

Micron-scale Phenotyping Techniques of Maize Vascular Bundles Based on X-ray Microcomputed Tomography

It is necessary to accurately quantify the anatomical structures of maize materials based on high-throughput image analysis techniques. Here, we provide a 'sample preparation protocol' for maize materials (i.e., stem, leaf, and root) suitable for ordinary microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) scanning. Based on high-resolution CT images of maize stem, leaf, and root, we describe two protocols for the phenotypic analysis of vascular bundles: (1) based on the CT image of maize stem and leaf, we developed a specific image analysis pipeline to automatically extract 31 and 33 phenotypic traits of vascular bundles; (2) based on the CT image series of maize root, we set up an image processing scheme for the three-dimensional (3-D) segmentation of metaxylem vessels, and extracted two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D phenotypic traits, such as volume, surface area of metaxylem vessels, etc. Compared with traditional manual measurement of vascular bundles of maize materials, the proposed protocols significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of micron-scale phenotypic quantification.

We provide a novel method to improve the X-ray absorption contrast of maize tissue suitable for ordinary microcomputed tomography scanning. Based on CT images, we introduce a set of image-processing workflows for different maize materials to effectively extract microscopic phenotypes of vascular bundles of maize.

X 線マイクロ断層レントゲン写真撮影に基づいてトウモロコシの維管束のミクロン スケール表現型解析技術

It is necessary to accurately quantify the anatomical structures of maize materials based on high-throughput image analysis techniques. Here, we provide a ...

Gonadectomy and Blood Sampling Procedures in the Small Size Teleost Model Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Sex steroids, produced by the gonads, play an essential role in brain and pituitary tissue plasticity and in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction in all vertebrates by providing feedback to the brain and pituitary. Teleost fishes possess a higher degree of tissue plasticity and variation in reproductive&#160;strategies compared to mammals and appear to be useful models to investigate the role of sex steroids and the mechanisms by which they act. The removal of the main source of sex steroid production using gonadectomy together with blood sampling to measure steroid levels has been well-established and fairly feasible in bigger fish and is a powerful technique to investigate the role and effects of sex steroids. However, these techniques raise challenges when implemented in small size teleost models. Here, we describe the step-by-step procedures of gonadectomy in both males and female Japanese medaka followed by blood sampling. These protocols are shown to be highly feasible in medaka indicated by a high survival rate, safety for the life span and phenotype of the fish, and reproducibility in terms of sex steroid clearance. The use of these procedures combined with the other advantages of using this small teleost model will greatly improve the understanding of feedback mechanisms in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction and tissue plasticity provided by sex steroids in vertebrates.

Gonadectomy and Blood Sampling Procedures in the Small Size Teleost Model Japanese Medaka Oryzias latipes

The article describes a quick protocol to gonadectomize and sample blood from the small teleost fish, using Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as a model, to investigate the role of sex steroids in animal physiology.

小さいテレオストモデル日本メダカにおけるゴナデクトミーと血液サンプリング手順 (オリジアス ラティプ )

Sex steroids, produced by the gonads, play an essential role in brain and pituitary tissue plasticity and in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction in ...

Isolation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Guinea Pig Eyes

This protocol describes the isolation of cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from the eyes of young pigmented guinea pigs for potential application in molecular biology studies, including gene expression analyses. In the context of eye growth regulation and myopia, the RPE likely plays a role as a cellular relay for growth modulatory signals, as it is located between the retina and the two walls of the eye, such as the choroid and sclera. While protocols for isolating the RPE have been developed for both chicks and mice, these protocols have proven not to be directly translatable to the guinea pig, which has become an important and widely used mammalian myopia model. In this study, molecular biology tools were used to examine the expression of specific genes to confirm that the samples were free of contamination from the adjacent tissues. The value of this protocol has already been demonstrated in an RNA-Seq study of RPE from young pigmented guinea pigs exposed to myopia-inducing optical defocus. Beyond eye growth regulation, this protocol has other potential applications in studies of retinal diseases, including myopic maculopathy, one of the leading causes of blindness in myopes, in which the RPE has been implicated. The main advantage of this technique is that it is relatively simple and&#160;once perfected, yields high-quality RPE samples suitable for molecular biology studies, including RNA analysis.

We describe a simple and efficient method for isolating cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells from the eyes of young pigmented guinea pigs. This procedure allows for follow-up molecular biology studies on the isolated RPE, including gene expression analyses.

Methods Article

モルモットにおける非ターミナル採血テクニック