We would like to thank the Children&#8217;s Hospital at Montefiore, Department of Pediatrics, for providing support for these studies. We would like to thank the National Alopecia Areata Foundation for providing financial support for conducting studies with C3H/HeJ engrafted mice.

Etik Beyanı: hayvanları içeren tüm çalışmalar kurumun IACUC tarafından onaylanmış olması gerekir (aşağıdaki veriler için, protokoller Montefiore IACUC, protokol # 11-6-240 ve # 13-7-100 tarafından onaylanmıştır). Fotoğraf sırasında hareketsiz tutarak tek bir amaç için belirtilen Hayvanlar hafif anestezi sağlanır, bu protokol için gerekli hiçbir acı prosedürler vardır. Fotoğraf 1. kazanılması <ol><li> Basılı metin ile kağıt kullanılarak jel görüntüleyici için görüş Set odak ve saha. Fotoğraflandı bölgede ışık kaynağının tekdüzelik doğrulayın. , Bütünlüğü sağlamak bir yansıtıcı fotoğrafçılık için ışık kaynağı yerleşik bir jel görüntüleyici kullanmanıza yardımcı olmak için. Bu daha gri tonlama analiz için uygun değildir hayvanın bir siluet yaratacak gibi, bir transillüminasyonu ışık kaynağı kullanmayın. NOT: Bu biraz ilgi (ROI) bölgede optik ortalamasının sağlayan odak, dışarı fare koyun ve olacak olacakÇevrede çok küçük (yani, &lt;10 piksel) bölgeler için quantal hataları azaltmaya yardımcı olur. Ilgi büyük bölgeleri ayarı odaklanarak bu reşit etkilenmez, ne de hayvanın büyüklüğüne farklılıklardan etkilenecektir. </li><li> Ketamin (100 mg / ml) / ksilazin (20 mg / ml) ile hayvanların anestezisi (2: 1), bu hızlı anestezi etkisi ve hızlı bir iyileşme sağlar ve çok sayıda hayvan çekim için en uygun olarak. NOT: Hayvan hala fotoğraf izin için yeterli zaman Anestezi teyit edilir. Hayvanlar genellikle 10-15 dakika içinde bu ışık anestezi kurtarmak gibi, veteriner göz merhem kullanılmasını tavsiye etti. </li><li> (Yakın olarak mümkün paralel) dikey hizalama jel görüntüleyici üzerinde anestezi hayvanları yerleştirin. <ol><li> Dorsal fotoğrafları için, genişletilmiş uzuvları ile yüzüstü pozisyonda hayvanları yerleştirin. </li><li> Ventral fotoğrafları için, hayvanlar yanal döndürülmüş değil özen, yatar pozisyonda hayvanları yerleştirin. </li&gt; </ol></li><li> Fotoğraflanan bölgede gri tonlama standart yerleştirin. </li><li> Erişim kapağını kapatın. Önemli: Ortam ışığı maruz varyasyonları tanıtabilirsiniz. </li><li> Edinimi lineer aralığında ilgi bölgeyi yerleştirir bir pozlama F-stop Set (F-stop okuma). NOT: Görüntü doymuş nerede En sistem gösterecektir. </li><li> Fotoğraf çekmek. </li><li> Değişim artan ya da standart ve ilgi bölgesi hem satın alma (referans bir lineer aralıkta kalması, 1 F-stop azaltarak lineer aralığında ilgi bölgeyi yerleştirir başka pozlama ayarı F-stop F- dur). </li><li> Fotoğraf çekmek. </li><li> Fotoğrafçılık tamamlandıktan sonra, bir ısınma masaya hayvanları yerleştirin ve sternum yatma korumak kadar monitör. Kafeslerine hayvanları dönün. Kez tüm hayvanlar tamamen iyileşti vivaryum hayvanların grubu döndürür. </li></ol> Işık Emme 2. sayısallaştırılması &lt;/ P&gt; <ol><li> Hayvanların görüntülerde ilgi Mark bölgeleri jel görüntüleyici yazılımı sağlanan kullanarak. <ol><li> Bütün hayvan dorsal görünümü için, mümkün olduğunca yanal kadar uzanan, alt ekstremite, üst ekstremite uzanan dikdörtgen ya da oval bir görüntü kullanın şekilde Şekil 1A gösterildiği gibi kutunun hiçbir kısmı hayvanın arkasına ötesine uzanır. NOT: Bir de bir serbest elle çizim aracını kullanarak ilgi alanı işaretlemek olabilir. </li><li> Pelvik bölgeyi kapsayan bir ve Şekil 1B gösterildiği gibi göğüs bölgesini kapsayan bir: Bütün hayvan ventral görünüm için, 2 dikdörtgenler kullanın. </li><li> Uygun faiz, yani, ilaç uygulama yeri, işareti daha küçük bir bölge için. </li></ol></li><li> Gri tonlama emme standart faiz Mark bölge (ler). </li><li> Ilgi işaretli bölgelerin her Tutanak emilim. </li></ol> 3. Analiz Emme seviyeleri obtaineilgi alanlarının d fotoğrafları arasında karşılaştırma için arka standart normalize edilmesi gerekebilir. emilim maruz kalma ilişkisi log-log (yani, ilişki günlüğü (maruziyet arasındaki lineer) ve log (emme)) &#39;dir. Bu ilişkiyi kullanarak, ilgi bölgenin emme emilimleri farklı zaman noktalarında (bir çalışma protokolü kapsamında, yani seri ölçümler) alınan da dahil olmak üzere farklı fotoğraf arasında doğrudan karşılaştırılmasına olanak sağlayacak bir standart arka plan değerine normalize olabilir. Bu düzeltmeleri gerçekleştirmek için prosedür isteğe adımlar 3.1 ve 3.2 ayrıntılı. <ol><li> Gri tonlama emme standart elde edilen değerleri kullanarak günlük (absorpsiyon) vs log (maruziyet) ve (İsteğe bağlı) Arsa eğrisi. </li><li> Aşağıdaki gibi (İsteğe bağlı) Her fotoğrafın standart varyasyonları için ayarlayın: <ol><li> S belirlenen (referans için ve F-stop (adım 1.6 belirlendiği gibi) okumak için F-Stop seçin) 1.8 TEP. </li><li> Okuma F-durağında tüm fotoğraflarda standart ortalama emilimini hesaplayın. Bu ortalama Referans Standart Değeri (RSV) &#39;dir. </li><li> (Delta-YG-1, delta-YG-2 ... ..delta-YG-X) standardına (delta-S) ve her tanımlanmış ROI için her fotoğrafta okuma ve referans F-stop ayarları arasında emilim farkı hesaplayın </li><li> Aşağıdaki gibi her ROI için düzeltilmiş emilimi hesaplayın: Düzeltilmiş emilimini (ROI-X) = Emilimini (ROI-X) okuma F-durağında + (RSV - standardın emilimi okuma F-durdur) * (delta-ROI-X / ö = S) </li></ol></li><li> Deneysel verileri derlemek ve sürekli değişkenler için standart istatistiksel teknikler kullanılarak veri analizi yapmak (yani, ANOVA, t-testi). </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>McAndrews, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=American+Hair+Loss+Association.">American Hair Loss Association.</a> , (2011).</li><li>Safavi, K. H., Muller, S. A., Suman, V. J., Moshell, A. N., Melton, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence+of+alopecia+areata+in+Olmsted+County,+Minnesota,+1975+through+1989.">Incidence of alopecia areata in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989.</a> Mayo Clin Proc. 70 (7), 628-633 (1995).</li><li>Hussein, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemotherapy-induced+alopecia:+new+developments.">Chemotherapy-induced alopecia: new developments.</a> South Med J. 86 (5), 489-496 (1993).</li><li>Trueb, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemotherapy-induced+hair+loss.">Chemotherapy-induced hair loss.</a> Skin Therapy Lett. 15 (7), 5-7 (2010).</li><li>Sato, N., Leopold, P. L., Crystal, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+adenovirus-mediated+expression+of+Sonic+hedgehog+gene+on+hair+regrowth+in+mice+with+chemotherapy-induced+alopecia.">Effect of adenovirus-mediated expression of Sonic hedgehog gene on hair regrowth in mice with chemotherapy-induced alopecia.</a> J Natl Cancer Inst. 93 (24), 1858-1864 (2001).</li><li>McGarvey, E. L., Baum, L. D., Pinkerton, R. C., Rogers, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychological+sequelae+and+alopecia+among+women+with+cancer.">Psychological sequelae and alopecia among women with cancer.</a> Cancer Pract. 9 (6), 283-289 (2001).</li><li>Baxley, K. O., Erdman, L. K., Henry, E. B., Roof, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alopecia:+effect+on+cancer+patients'+body+image.">Alopecia: effect on cancer patients' body image.</a> Cancer Nurs. 7 (6), 499-503 (1984).</li><li>Stough, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychological+effect,+pathophysiology,+and+management+of+androgenetic+alopecia+in+men.">Psychological effect, pathophysiology, and management of androgenetic alopecia in men.</a> Mayo Clin Proc. 80 (10), 1316-1322 (2005).</li><li>Ogunmakin, K. O., Rashid, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alopecia:+the+case+for+medical+necessity.">Alopecia: the case for medical necessity.</a> Skinmed. 9 (2), 79-84 (2011).</li><li>Olsen, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+randomized+clinical+trial+of+5%+topical+minoxidil+versus+2%+topical+minoxidil+and+placebo+in+the+treatment+of+androgenetic+alopecia+in+men.">A randomized clinical trial of 5% topical minoxidil versus 2% topical minoxidil and placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men.</a> J Am Acad Dermatol. 47 (3), 377-385 (2002).</li><li>Rossi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=1+mg+daily+administration+on+male+androgenetic+alopecia+in+different+age+groups:+10-year+follow-up.">1 mg daily administration on male androgenetic alopecia in different age groups: 10-year follow-up.</a> Dermatol Ther. 24 (4), 455-461 (2011).</li><li>Gibbons, R. D., Fiedler-Weiss, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer-aided+quantification+of+scalp+hair.">Computer-aided quantification of scalp hair.</a> Dermatol Clin. 4 (4), 627-640 (1986).</li><li>Fleming, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techniques+for+a+structural+analysis+of+dermatoscopic+imagery.">Techniques for a structural analysis of dermatoscopic imagery.</a> Comput Med Imaging Graph. 22 (5), 375-389 (1998).</li><li>Chamberlain, A. J., Dawber, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+of+evaluating+hair+growth.">Methods of evaluating hair growth.</a> Australas J Dermatol. 44 (1), 10-18 (2003).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Kodak/Tiffen Q-13 Gray Scale*. , .</li><li>Freyschmidt-Paul, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+alopecia+areata+in+C3H/HeJ+mice+with+the+topical+immunosuppressant+FK506+(Tacrolimus).">Treatment of alopecia areata in C3H/HeJ mice with the topical immunosuppressant FK506 (Tacrolimus).</a> Eur J Dermatol. 11 (5), 405-409 (2001).</li><li>Katikaneni, R., Ponnapakkam, T., Matsushita, O., Sakon, J., Gensure, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+and+prevention+of+chemotherapy-induced+alopecia+with+PTH-CBD,+a+collagen-targeted+parathyroid+hormone+analog,+in+a+non-depilated+mouse+model.">Treatment and prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia with PTH-CBD, a collagen-targeted parathyroid hormone analog, in a non-depilated mouse model.</a> Anticancer Drugs. 25 (1), 30-38 (2014).</li><li>Peters, E. M., Foitzik, K., Paus, R., Ray, S., Holick, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+strategy+for+modulating+chemotherapy-induced+alopecia,+using+PTH/PTHrP+receptor+agonist+and+antagonist.">A new strategy for modulating chemotherapy-induced alopecia, using PTH/PTHrP receptor agonist and antagonist.</a> J Invest Dermatol. 117 (2), 173-178 (2001).</li><li>Katikaneni, R., Ponnapakkam, T., Seymour, A., Sakon, J., Gensure, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parathyroid+hormone+linked+to+a+collagen+binding+domain+promotes+hair+growth+in+a+mouse+model+of+chemotherapy+induced+alopecia+in+a+dose-dependent+manner.">Parathyroid hormone linked to a collagen binding domain promotes hair growth in a mouse model of chemotherapy induced alopecia in a dose-dependent manner.</a> Anti-cancer drugs. 25 (7), 819-825 (2014).</li></ol>

Authors have nothing to disclose.

Bu raporda ayrıntılı bir açıklama kemirgenlerde saç dökülmesi ölçülmesi için yeni bir teknik sağlanmaktadır. Bu teknik, en laboratuvarlarda hazır olan görüntü elde etme ve analiz, ekipman için bir jel görüntüleyici kullanır. ölçümler teknikte küçük varyasyonlar (Şekiller 4-5), tutarlı olduğu gösterilmiştir ve tedavi modelleri görme saç kaybı (Şekil 6) bir dereceye kadar iyi bir korelasyon vardır. Bu teknikler başarıyla alopesi 17 deney...

Alopesi (saç dökülmesi) çok farklı nedenlere bağlı bir psikolojik ve duygusal sıkıntı olay olabilir. Erkek tipi kellik 35 yaş 1 ile erkeklerin yaklaşık üçte ikisini etkileyen alopesi en sık nedenidir. Saç dökülmesi benzer bir model polikistik over sendromlu kadınlarda görülebilir. Bu hastalıkların her ikisinde de, saç dökülmesi aracılı androjen. Alopesi zamanda nüfusun 2 1.7% etkileyen bir otoimmün hastalık, alopesi areata gibi oluşabilir. Alopesi kemoterapi 3 gibi bazı tıbbi tedaviler, bir yan etkisi olarak ortaya çıkabilir. Kemoterapi hastalarının büyük bir oranı (% 65-85) alopesi 4,5 ölçüde deneyim. saç dökülmesi psikolojik sonuçları iyi kemoterapi ortamda incelenmiştir. Kemoterapi kaynaklı alopesi anksiyete, depresyon, olumsuz beden imgesi, alçaltılmış benlik saygısı ve 6,7 refah azaltılmış anlamda neden olabilir. Yüksek pekadın kanser hastalarının rcentage (47-58%) kemoterapinin en travmatik yönü olarak saç dökülmesi düşünün ve% 8 düşüş tedaviye kadar saç dökülmesi 4,6 korkusuyla. Saç dökülmesi 8,9 psikolojik ve hatta tıbbi sonuçlarını azaltmak için tedavi desteklemek için androjenik alopesi kanıtlar da vardır. Aynı şekilde, Alopesi areata ciddi psikolojik sonuçları 2 olduğu rapor edilmiştir ve saç dökülmesi yamalı doğası saç dökülmesi çoğu diğer nedenleri daha tatsız kozmetik sonuç yol açabilir. Hafif anti-androjenik etkileri (örneğin, spironolakton) sahip ilaçlar alopesi için bir tedavi olarak sınırlı başarı ile kullanılmış iken, alopesi için birinci etkin bir ilaç minoksidil 10 idi. Bu antihipertansif saç büyümesine neden gözlenen bir yan etkisi vardır ve şimdi alopesi pek çok biçimi için topikal bir tedavi olarak kullanılır. Ancak, tepkiler, bazı konular yalnızca yavaş gösteren, genellikle eksikGerçek büyütme 10 yerine saç dökülmesi ing. Finasterid kısmi sistemik androjen blokajı pahasına androjenik alopesi iyileştirmeler sonucunda, dihidrotestosteron için testosteron bloke dönüşüm II 5α-redüktaz tip rekabetçi bir antagonistidir. Uzun vadeli (10 yıl) tedavisi ile yanıt oranı% 50 civarında 11 vardır. Genel olarak, bu alandaki önemli araştırma rağmen, hala saç dökülmesi için yeterli tedavinin yoktur. On yıllardır, bilim adamları ve klinisyenler klinik denemelerde derisi saç büyümesini ölçmek için yöntemler araştırılmıştır. Alopesi tedavi ilaçların geliştirilmesi ile, saç büyüme ve tedaviye özellikle, tepki ölçme, güvenilir, ekonomik ve minimal invaziv aracı için daha büyük bir ihtiyaç olmuştur. Saç dökülmesi bozukluğu olan hastalarda saç yoğunluğu kesin bir ölçümü için görüntü analizi tekniği techniqu kullanarak çeşitli geçmişte, tutarlı ve geçerli sonuçlar eldedijital görüntü 12 analizi, tek tek kılların görüntü analizi ve cilt 13 lezyonlar, ve tanımlanmış bir kafa derisi bölgesi 14 saç kütlesi ölçmek için mikroskobik tarama dahil olmak üzere, es. Yukarıdaki yöntemler, saç klinik deneylerde müdahaleler büyüme teşvik etmek için etkinliğinin gelişmiş bir değerlendirme temin ederken, ne yazık ki, bu yöntemler, klinik öncesi araştırmalarda kemirgen çalışmaları uygulanmamıştır. Amacımız araştırmacılar daha doğru değerlendirmek ve alopesi çeşitli formları için yeni tedavi yaklaşımları karşılaştırmak sağlayacak farelerde saç dökülmesi, ölçmek için tutarlı ve güvenilir bir yöntem geliştirmektir. Biz kahverengi veya siyah saçlı farelerde saç yoğunluğu hızlı ve güvenilir ölçümü sağlayacak en laboratuvarlarda hazır ekipman kullanarak bir metodoloji geliştirdik. Bu metodoloji waxin gelen kemoterapi kaynaklı alopesi, alopesi areata ve alopesi fare modellerinde test edilmiştirörn. Ayrıntılı bir protokol doğrulama C57BL / 6 veri ve C3H / farelerin HeJ suşları da dahil olmak üzere bu ölçümleri, performans sunulmuştur. Bu teknik saç gövdesine pigmentlerden ışık emiliminin tespit dayandığı için, beyaz fareler veya Albino farelerde saç büyümesi tespit etmek için kullanılamaz.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="623">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">KODAK Gel Logic 100 Imaging System&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Gel imager for obtaining and analyzing photographs, must have built in light source for reflective photography.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;">The Kodak/Tiffen Q-13 Gray Scale</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Imatest, http://www.imatest.com/docs/q13/</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Greyscale standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">C57BL/6J Mice</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">&#160;Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Maine</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Mice for representative study</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">C3H/HeJ engrafted mouse</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">&#160;Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Maine</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Mice for representative study</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a new technique for quantitative analysis of hair loss in mice using grayscale analysis

Alopesi erkek tipi saç dökülmesi, polikistik over sendromu ve alopesi areata gibi birçok farklı koşullar, oluşabilir saç dökülmesi yaygın bir şeklidir. Alopesi Kanser hastalarının kemoterapinin bir yan etkisi olarak ortaya çıkabilir. Bu çalışmada, amacımız araştırmacılar doğru değerlendirmek ve alopesi bu çeşitli formları için yeni tedavi yaklaşımları karşılaştırmak sağlayacak farelerde saç dökülmesi, ölçmek için tutarlı ve güvenilir bir yöntem geliştirmektir. yöntem fare üzerinde siyah (veya gri) saç miktarına kaba orantılı olarak meydana hafif emilimini, ölçme, farelerin görüntüleri elde etmek ve süreç standart bir jel görüntüleyici kullanır. Bu şekilde sayısal edilmiştir Veriler daha sonra standart istatistiksel teknikler (örneğin, ANOVA, t-testi) kullanılarak analiz edilebilir. Bu metodoloji, balmumu gelen kemoterapi kaynaklı alopesi, alopesi areata ve alopesi fare modellerinde test edilmiştir. Bu raporda, ayrıntılı protokol pres olduğunuodaklılık doğrulama C57BL / 6 veri ve C3H / farelerin HeJ suşları da dahil olmak üzere bu ölçümleri, gerçekleştirmek için. Bu yeni teknik, göreceli uygulama basitliği, çoğu araştırma laboratuarlarında hazır olan ekipman güven ve objektif uygulayarak, subjektif değerlendirmeler daha sağlamdır nicel değerlendirmesi dahil bir dizi avantaj sunmaktadır. Farelerde tüylerin miktarının gelişmeler alopesi modellerinin çalışma artırmak ve klinik öncesi çalışmalarda umut verici yeni tedavilerin değerlendirilmesi kolaylaştıracaktır.

Bu teknik C3H / HeJ engrafted fareler, 16 areata alopesi fare modeli kullanılarak valide edildi. Bu hayvanlar zamanla ilerler küresel saç kaybı gelişebilir. Ancak, saç dökülmesi yamalar oluşur ve önemli değişkenlik tanıtan ve nitel değerlendirmeler engellemekle, bir fare diğerine değişebilir. Bu model geçerliliği bir değerlendirme olarak fare üzerinde farklı konumlarda optik yoğunluk ölçümleri arasındaki ilişkiyi test etmek için bir fırsat sağladı. ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A New Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Hair Loss in Mice Using Grayscale Analysis at JoVE.com

A New Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Hair Loss in Mice Using Grayscale Analysis

Alopecia is a common form of hair loss which can occur in many different conditions, including as a side-effect of chemotherapy. We have developed a method to quantify hair loss in mice, utilizing a standard gel imager to perform a grayscale analysis, to facilitate study of promising new alopecia therapies.

Gri tonlama Analizi İle Farelerde Saç Dökülmesi Kantitatif Analiz Yeni Bir Teknik

Alopecia is a common form of hair loss which can occur in many different conditions, including male-pattern hair loss, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and ...

a-new-technique-for-quantitative-analysis-hair-loss-mice-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

8.8K Görüntüleme.  Children's Hospital at Montefiore. Alopecia is a common form of hair loss which can occur in many different conditions, including as a side-effect of chemotherapy. We have developed a method to quantify hair loss in mice, utilizing a standard gel imager to perform a grayscale analysis, to facilitate study of promising new alopecia therapies.

Video: A New Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Hair Loss in Mice Using Grayscale Analysis

A Neuronal and Astrocyte Co-Culture Assay for High Content Analysis of Neurotoxicity

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing measurement of multiple cellular phenotypes within a single assay. In this study, we utilized HCA to develop a novel assay for neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity assessment represents an important part of drug safety evaluation, as well as being a significant focus of environmental protection efforts. Additionally, neurotoxicity is also a well-accepted in vitro marker of the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Recently, the application of HCA to neuronal screening has been reported. By labeling neuronal cells with &beta;III-tubulin, HCA assays can provide high-throughput, non-subjective, quantitative measurements of parameters such as neuronal number, neurite count and neurite length, all of which can indicate neurotoxic effects. However, the role of astrocytes remains unexplored in these models. Astrocytes have an integral role in the maintenance of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, and are associated with both neuroprotection and neurodegradation when they are activated in response to toxic substances or disease states. GFAP is an intermediate filament protein expressed predominantly in the astrocytes of the CNS. Astrocytic activation (gliosis) leads to the upregulation of GFAP, commonly accompanied by astrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. This process of reactive gliosis has been proposed as an early marker of damage to the nervous system. The traditional method for GFAP quantitation is by immunoassay. This approach is limited by an inability to provide information on cellular localization, morphology and cell number. We determined that HCA could be used to overcome these limitations and to simultaneously measure multiple features associated with gliosis - changes in GFAP expression, astrocyte hypertrophy, and astrocyte proliferation - within a single assay. In co-culture studies, astrocytes have been shown to protect neurons against several types of toxic insult and to critically influence neuronal survival. Recent studies have suggested that the use of astrocytes in an in vitro neurotoxicity test system may prove more relevant to human CNS structure and function than neuronal cells alone. Accordingly, we have developed an HCA assay for co-culture of neurons and astrocytes, comprised of protocols and validated, target-specific detection reagents for profiling &beta;III-tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This assay enables simultaneous analysis of neurotoxicity, neurite outgrowth, gliosis, neuronal and astrocytic morphology and neuronal and astrocytic development in a wide variety of cellular models, representing a novel, non-subjective, high-throughput assay for neurotoxicity assessment. The assay holds great potential for enhanced detection of neurotoxicity and improved productivity in neuroscience research and drug discovery.

This article describes a novel protocol and reagent set designed for sensitive measurement of neurotoxic effects of compounds and treatments on co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes using high content analysis. Results demonstrate that high content analysis represents an exciting novel technology for neurotoxicity assessment.

Nörotoksisite Yüksek İçerik Analizi Nöronal ve Astrosit Hücre Co-Kültür Testi

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing ...

Biyoloji

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes in cell surface area and cell height, and where cells undergo mitosis and migrate. Furthermore, epithelial cells can also regulate morphogenetic movements in adjacent tissues1. A traditional method to study epithelial cells and tissues involve chemical fixation and histological methods to determine cell morphology or localization of particular proteins of interest. These approaches continue to be useful and provide "snapshots" of cell shapes and tissue architecture, however, much remains to be understood about how cells acquire specific shapes, how various proteins move or localize to specific positions, and what paths cells follow toward their final differentiated fate. High resolution live imaging complements traditional methods and also allows more direct investigation into the dynamic cellular processes involved in the formation, maintenance, and morphogenesis of multicellular epithelial sheets. Here we demonstrate experimental methods from the isolation of animal cap tissues from Xenopus laevis embryos to confocal imaging of epithelial cells and simple measurement approaches that together can augment molecular and cellular studies of epithelial morphogenesis.

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus embryonic epithelia are an ideal model system to study cell behaviors such as polarity development and shape change during epithelial morphogenesis. Traditional histology of fixed samples is increasingly being complemented by live-cell confocal imaging. Here we demonstrate methods to isolate frog tissues and visualize live epithelial cells and their cytoskeleton using live-cell confocal microscopy.

Canlı hücre Görüntüleme ve Kantitatif Analiz Embriyonik Epitel Hücreleri Xenopus laevis</em

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes ...

A Noninvasive Hair Sampling Technique to Obtain High Quality DNA from Elusive Small Mammals

Noninvasive genetic sampling approaches are becoming increasingly important to study wildlife populations. A number of studies have reported using noninvasive sampling techniques to investigate population genetics and demography of wild populations1. This approach has proven to be especially useful when dealing with rare or elusive species2. While a number of these methods have been developed to sample hair, feces and other biological material from carnivores and medium-sized mammals, they have largely remained untested in elusive small mammals. In this video, we present a novel, inexpensive and noninvasive hair snare targeted at an elusive small mammal, the American pika (Ochotona princeps). We describe the general set-up of the hair snare, which consists of strips of packing tape arranged in a web-like fashion and placed along travelling routes in the pikas&#x2019; habitat. We illustrate the efficiency of the snare at collecting a large quantity of hair that can then be collected and brought back to the lab. We then demonstrate the use of the DNA IQ system (Promega) to isolate DNA and showcase the utility of this method to amplify commonly used molecular markers including nuclear microsatellites, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), mitochondrial sequences (800bp) as well as a molecular sexing marker. Overall, we demonstrate the utility of this novel noninvasive hair snare as a sampling technique for wildlife population biologists. We anticipate that this approach will be applicable to a variety of small mammals, opening up areas of investigation within natural populations, while minimizing impact to study organisms.

We present a noninvasive sampling approach to efficiently collect hair samples from elusive small mammals, as shown for the American pika. We demonstrate the utility of this method by extracting DNA from sampled hair and amplifying several types of molecular markers commonly used in studies of wildlife ecology and conservation.

Elusive Küçük Memeliler Yüksek Kalite DNA Edinme Noninvaziv Saç Örnekleme Tekniği

Noninvasive genetic sampling approaches are becoming increasingly important to study wildlife populations. A number of studies have reported using ...

Quantitative Live Cell Fluorescence-microscopy Analysis of Fission Yeast

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using fluorochromes like Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) directly attached to the protein of interest has become increasingly popular 1. Using GFP and similar fluorochromes the subcellular localisations and movements of proteins can be detected in a fluorescent microscope. Moreover, also the subnuclear localisation of a certain region of a chromosome can be studied using this technique. GFP is fused to the Lac Repressor protein (LacR) and ectopically expressed in the cell where tandem repeats of the lacO sequence has been inserted into the region of interest on the chromosome2. The LacR-GFP will bind to the lacO repeats and that area of the genome will be visible as a green dot in the fluorescence microscope. Yeast is especially suited for this type of manipulation since homologous recombination is very efficient and thereby enables targeted integration of the lacO repeats and engineered fusion proteins with GFP 3. Here we describe a quantitative method for live cell analysis of fission yeast. Additional protocols for live cell analysis of fission yeast can be found, for example on how to make a movie of the meiotic chromosomal behaviour 4. In this particular experiment we focus on subnuclear organisation and how it is affected during gene induction. We have labelled a gene cluster, named Chr1, by the introduction of lacO binding sites in the vicinity of the genes. The gene cluster is enriched for genes that are induced early during nitrogen starvation of fission yeast 5. In the strain the nuclear membrane (NM) is labelled by the attachment of mCherry to the NM protein Cut11 giving rise to a red fluorescent signal. The Spindle Pole body (SPB) compound Sid4 is fused to Red Fluorescent Protein (Sid4-mRFP) 6. In vegetatively growing yeast cells the centromeres are always attached to the SPB that is embedded in the NM 7. The SPB is identified as a large round structure in the NM. By imaging before and 20 minutes after depletion of the nitrogen source we can determine the distance between the gene cluster (GFP) and the NM/SPB. The mean or median distances before and after nitrogen depletion are compared and we can thus quantify whether or not there is a shift in subcellular localisation of the gene cluster after nitrogen depletion.

The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, is a good model system to study basic cellular processes. Here we describe a method to perform quantitative live cell analysis of fission yeast. In this particular experiment we focus on organisation of the genome within the cell nucleus, but the method can also be used to study cytosolic factors.

Fisyon Maya Kantitatif Canlı Hücre Floresan mikroskopi Analizi

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using ...

Quantitative Analysis of Random Migration of Cells Using Time-lapse Video Microscopy

Cell migration is a dynamic process, which is important for embryonic development, tissue repair, immune system function, and tumor invasion 1, 2. During directional migration, cells move rapidly in response to an extracellular chemotactic signal, or in response to intrinsic cues 3 provided by the basic motility machinery. Random migration occurs when a cell possesses low intrinsic directionality, allowing the cells to explore their local environment.
Cell migration is a complex process, in the initial response cell undergoes polarization and extends protrusions in the direction of migration 2. Traditional methods to measure migration such as the Boyden chamber migration assay is an easy method to measure chemotaxis in vitro, which allows measuring migration as an end point result. However, this approach neither allows measurement of individual migration parameters, nor does it allow to visualization of morphological changes that cell undergoes during migration.
Here, we present a method that allows us to monitor migrating cells in real time using video - time lapse microscopy. Since cell migration and invasion are hallmarks of cancer, this method will be applicable in studying cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. Random migration of platelets has been considered as one of the parameters of platelet function 4, hence this method could also be helpful in studying platelet functions. This assay has the advantage of being rapid, reliable, reproducible, and does not require optimization of cell numbers. In order to maintain physiologically suitable conditions for cells, the microscope is equipped with CO2 supply and temperature thermostat. Cell movement is monitored by taking pictures using a camera fitted to the microscope at regular intervals. Cell migration can be calculated by measuring average speed and average displacement, which is calculated by Slidebook software.

This method allows monitoring of cells in real time and quantitative measurements of different cell migration parameters such as speed, displacement, and velocity. Unlike the traditional methods, this real time approach is not based on endpoint quantitative migration measurements; instead it allows monitoring and calculating different parameters continuously.

Time-lapse video Mikroskop ile Hücrelerinin Rastgele Göç Kantitatif Analiz

Cell migration is a dynamic process, which is important for embryonic development, tissue repair, immune system function, and tumor invasion 1, 2. During ...

A Quantitative Fitness Analysis Workflow

Quantitative Fitness Analysis (QFA) is an experimental and computational workflow for comparing fitnesses of microbial cultures grown in parallel1,2,3,4. QFA can be applied to focused observations of single cultures but is most useful for genome-wide genetic interaction or drug screens investigating up to thousands of independent cultures. The central experimental method is the inoculation of independent, dilute liquid microbial cultures onto solid agar plates which are incubated and regularly photographed. Photographs from each time-point are analyzed, producing quantitative cell density estimates, which are used to construct growth curves, allowing quantitative fitness measures to be derived. Culture fitnesses can be compared to quantify and rank genetic interaction strengths or drug sensitivities. The effect on culture fitness of any treatments added into substrate agar (e.g. small molecules, antibiotics or nutrients) or applied to plates externally (e.g. UV irradiation, temperature) can be quantified by QFA.
The QFA workflow produces growth rate estimates analogous to those obtained by spectrophotometric measurement of parallel liquid cultures in 96-well or 200-well plate readers. Importantly, QFA has significantly higher throughput compared with such methods. QFA cultures grow on a solid agar surface and are therefore well aerated during growth without the need for stirring or shaking.
QFA throughput is not as high as that of some Synthetic Genetic Array (SGA) screening methods5,6. However, since QFA cultures are heavily diluted before being inoculated onto agar, QFA can capture more complete growth curves, including exponential and saturation phases3. For example, growth curve observations allow culture doubling times to be estimated directly with high precision, as discussed previously1.
Here we present a specific QFA protocol applied to thousands of S. cerevisiae cultures which are automatically handled by robots during inoculation, incubation and imaging. Any of these automated steps can be replaced by an equivalent, manual procedure, with an associated reduction in throughput, and we also present a lower throughput manual protocol. The same QFA software tools can be applied to images captured in either workflow.
We have extensive experience applying QFA to cultures of the budding yeast S. cerevisiae but we expect that QFA will prove equally useful for examining cultures of the fission yeast S. pombe and bacterial cultures.

Quantitative Fitness Analysis (QFA) is a complementary series of experimental and computational methods for estimating microbial culture fitnesses. QFA estimates the effect of genetic mutations, drugs or other applied treatments on microbe growth. Experiments scaling from focussed analysis of single cultures to thousands of parallel cultures can be designed.

Kantitatif Spor Analizi İş Akışı

Quantitative Fitness Analysis (QFA) is an experimental and computational workflow for comparing fitnesses of microbial cultures grown in parallel1,2,3,4. ...

Rapid Genetic Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Signaling During Hair Regeneration

Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an attractive model system to study organ development and tissue-specific signaling. Although hair follicle development is genetically tractable, fast and reproducible analysis of factors essential for this process remains a challenge. Here we describe a procedure to generate targeted overexpression or shRNA-mediated knockdown of factors using lentivirus in a tissue-specific manner. Using a modified version of a hair regeneration model 5, 6, 11, we can achieve robust gain- or loss-of-function analysis in primary mouse keratinocytes or dermal cells to facilitate study of epithelial-mesenchymal signaling pathways that lead to hair follicle morphogenesis. We describe how to isolate fresh primary mouse keratinocytes and dermal cells, which contain dermal papilla cells and their precursors, deliver lentivirus containing either shRNA or cDNA to one of the cell populations, and combine the cells to generate fully formed hair follicles on the backs of nude mice. This approach allows analysis of tissue-specific factors required to generate hair follicles within three weeks and provides a fast and convenient companion to existing genetic models.

Tissue-specific analysis of a hair follicle regeneration model using lentivirus to mediate gain- or loss-of-function.

Saç Rejenerasyon sırasında epitelyal-mezenkimal Sinyal Rapid Genetik Analizi

Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an ...

Quantitative Analysis of Autophagy using Advanced 3D Fluorescence Microscopy

Prostate cancer is the leading form of malignancies among men in the U.S. While surgery carries a significant risk of impotence and incontinence, traditional chemotherapeutic approaches have been largely unsuccessful. Hormone therapy is effective at early stage, but often fails with the eventual development of hormone-refractory tumors. We have been interested in developing therapeutics targeting specific metabolic deficiency of tumor cells. We recently showed that prostate tumor cells specifically lack an enzyme (argininosuccinate synthase, or ASS) involved in the synthesis of the amino acid arginine1. This condition causes the tumor cells to become dependent on exogenous arginine, and they undergo metabolic stress when free arginine is depleted by arginine deiminase (ADI)1,10. Indeed, we have shown that human prostate cancer cells CWR22Rv1 are effectively killed by ADI with caspase-independent apoptosis and aggressive autophagy (or macroautophagy)1,2,3. Autophagy is an evolutionarily-conserved process that allows cells to metabolize unwanted proteins by lysosomal breakdown during nutritional starvation4,5. Although the essential components of this pathway are well-characterized6,7,8,9, many aspects of the molecular mechanism are still unclear - in particular, what is the role of autophagy in the death-response of prostate cancer cells after ADI treatment? In order to address this question, we required an experimental method to measure the level and extent of autophagic response in cells - and since there are no known molecular markers that can accurately track this process, we chose to develop an imaging-based approach, using quantitative 3D fluorescence microscopy11,12.
Using CWR22Rv1 cells specifically-labeled with fluorescent probes for autophagosomes and lysosomes, we show that 3D image stacks acquired with either widefield deconvolution microscopy (and later, with super-resolution, structured-illumination microscopy) can clearly capture the early stages of autophagy induction. With commercially available digital image analysis applications, we can readily obtain statistical information about autophagosome and lysosome number, size, distribution, and degree of colocalization from any imaged cell. This information allows us to precisely track the progress of autophagy in living cells and enables our continued investigation into the role of autophagy in cancer chemotherapy.

Autophagy is a ubiquitous process that enables cells to degrade and recycle proteins and organelles. We apply advanced fluorescence microscopy to visualize and quantify the small, but essential, physical changes associated with the induction of autophagy, including the formation and distribution of autophagosomes and lysosomes, and their fusion into autolysosomes.

Gelişmiş 3D Floresan Mikroskobu kullanılarak Otofaji Kantitatif Analiz

Prostate cancer is the leading form of malignancies among men in the U.S. While surgery carries a significant risk of impotence and incontinence, ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for using FISH to quantify the number of mRNAs in single yeast cells. Cells can be grown in any condition of interest and then fixed and made permeable. Subsequently, multiple single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides conjugated to fluorescent dyes are used to label and visualize mRNAs. Diffraction-limited fluorescence from single mRNA molecules is quantified using a spot-detection algorithm to identify and count the number of mRNAs per cell. While the more standard quantification methods of northern blots, RT-PCR and gene expression microarrays provide information on average mRNAs in the bulk population, FISH facilitates both the counting and localization of these mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Floresan kullanarak mRNA Moleküllerin Görselleştirme ve Analiz<em&gt; Yerinde</emIn&gt; Hibridizasyon<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

Extraction and Analysis of Cortisol from Human and Monkey Hair

The stress hormone cortisol (CORT) is slowly incorporated into the growing hair shaft of humans, nonhuman primates, and other mammals. We developed and validated a method for CORT extraction and analysis from rhesus monkey hair and subsequently adapted this method for use with human scalp hair. In contrast to CORT &#34;point samples&#34; obtained from plasma or saliva, hair CORT provides an integrated measure of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system activity, and thus physiological stress, during the period of hormone incorporation. Because human scalp hair grows at an average rate of 1 cm/month, CORT levels obtained from hair segments several cm in length can potentially serve as a biomarker of stress experienced over a number of months.
In our method, each hair sample is first washed twice in isopropanol to remove any CORT from the outside of the hair shaft that has been deposited from sweat or sebum. After drying, the sample is ground to a fine powder to break up the hair&#39;s protein matrix and increase the surface area for extraction. CORT from the interior of the hair shaft is extracted into methanol, the methanol is evaporated, and the extract is reconstituted in assay buffer. Extracted CORT, along with standards and quality controls, is then analyzed by means of a sensitive and specific commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit. Readout from the EIA is converted to pg CORT per mg powdered hair weight. This method has been used in our laboratory to analyze hair CORT in humans, several species of macaque monkeys, marmosets, dogs, and polar bears. Many studies both from our lab and from other research groups have demonstrated the broad applicability of hair CORT for assessing chronic stress exposure in natural as well as laboratory settings.

Cortisol (CORT) accumulates in the growing hair shaft of humans and nonhuman primates. We describe methods for extracting and analyzing hair CORT with high precision and sensitivity. Measurement of hair CORT is particularly well-suited for assessing chronic stress over periods of weeks to months.

Ekstraksiyon ve İnsan ve Maymun Saç gelen Kortizol Analizi

The stress hormone cortisol (CORT) is slowly incorporated into the growing hair shaft of humans, nonhuman primates, and other mammals. We developed and ...