Support provided by grant AA019462 to DAH and AA019884 to DDS.

Burada ve ekteki videoda anlatılan tüm işlemler Sağlık Bilimleri Merkezi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komiteleri ve New Mexico Üniversitesi ana kampüsünde tarafından onaylanmıştır. 1. Prenatal Etanol Pozlama <ol><li> Gerekli tüm malzemeleri ve kimyasalları edinin: Sakarin sodyum tuzu hidrat, 190 geçirmez etanol (hacimce% 95 alkol), boncuklu cam içme tüpleri, tek delikli, 1 &quot;bend tüpleri-tükenmez, kağıt cetveller www yazdırılan doğal kauçuk beyaz 4. stoper .vendian.org / mncharity / Dir3 / paper_rulers /. </li><li> Bir satıcı veya alternatif kaynaktan kanıtlanmış yetişkin damızlık fareleri edinin. Bu protokolde sunulan yöntemler ve temsili veri Long-Evans yetiştiricileri kullanın. Dişiler 125-150 gr ve üreme zamanında yaklaşık 9-10 hafta eski gibi girişte yaş 6-7 hafta (1.5 adım) tartın. Olası bütün barajlar ilk kez anne olduğundan emin olun. Erkek 12 olduğundan emin olunvarış yaşının hafta üreme protokol başında eski 15 hafta. </li><li> Ev ters 12 saat aydınlık / karanlık programa 22 ° C&#39;de ayrı ayrı plastik kafeslerde hayvanlar (09:00 saat 21:00 itibaren yanar). Tüm içme oturumları sırasında olmak üzere, çalışma boyunca gıda ve musluk suyu ad libitum erişim sağlayın. 1.4 adıma geçmeden önce tesis aklimasyonundan için en az 1 hafta izin verin. </li><li> Her dişi fare için başlangıç ​​vücut ağırlıkları elde edilir. </li><li> 2 hafta boyunca dişi sıçanlarda gebelik öncesi içme düzeyini değerlendirin. Adımları izleyin 1.5.1-1.5.6 sırayla. <ol><li> Günlerde 1 ve 2 musluk suyunda 0.066% sakarin solüsyonu (yok etanol) içeren bir içme tüp doldurun. Tüketim doldurulmadan önce içme tüp mm hassasiyetle bir kağıt cetvel yapıştırmayın ölçmek için. Bu etanol tüketimi ölçmek için tüpler tartı ile ilişkili ölçümünde hata azaltır olarak bu yöntemi kullanın. Cetvel üzerinde 20 mm işaretine kadar tüp doldurun. Dört saatlik drinki başlayınng oturumları (1.5.1-1.5.6 ve 1.7 adımları) aktivitesi ve içme düzeyleri yüksek olan koyu faz (10:00 saat) başladıktan sonra 1 saat. </li><li> Her içme oturumun sonunda tüketilen sakarin çözeltisi hacmi ölçmek. Ölçümünü kolaylaştırmak için, önceden cetvel üzerinde mm başına çözeltinin hacmini belirlemek ve hacimleri mm dönüştürmek. Burada tavsiye edilen borular için her mm 0.366 ml gelir. </li><li> Gün 3 ve 4 üzerinde% 2.5 etanol (h / h) ve musluk suyu içinde% 0.066 sakarin çözeltisi ile bir tüp doldurun. Her oturum sonunda tüketilen (vücut ağırlığının her kg&#39;ı başına ağırlık) etanol çözeltisi miktarını belirlemek. </li><li> Günde 5 ve sonra% 5 etanol (h / h) ve musluk suyu içinde% 0.066 sakarin çözeltisi ile bir tüp doldurun. Her oturum sonunda tüketilen (vücut ağırlığının her kg&#39;ı başına ağırlık) etanol çözeltisi miktarını belirlemek. </li><li> Gebelik öncesi içme aşamasının tamamlanmasından sonra sıçan tartmak ve ortalama etanol tüketen hesaplamakption ve tüm grup için standart sapma. Tüketim fazla 1 standart sapma gebelik sırasında gönüllü içme değişkenliği azaltmak için çalışma anlamına üstünde veya grup altında demek olan fareler çıkarın. </li><li> Gebelik öncesi içme düzeyleri iki grup için mümkün olduğunca yakın eşleştirilir şekilde sakarin kontrolü veya PAE koşullara ya kalan fareler atayın. </li></ol></li><li> 1-14 gün içinde çifti kanıtlanmış erkek damızlık her dişi sıçan. Dişi sıçanlar üreme aşamasında etanol tüketmeyin. , Vajinal tamponun varlığı ile gebelik onaylayın kadın sıçan tartmak ve bireysel onu ev. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen kadın kaldırmak sonra 5 güne kadar, bir erkek damızlık dişi fareleri bırakın, gebelik gün 1. İsteğe bağlı olarak tanımlanır. Not: Gebelik sırasında etanol tüketimini vajinal tamponun varlığı için gebelik gün 1 kontrol ile 10:00 saat sonra başlar için yapılmalıdırBu süre öncesinde. </li><li> Gebelik süresince günde 4 saat (1,000 1,400 saat) için etanol ya da sakarin çözümleri sunmak. <ol><li> Gebelik 1. günde başlayarak% 0 ya da% 5 etanol ve Grup belirlemesinden göre musluk suyu 0,066% sakarin çözeltisi ya da dişi sıçan sağlar. Sakarin kontrol sıçanlarda sağlanan 0% etanol çözeltisinin hacmi etanol fareler tarafından tüketilen% 5 etanol çözeltisi ortalama hacmine uyumlu olduğundan emin olun. Her oturum sonunda tüketilen veya sakarin (vücut ağırlığının her kg&#39;ı başına ağırlık) etanol çözeltisi miktarını belirlemek. </li><li> Maternal kilo alımını değerlendirmek için haftalık sıçan barajları tartılır. </li><li> Içme oturumları dahil olmak üzere tüm zamanlarda yiyecek ve musluk suyu sağlayın. </li><li> Yavrular doğduğu zaman etanol pozlama prosedürleri kes. Doğum canlı yavrular ve yavru ağırlıkları numarasını kaydedin. Doğum sonrası gün 0 olarak doğum gününü belirleyin. </li><li> Doğum sonrası günde 2-3 civarında 10 yavrular için çöp itlaf. T girişimio Her çöp kadın hayvanlara erkek eşit oranını korumak. Bu mümkün değilse, erkek ve kadın eşit olmayan sayıda 10 yavrular için itlaf. </li><li> Kayıt yavru ağırlıkları doğumdan sonra 2-3 gün. </li><li> Aynı doğum öncesi tedavi durumundan bir hayvan ile eşcinsel çiftleri yaklaşık doğum sonrası günde 21-24 ve evinde hayvan vazgeçirmek. Potansiyel çöp etkilerini sınırlamak için deney başına her çöp fazla 1-2 sıçan kullanmayın. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Sosyal Davranış <ol><li> Elde ve gerekli tüm malzeme ve ekipmanı hazırlamak. <ol><li> Sosyal etkileşim için bir aparat edinin. Temizlenmesi ve dezenfekte edilmesi için kullanımı kolay bir malzemeden yapılmış olan bir açık üst kısmı ile bir bölme kullanın. aparatın ön çekim için sert şeffaf plastik (~ 2 mm kalınlığında) ile kaplanmış olmalıdır. Hat şeffaf plastik (~ 2 mm kalınlığında) ile iç duvarlar ve zemin temizliği ve koku kontrolü yardım etmek. Arka iç wa boyunca Yeri aynalarll analizini yardım etmek. NOT: temsili veriler burada cihazın iç tarafını ve zemin kaplama özel bir odasını açık üst ve sert şeffaf plastik (2 mm kalınlığında) ile (× 43 cm boyunda genişliğinde 95 cm uzunluğunda × 47 cm) rapor için kullanıldı. Aynalar arka duvarı boyunca yerleştirildi. Özel boyutlar ve malzemeler sosyal davranış ölçümü için kritik öneme sahip değildir, ancak, bu boyutlar yeterli olduğu gerçek bir sosyal etkileşim sağlamak için büyük bir diğer davranışları ayırt edilebilir olması önerilmektedir. Bu hayvanlar, birbirine yakın olarak her zaman, böylece cihaz kadar büyük olmalıdır vardır. </li><li> Tüm filme görünür spektrum içinde az veya hiç ortam aydınlatması ile gerçekleştirilmektedir gibi düşük veya hiç ışık koşullarında kayıt yeteneğine sahip video kameralar edinin. Onun yerli karanlık koşullarda, kamera Ancak, kızılötesi spektrumunda içinde yüksek çözünürlüğe sahip olduğu kayıt yeteneğine sahip herhangi bir kamera olunEk kızılötesi aydınlatıcı ile gece modu veya yeterli olmalıdır. </li><li> Aparat etrafında Pozisyon kızılötesi aydınlatıcı video kaydında cihazın aydınlatma geliştirmek için. </li><li> Laboratuvar kaliteli ahşap yongaları (titrek kavak çip) edinin. </li><li> Oturumları ve koku kontrolü arasındaki aparatı temizlemek için bir fırça, faraş, klor dioksit ve izopropil alkol (% 70) edinin. </li></ol></li><li> Aparat alışma ve sosyal davranış <ol><li> Deneyin bu aşaması için, yaşı en az 90 gün erişkin sıçanlarda ölçümler yapmak. </li><li> Önce her oturuma, herhangi bir ormanda cips kaldırmak oturumları arasında kokuları kontrol ve taze odun yongaları sağlamak için izopropil alkol ile temiz cihazı silin. Talaş tamamen cihazın alt kapağı emin olun. Temiz ve gerektiğinde, örneğin klor dioksit gibi uygun bir madde ile cihaz sterilize. </li><li> Üç gün üst üste için içine bir hayvan ve kafes arkadaşı yerleştirin30 dakika odası aparat hayvanları ACCLIMATE. Alışma oturumları sırasında tüm oda ışıkları kapatılır. </li><li> Hayvanlar ayrı ayrı 24 saat taze yatak, yiyecek ve su ile yeni kafeslerde üçüncü aklimasyonundan oturumu evin sonunda sosyal etkileşim motive etmek. </li><li> Hayvanların sonra ertesi gün 24 saat Tutanak sosyal etkileşim ayrıldı. <ol><li> Temiz, aparat ahşap yongaları çıkarın ve klor dioksit ile dezenfekte, kokuları kontrol etmek izopropil alkol ile silin ve oturum öncesinde ahşap yongaları değiştirin. </li><li> Etkileşimi kaydetmek için bir veya daha fazla kamera yerleştirin. Pozisyon en az bir kamera aparatı önünde cihazın arka duvara ayna analizi için ek bir perspektif sağlayabilir böylece. </li><li> Hayvanların teker teker alın ve kürk desen benzersiz özellikleri kaydetti böylece kamera önünde hayvan tutun. Bu tanımlama özelliklerikürk analizi yerine yapay hayvanlar işaretleme sırasında sıçan ayırt etmek için kullanılabilir. NOT: kemirgen sosyal etkileşim birçok yönleri koku sinyalleri ve olası tanıtan yabancı kokular kaçınılmalıdır yerde ortağı, kokulu içerir çünkü. Long-Evans fareleri, tipik olarak hayvan, herhangi bir çift ayırt etmek için kullanılabilir kürk deseninin bir özelliği vardır. Diğer suşlar (örn, Sprague-Davvley fareleri) için, böyle bir kokusuz bir boya ile kuyruk işaretleme gibi alternatif yaklaşımlar da kullanılabilir. Bu ilgi birçok davranışları belirli hedeflere yöneliktir olduğunu kabul etmek önemlidir (örn., Anogenital kuyruk tabanına yakın yönettiği sniff, boyun, ya da yanları ya da karın yönelmiş saldırgan saldırıların ense yönelik oynak saldırıları). Çok ilgi bu hedeflerden kuyruk ucuna yakın hayvanlar İşaretleme tavsiye edilir. </li><li> En az 12 dakika süreyle sosyal etkileşim Tutanak video.</li><li> Oturumu boyunca mücadele hayvanları izleyin. Mümkünse deneyci oturumu sırasında odasında değil ki, bir monitör veya pencere yoluyla hayvanları seyretmek. Not: Mücadele nadiren yetişkin sıçanlarda yapılan çalışmalarda tespit edilmiştir, ancak, hayvanlar oturum boyunca izlenmelidir. oturum aşırı mücadele varsa kesilmeli ya da hayvana zarar veya yaralanma belirtileri vardır. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Davranış kodlama ve analizi. <ol><li> PAE 1,18 ile önceki iş başına kadar ilgi aşağıdaki davranışları tanımlamak. Aşağıdaki davranışlardan ilk oluşumuna süresi, sıklığı ve gecikme ölçmek; ahşap yongaları kazma /, anogenital koklama, ortak altında / üzerinde (geçiş) ortağının vücudunun (vücut koklama), diğer koklama tarama (ortağı tımar) allogrooming, yetiştirme ve koklama, boks, (çivileme dahil) güreş . Her bir davranış örnekleri göstermektedir olanBu makalenin video bileşeni ö. </li><li> Videodan ilgi sosyal davranışları ölçen. Ilgi her davranış için ilk etapta frekans, toplam süresini ve gecikme edinin. NOT: Bu ölçümler elde etmek el elde edilebilir, bununla birlikte, dijital video bilgisayar analizler kullanılarak bu önlemlerin miktar tavsiye edilir. Video ve davranışların ölçümü oynatma için bir Matlab (www.mathworks.com) komut dosyası, bu maddeye bir ek olarak sağlanır. </li><li> Tüm fareler için tamamlandıktan sonra ortaya çıkan kodlama süresi, sıklığı ve gecikme verileri istatistiksel paket ile analiz edilir. </li></ol></li></ol>

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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alcohol+exposure+during+development+alters+social+recognition+and+social+communication+in+rats.">Alcohol exposure during development alters social recognition and social communication in rats.</a> Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 19 (5), 383-389 (1997).</li><li>Mooney, S. M., Varlinskaya, E. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+prenatal+exposure+to+ethanol+and+social+behavior:+Effects+of+age,+sex,+and+timing+of+exposure.">Acute prenatal exposure to ethanol and social behavior: Effects of age, sex, and timing of exposure.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 216 (1), 358-364 (2011).</li><li>Savage, D. D., Becher, M., de la Torre, A. J., Sutherland, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dose-dependent+effects+of+prenatal+ethanol+exposure+on+synaptic+plasticity+and+learning+in+mature+offspring.">Dose-dependent effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on synaptic plasticity and learning in mature offspring.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 26 (11), 1752-1758 (2002).</li><li>Rasmussen, D. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+daily+ethanol+and+withdrawal:+1.+Long-term+changes+in+the+hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal+axis.">Chronic daily ethanol and withdrawal: 1. Long-term changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 24 (12), 1836-1849 (2000).</li><li>Savage, D. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+Novel+Cognition-Enhancing+Agent+on+Fetal+Ethanol-Induced+Learning+Deficits.">Effects of a Novel Cognition-Enhancing Agent on Fetal Ethanol-Induced Learning Deficits.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 34 (10), 1793-1802 (2010).</li><li>Goodlett, C. R., Johnson, T. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+binge+ethanol+exposure+using+intubation:+Timing+and+dose+effects+on+place+learning.">Neonatal binge ethanol exposure using intubation: Timing and dose effects on place learning.</a> Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 19 (6), 435-446 (1997).</li><li>Staples, M. C., Rosenberg, M. J., Allen, N. A., Porch, M. W., Savage, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Impact of Combined Prenatal Ethanol and Prenatal Stress Exposure on Anxiety and Hippocampal-Sensitive Learning in Adult. 37 (12), 2039-2047 (2013).</li><li>Champagne, F. A., Francis, D. D., Mar, A., Meaney, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variations+in+maternal+care+in+the+rat+as+a+mediating+influence+for+the+effects+of+environment+on+development.">Variations in maternal care in the rat as a mediating influence for the effects of environment on development.</a> Physiol. Behav. 79 (3), 359-371 (2003).</li><li>Hamilton, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+social-experience-related+c-fos+and+Arc+expression+in+the+frontal+cortices+of+rats+exposed+to+saccharin+or+moderate+levels+of+ethanol+during+prenatal+brain+development.">Patterns of social-experience-related c-fos and Arc expression in the frontal cortices of rats exposed to saccharin or moderate levels of ethanol during prenatal brain development.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 214 (1), 66-74 (2010).</li><li>Barnett, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> A study in behaviour: Principles of ethology and behavioural physiology displayed mainly in the rat. , (1963).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Play-fighting+differs+from+serious+fighting+in+both+target+of+attack+and+tactics+of+fighting+in+the+laboratory+rat+Rattus-Norvegicus.">Play-fighting differs from serious fighting in both target of attack and tactics of fighting in the laboratory rat Rattus-Norvegicus.</a> Aggressive Behav. 13 (4), 227-242 (1987).</li><li>Meaney, M. J., Stewart, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+descriptive+study+of+social-development+in+the+rat+(Rattus-Norvegicus).">A descriptive study of social-development in the rat (Rattus-Norvegicus).</a> Anim. Behav. 29 (1), 34-45 (1981).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+prejuvenile+onset+of+play+fighting+in+laboratory+rats+(Rattus+norvegicus).">The prejuvenile onset of play fighting in laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus).</a> Dev. Psychobiol. 31 (3), 193-205 (1997).</li><li>Himmler, B. T., Pellis, V. C., Pellis, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peering+into+the+dynamics+of+social+interactions:+measuring+play+fighting+in+rats.">Peering into the dynamics of social interactions: measuring play fighting in rats.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (71), e4288-e4288 (2013).</li><li>Panksepp, J., Siviy, S., Normansell, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+psychobiology+of+play+:+Theoretical+and+methodological+perspectives.">The psychobiology of play : Theoretical and methodological perspectives.</a> Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 8 (4), 465-492 (1984).</li><li>Siviy, S. M., Panksepp, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+modulation+of+juvenile+play+in+rats.">Sensory modulation of juvenile play in rats.</a> Dev. Psychobiol. 20 (1), 39-55 (1987).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+orbital+frontal+cortex+damage+on+the+modulation+of+defensive+responses+by+rats+in+playful+and+nonplayful+social+contexts.">The effects of orbital frontal cortex damage on the modulation of defensive responses by rats in playful and nonplayful social contexts.</a> Behav. Neurosci. 120 (1), 72-84 (2006).</li><li>Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., Takahashi, T., Kelley, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attack+and+defensive+behavior+in+albino-rat.">Attack and defensive behavior in albino-rat.</a> Anim. Behav. 25 (3), 622-634 (1977).</li></ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Burada anlatılan doğum öncesi alkol maruziyet paradigma gebelik sırasında sıçan barajların etanol gönüllü tüketimi (% 5 v / v) içerir. Zamanlama, doz, süresi ve rotası, etanol uygulama olarak araştırılmaktadır türlere göre farklılık literatürde temsil beyin gelişimi sırasında etanol, insan olmayan hayvanlar maruz bırakılması için bir protokol vardır. Çeşitli maruziyet protokollerin avantajları kapsamlı bir tedavi burada sağlanan olmasa da, PAE için gönüllü içme yönteminin çeş...

Çocukların tahminen% 1-5 Fetal Alkol Sendromu (FAS), kısmi FAS (pFAS), ve Alkol-İlgili nörogelişimsel bozukluklar (ARNDs) 3 Fetal Alkol Spektrum Bozuklukları (FASDs), 2 ile tanı konur. Sosyal davranış ve biliş içinde Açıkları FASDs 4-7&#39;de çocuklarda en sık görülen yan sonuçları arasındadır. Olumsuz sonuçları FASDs 8-10 insanlarda, nispeten ince, ama yine de kalıcı neden olabilir FAS göze çarpan, morfolojik davranışsal ve bilişsel bozuklukların karakteristik yol açmaz ılımlı PAE gibi ağır prenatal alkol maruz (PAE), ile açıklarının sınırlı değildir ve insan olmayan hayvanlar, beyin gelişimi sırasında 11 etanole maruz bırakılmıştır. ılımlı PAE davranışsal ve ilgili nörobiyolojik sonuçlarını anlamaya önemi FASD vakalarının büyük çoğunluğu daha az s giren belirten güncel tahminlere göre vurgulanmıştırYelpazenin 12 evere aralığı. Birkaç bağımsız laboratuvarlar dahil, beyin gelişimi sırasında pozlama etanol ilgili kemirgen sosyal davranış değişiklikleri bildirilen oyun 14,16,17 değişmiş soruşturma ve etkileşim 1,13-15, azalmış, sosyal uyaranlara yanıt olarak agresif etkileşimleri 17,18, değişiklikleri arttı sosyal edinilen gıda tercihleri ​​ve sosyal tanıma bellek, 22 19-21, ve açıkları. Sosyal davranış açıkları ağır (kan etanol konsantrasyonlarında (BECS) ~ 300 mg / dl) 22,23 veya etanol daha ılımlı seviyeleri (BECS ~ 80 mg / dl) 1, ve diğer önemli parametreleri geniş bir yelpazesinde şu poz gözlenmiştir davranışsal ölçüm sırasında maruz zamanlaması, maruz kalma süresi ve yaş gibi faktörler. Önceki araştırmalar, sosyal int belirli yönleri olduğunu değişiklikler göstermiştiryetişkinlikte eraction 1,18 sakarin maruz kontrol hayvanlarının alkol orta düzeyde maruz kalan fareleri ayrımcılık. Özellikle, orta PAE sürekli agresif davranış artışları ve erişkinlikte (ortağı koklama gibi) sosyal soruşturma düşük seviyelerde göstermektedir güreş sağlam artışlar ile ilişkili olmuştur. Sosyal davranış değişiklikler PAE güvenilir sonuçları Çünkü, PAE aşağıdaki sosyal davranış ölçümü sosyal davranış PAE ilgili değişikliklerin nöral üsleri daha iyi anlaşılması ve girişimsel yaklaşımların geliştirilmesi yönünde ilerliyor için önemini tutabilir. Bu kağıt ve ilişkili videonun amacı var erişkin yavru sosyal davranış ölçümü için orta PAE protokolü ve yöntemleri hakkında talimat vermektir güvenilir seçkin prenatal alkol maruz olmayan maruz sıçan yavruların arasından.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Saccharin sodium salt hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S1002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>190 proof ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>493538</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beaded glass drinking tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-955K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natural rubber white #4 stopper one hole</td>
			<td>Plasticoid</td>
			<td>LSG4M181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1&#34; bend tubes-ball point</td>
			<td>Ancare</td>
			<td>TD-199-3&#34;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper rulers</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/paper_rulers">www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/paper_rulers</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apparatus for social interaction</td>
			<td>Custom built</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>95 cm X 47 cm X 43 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video cameras</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Capable of recording low/no light conditions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared illuminators</td>
			<td>Vitek</td>
			<td>VT-IR1-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teklad laboratory grade sani-chips</td>
			<td>Harlan</td>
			<td>7090A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brush and dustpan</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>W292907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chlorine Dioxide (1.5 mg Tablets)</td>
			<td>Quiplabs</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Prepare per manufacturer&#39;s recommendation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and quantification of social behavior in adult rats

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several independent laboratories have demonstrated robust alterations in the social behavior of rodents exposed to alcohol during brain development across a wide range of exposure durations, timing, doses, and ages at the time of behavioral quantification. Prior work from this laboratory has identified reliable alterations in specific forms of social interaction following moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) in the rat that persist well into adulthood, including increased wrestling and decreased investigation. These behavioral alterations have been useful in identifying neural circuits altered by moderate PAE1, and may hold importance for progressing toward a more complete understanding of the neural bases of PAE-related alterations in social behavior. This paper describes procedures for performing moderate PAE in which rat dams voluntarily consume ethanol or saccharin (control) throughout gestation, and measurement of social behaviors in adult offspring.

Birçok ıslah mermi boyunca etanol durumda dişi fareler sürekli 4 saat içme oturum başına etanol ile yaklaşık 2.1 g / kg &#39;lık bir ortalama iç. Sıçan baraj 45 dakikalık bir zaman noktasında ölçülen yaklaşık 60 mg / dl &#39;lik bir maksimum maternal serum etanol konsantrasyonu ile sonuçlanan, içme tüpleri giriş sonra ilk 15-30 dakika boyunca dört saat toplamının yaklaşık yarısını kaplar. Içme süresinin kalan 3.5 saat içinde, bu, 0.4 g / kg vücut ağırlığı / saat, daha düşük, a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats at JoVE.com

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

The goal of the protocol presented here is to describe procedures to expose rats to moderate levels of alcohol during prenatal brain development and to quantify resulting alterations in social behavior during adulthood.

Orta Prenatal Alkol Pozlama ve Yetişkin Sıçanlarda Sosyal Davranış Kantitasyonu

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several ...

moderate-prenatal-alcohol-exposure-quantification-social-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.6K Görüntüleme.  University of New Mexico. The goal of the protocol presented here is to describe procedures to expose rats to moderate levels of alcohol during prenatal brain development and to quantify resulting alterations in social behavior during adulthood. 

Video: Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

Usulü Sıçanlar Pavlovyan klimalı Alkol arayan Davranış Bağlam kaynaklı Yenileme İnceleyecek

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Davranış

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

Modifiye Delik Kurulu - Fareler ve Sıçanlarda Davranışı, Biliş ve Sosyal Etkileşim Ölçme

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

Stres Sosyal Boyutu: Trier Sosyal Sosyal Destek ve Sosyal Kimlik Deneysel manipülasyonları Testi Stres

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods require saccharin/sucrose fading, water deprivation and/or extended training to initiate operant responding in rats. This paper describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol that is convenient for experimenters and does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading, thus eliminating the potential confound of using sweeteners in ethanol operant self-administration studies. With this method, Wistar rats typically acquire and maintain self-administration of a 20% ethanol solution in less than two weeks of training. Furthermore, blood ethanol concentrations and rewards are positively correlated for a 30 min self-administration session. Moreover, naltrexone, an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence that has been shown to suppress ethanol self-administration in rodents, dose-dependently decreases alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol for rats self-administering 20% ethanol, thus validating the use of this new method to study the reinforcing properties of alcohol in rats.

This protocol describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol in rats that, contrary to standard methods, does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading to initiate responding.

Su Yoksunluk, Sakarin Fading veya Genişletilmiş Erişim Eğitim olmadan Sıçanlarda Etanol Güçlendirme Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi Bir Yöntem

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is commonly assessed using verbal report paradigms in adults, studying the development of this ability in preverbal infants and children proved challenging. Over the past 30 years, researchers have developed a non-verbal means of assessing recall memory known as the elicited or deferred imitation paradigm. In one variant of the procedure, participants are presented with novel three-dimensional stimuli for a brief baseline period before a researcher demonstrates a series of actions that culminate in an end- or goal-state. The participant is allowed to imitate the demonstrated actions immediately, after a delay, or both. Recall performance is then compared to baseline or to performance on novel control sequences presented at the same session; memory can be assessed for the individual target actions and the order in which they were completed. This procedure is an accepted analogue to the verbal report techniques used with adults, and it has served to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. In addition, the elicited or deferred imitation procedure has been modified and adapted to answer questions relevant to other aspects of cognitive functioning. The broad utility and application of imitation paradigms is discussed, along with limitations of the approach and directions for future research.

The elicited imitation procedure was established to examine the development of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. This procedure has been widely used to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood.

Ortaya çıkarılan İmitasyon Paradigm&#39;i kullanma Bebeklik ve Erken Çocuklukta hatırlayın Belleği incelenmesi

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

Kemirgen Psikomotor teyakkuz Testi (rPVT): Sıçan ve Farelerde Nörodavranışsal Performans değerlendirilmesi için bir yöntem

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

A Visual Guide for Studying Behavioral Defenses to Pathogen Attacks in Leaf-Cutting Ants

The complex lifestyle, evolutionary history of advanced cooperation, and disease defenses of leaf-cutting ants are well studied. Although numerous studies have described the behaviors connected with disease defense, and the associated use of chemicals and antimicrobials, no common visual reference has been made. The main aim of this study was to record short clips of behaviors involved in disease defense, both prophylactically and directly targeted towards an antagonist of the colony following infection. To do so we used an infection experiment, with sub-colonies of the leaf-cutting ant species Acromyrmex echinatior, and the most significant known pathogenic threat to the ants&#39; fungal crop (Leucoagaricus gongylophorus), a specialized pathogenic fungus in the genus Escovopsis. We filmed and compared infected and uninfected colonies, at both early and more advanced stages of infection. We quantified key defensive behaviors across treatments and show that the behavioral response to pathogen attack likely varies between different castes of worker ants, and between early and late detection of a threat. Based on these recordings we have made a library of behavioral clips, accompanied by definitions of the main individual defensive behaviors. We anticipate that such a guide can provide a common frame of reference for other researchers working in this field, to recognize and study these behaviors, and also provide greater scope for comparing different studies to ultimately help better understand the role these behaviors play in disease defense.

We present a visual guide to disease defense behaviors in leaf-cutting ants, with individual clips and accompanying definitions, illustrated in an experimental infection scenario. Our main aim is to help other researchers recognize key defensive behaviors and to provide a common understanding for future research in this field.

Patojen için davranışsal savunma eğitimi için görsel bir kılavuz içinde yaprak kesme karıncalar saldırıları

The complex lifestyle, evolutionary history of advanced cooperation, and disease defenses of leaf-cutting ants are well studied. Although numerous studies ...

Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on well-being and can affect the comparability and reproducibility of research results, the amount of stress experienced by laboratory animals should be minimized and avoided when possible. Further, the direct contact between the rat and animal caretaker during the cage change bears hygiene risks and therefore possibly negatively impacts the well-being of the rats and the quality of the research. 
Our protocol aims to improve the routinely performed cage changing procedure. For this reason, we present a feasible protocol that enables rats to learn via clicker training and observation to voluntarily change to a clean cage. This training helps to reduce stress caused by the physical disturbance and handling associated with the cage changes and concurrently enables a reduction in direct contact between animal and animal caretaker after the training phase is completed.
The implementation of clicker training to rats is fast and easy. Rats are generally interested in the training and efficiently learn the desired behavior, which entails changing cages through a pipe. Even without training, the rats learn to perform the desired behavior by observation, as 80% of the observational learning group successfully changed cages when tested. The training further helps to establish a relationship of trust between trainer and animal. As hygiene and well-being are both very important in animal experiments, this protocol might also help to improve high-quality research.

This protocol introduces a method of cage change for rats via clicker training. Rats learn the desired behavior not only by direct training but also by observational learning. The implementation of this fast and easy protocol might help to improve well-being and hygiene in rodent facilities.

Tıkırtı eğitim ve sosyal gözlem gönüllü olarak kafes değiştirmek için fare öğretmek için kullanma

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on ...

Integrating Computerized Linguistic and Social Network Analyses to Capture Addiction Recovery Capital in an Online Community

The article describes a new methodology designed with the aim of finding a comprehensive, unobtrusive, and accurate way of capturing social recovery capital development in online communities of recovery from alcohol and drug (AOD) addiction. Recovery capital was conceptualised as both engagement in the online recovery community and identification with the community. To measure recovery capital development, naturally occurring data were extracted from the social media page of a specific recovery program, with the page being set up as a resource for a face-to-face recovery program. To map engagement with the online community, social network analysis (SNA) capturing online social interaction was performed. Social interaction was measured through the linkages between the online contributors/members of the online community as represented by program clients, staff, and supporters from the broader community. To capture markers of social identification with the online community, computerised linguistic analysis of the textual data (content from posts and comments) was conducted. Recovery capital captured in this way was analysed against retention data (a proxy outcome indicator), as days spent in the (face-to-face) recovery program. The online data extracted was linked to participant data in regards to program retention to test prediction of a key recovery outcome. This approach allowed the examination of the role of online support communities and assessment of the association between recovery capital (developed via the online community of recovery) and recovery outcomes.

The article describes a novel approach for analyzing dynamic online social interactions (in an online context) exemplified by a study of an online community of recovery from alcohol and drug addiction.

Çevrimiçi bir toplumda bağımlılık kurtarma sermayesini yakalamak için bilgisayarlı Linguistic ve sosyal ağ analizlerini entegre etme

The article describes a new methodology designed with the aim of finding a comprehensive, unobtrusive, and accurate way of capturing social recovery ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has been described. The exercise-induced cTnT response distorts the diagnostic role of the cTnT assay. Although high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) is growing in popularity and concerns remain about its safety, available data related to cTnT release after HIE is limited, which hampers the use of HIE as a health intervention. Here, we present three representative HIE protocols [traditional HIE (repeated 4 min cycling at 90% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 3 min rest, 200 kJ/session); sprint interval exercise (SIE, repeated 1 min cycling at 120% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 1.5 min rest, 200 kJ/session); and repeated sprint exercise (RSE, 40 x 6 s all-out sprints interspersed with 9 s rest)] and one representative MCE protocol (continuous cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% V&#775;O2max, 200 kJ/session). Forty-seven sedentary, overweight young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HIE, SIE, RSE, and MCE). Six bouts of respective exercise were performed by every single group, with each being 48 h apart. Meanwhile, for four groups, the duration of the entire testing period was identical, being 10 days. Before and after the first and final exercise bouts, an assessment was conducted of cTnT. The current study provides a frame of reference giving a clear picture of how a specific exercise session affects the circulating cTnT concentration at the early stage of training. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise, especially for HIE.

Here, we present protocols of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise to observe the response of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration to acute exercise over 10 days. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise.

Eğitimin Erken Evresinde Yüksek Yoğunluklu Aralıkegzersizve Orta Yoğunluklu Sürekli Egzersizin Kardiyak Troponin T Düzeyine Etkisi

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...