This work was performed using the Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London startup funds to K.N.A.

NOT: hayvanlar muhafaza ve onaylanan kurumsal kurallar ve tüm hayvan prosedürlere uygun ele Imperial College&#39;ın Hayvan Refahı tarafından edildi ve Etik İnceleme Vücut (AWERB) ve Ev Ofis ve Harvard Üniversitesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi (IACUC), Federal ve eyalet yönetmeliklerine uygun olarak. 1. Reaktif ve Ekipmanları Kurulum <ol><li> Çözülme, kısım ve -80 ºC mağaza 1 mg / ml laminin çözümü. 1-2 ug / cm2 &#39;lik bir kaplama konsantrasyonunda elde edilen 1 ml DMEM / F12 içinde 2 ul çözülür. NOT: yavaşça buz üzerinde ve plakaları / lamelleri eklemek hemen soğuk DMEM / F12 çözülür ve çözülme laminin. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 75 ml% 0.01 425 ml PBS Poly-ornitin L-ve mağaza içinde seyreltin. NOT: Çalışma çözümün raf ömrü bir ay kadardır. </li><li> Bir ye kadar 4 ° C&#39;de% 25 (ağırlık / hacim) PBS içinde BSA, pH 7.4, ve mağaza çözülürar. </li><li> (HBSS)% 50 FBS devre dışı bırakma ortamı hazırlayın. </li><li> (+) - - Glikoz (ağırlık / hacim),% 0.25 BSA (ağırlık / hacim), 50 U / ml penisilin ve streptomisin, 1 x N2 ek,% 5 (hacim / hacim) FBS,% 0.36 ilave edilmesi ile tam bir ortam hazırlama DMEM / F12 ve mağaza 4 ºC&#39;de. NOT: raf ömrü 10 gün kadardır. </li><li> En az 30 dakika boyunca% 70 (hacim / hacim) kaynayan etanol içinde yer lamelleri yağ ve otoklavın kalıntılarını gidermek için. </li><li> Talep 24 oyuklu plakalarda lamelleri ve her bir oyuğa 500 ul Poli-L-ornitin solüsyonunu ilave edin. Oda sıcaklığında doku kültürü başlık altında 1 saat inkübe ve daha sonra 500 ul su ile 3 kez yıkanır. Her plaka için 500 ul, laminin solüsyonu eklenir ve 37 ° C&#39;de, nemlendirilmiş bir doku kültürü inkübatörü içinde, O / N inkübe edin. NOT: yıkamalar 24 saat kültürden sonra hücrelerin ölümü ile poli-L-ornitin en az üç kez yıkama sonuçlarını laminin tedaviden sonra gerekli olsa da. </li><li> Doğal gaz veya meşale f üzerinde cam pipetler ipuçları parlatmaktopal. NOT: Bu adımdan sonra ucu çapı normal boyutunun yaklaşık yarısı olmalıdır. </li><li> Bir otoklav makas ve otoklav kullanarak, bir 1.5 ml mikrosantrifüj tüpleri kapakları kesilir. </li></ol> Embriyonik ventral orta beyindeki 2. Diseksiyon <ol><li> Uyuşturmak zamanlanmış-gebe (E12.5) CO 2 inhalasyon yoluyla barajlar ve daha sonra servikal dislokasyon ile euthanize. </li><li> % 70 etanol ile karın Sprey ve rahim keseler tüm maruz kadar bir karın kesi yapmak. Forseps vajinal eki kesme ve rahim kaldırmak. 100 mm Petri kabındaki, buzla soğutulmuş HBSS rahim yerleştirin. </li><li> Forseps (Şekil 1C) kullanarak, rahim ve amniyon kesesi embriyolar çıkarın. Buzla soğutulmuş HBSS yer embriyolar. NOT: Şekil 1D dikdörtgen embriyonik ventral orta beyindeki yerini gösterir. </li><li> Bir diseksiyon mikroskobu (10x büyütme) altında embriyolar yerleştirin ve mezensefalik teşrih, berzah ve mezensefalik-diensefalik sınır bölgesinde beyin kesme bioscissor ve forseps kullanarak kemer (Şekil 1E, kesi hatları için 1A Şekil bakınız). </li><li> Tüm Ortabeyin dışarı aldıktan sonra, mediodorsal orta beyin (Şekil 1F) bir kesim yapmak. </li><li> İki forseps (Şekil 1 H) kullanarak, meninksler çıkarın. NOT: KRİTİK ADIM: Bu adım, optimum verim ve nöronal hayatta kalmak için gereklidir. Kültür şartları, beyin hücreleri için uygun olduğu için, çevreleyen dokudan hücrelerin en kaplamadan sonra ölür ve bu dokudan apoptotik sinyal kültürlerinin bütünlüğüne zarar verebilir. </li><li> Bir sterilize tıraş bıçağı (Şekil 1 H, I) kullanılarak, kelebek şekli gözlemlemek ve her kanat yaklaşık yarısını kesmek için Petri kabı orta beyin doku düzeltin. NOT: Şekil 1J izole ventral Ortabeyin göstermektedir. </li><li> Transferi15 ml konik tüp buz-soğuk HBSS içine ventral orta beyindeki parça ve bir sonraki embriyo devam edin. NOT: 2,1-2,8 fazla 1 saat almamalıdır adımlar. Buz üzerinde bu zaman dilimi dışında embriyolar tutulması önemli ölçüde hücre canlılığını azaltır. </li></ol> Ventral Orta beyin hücrelerinin 3. Ayrılma <ol><li> Laminer akış kaputun altında ventral orta beyindeki parçalarını aktarın. HBSS çıkarın ve (ventral orta beyindeki kadar 12 adet yeterli hacim) konik tüp içine önceden ısıtılmış, 1 ml (37 ° C),% 0.05 tripsin-EDTA ekleyin. 5-10 dakika süreyle 37 ° C&#39;de doku inkübe edin. </li><li> Kaputun altında tripsin-EDTA çıkarın ve doku 1 ml de-aktivasyon orta (serum tripsin devre dışı bırakır) ekleyin. </li><li> Devreden Ortamı çıkarın ve iki kez tam bir ortam 1 ml doku yıkayın. Not: ayrışmış hücreleri atmadan önlemek için, boru tüm orta çıkarılması ve doku pipetleme kaçının. </li><li> 1ml tam orta ve trit ekleBir yangın cilalı cam pipet ile doku ürat. Kabarcıkların oluşumunu önlemek ve tek hücre süspansiyonu elde edilinceye kadar triturating devam edin. NOT: Genellikle 8-10 tam ayrışması için gerekli olan kısıtlı ucu geçer. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında 5 dakika boyunca 400 x g&#39;de santrifüj hücreleri ve ortam maddesinin ayrılması. </li><li> Yeniden askıya yavaş yavaş pipetleme tam orta 1 ml pelet ve aşağı yukarı dört kez. </li></ol> 4. Kaplama Ventral Orta beyin Hücreler <ol><li> 90 ul Trypan mavi çözeltisi ile hücre süspansiyonu, 10 ul karıştırın ve bir hemositometre ile hücre sayısı. Not: Hücrelerin canlılığı, aynı zamanda, bu aşamada kontrol edilebilir. </li><li> Kapaklar üzerine her seferinde bir forseps, birini kullanarak, 100 mm Petri tabaklarda steril mikrosantrifüj tüpü kapaklar yerleştirin ve Poli-L-ornitin / laminin kaplanmış lamelleri aktarın. NOT: lamelleri yıkamayın ve bu uneve neden olabilir çünkü, laminin kurumasını önlemekN kültürleri ve hücre hayatta kalma azalma. </li><li> (Hacim harcanmadan, lamel yüzeyini kaplamak için uygun olan) tam orta eklenerek 1 ul başına 1500 hücre hacmini ayarlamak ve her bir lamel üzerine hücre süspansiyonu 100 ul (150,000 hücrelerin toplam) ekleyin. Nemlendirilmiş bir doku kültürü kuluçka makinesi içinde Petri kapları kapatın ve 1 saat süre ile inkübe (37 ° C,% 5 CO2). Not: KRİTİK ADIM: Bu adım, hücre eki ve canlılığını geliştirmek için ve her embriyo için lamelleri sayısının arttırılması için gereklidir. Seçenek olarak ise, hücreler direkt olarak oyuklara (ihtiva lamelleri), ancak hücre sayısı (yerine 150,000) oyuk başına 350,000 artırılmalıdır aktarılabilir. Doğrudan transferi nedeniyle (yanında veya lamelleri altında) plakaları takmak hücrelerin, yaklaşık 3-4 lamelleri verir iken, diğer bir deyişle, bu yöntemi kullanırken, 8-10 lamelleri, elde edilebilir. Ortalama viabiliBu yöntemi kullanarak, kültürlerin Ty, yaklaşık% 90 idi. </li></ol> 5. Kültür Büyüme ve Bakım <ol><li> Inkübasyondan 1 saat sonra, dikkatli bir şekilde 400 ul önceden ısıtılmış (37 ° C kadar) tam bir ortam ihtiva eden 24 oyuklu plakalar içinde ortam dahil olmak üzere lamelleri transferi (toplam hacim: 500 ul). 37 ºC hücreleri O / N inkübe. </li><li> Kuyular inkübasyonundan sonra, 24 saat içinde yavaşça, her bir oyuğa 500 ul komple ortam ekleyin. Not: ilk birkaç saat dopaminerjik nöronların hayatta kalma ve bu noktadan sonra önemli ölçüde değişmez hayatta kalan hücrelerin sayısı en kritik aşamadır. </li><li> İlk iki hafta için veya orta sarı olana kadar kültürlere ek ortam eklemeyin. Iki haftadan daha uzun veya taze tam önceden ısıtılmış medya (genellikle her iki hafta) sarı, medyanın değişim yarısı (500 ul) orta renk değişiklikleri için kültürleme edin. NOT: içinde dopaminerjik nöronlarkültürler bu koşullar altında daha 6 hafta boyunca hayatta olurdu. </li></ol>

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No conflict of interest declared.

Orta beyin dopaminerjik nöronları, merkezi sinir sisteminde dopamin ana kaynağıdır. Üç gruba ayrılır, substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), ventral tegmental alan (VTA) ve retrorubral alanı (RRF), 10, 11. SNpc ve VTA&#39;da nöronlar gibi duygu, motivasyon ve motor davranışlarının kontrolü gibi işlevleri dahil, mezokortikal mezolimbik ve nigro-striatum büyük dopaminerjik yollar, yol. SNpc ve nigrostriatal sistemi fonksiyonel bozulma nöronların ölümü, ikinci en önemli nörodejeneratif ...

Substantia nigra gelen dopaminerjik nöronların kaybı compacta Parkinson Hastalığı (PH), ikinci en yaygın nörodejeneratif bozukluk kardinal motor belirtiler neden pars. Bu mezensefalik nöronal nüfusun ölümü yatan nedeni bilinmemektedir. Kullanılmıştır geliştirilmesi ve nörofizyolojik özellikleri ve mesDA nöron, bir kaç hücre kültürü ve hayvan modeli sistemlerinde hayatta modüle edilmesi için sorumlu biyokimyasal yollar incelenmesi. Sıçan dopaminerjik hücre çizgisi 1RB 3, 27 (N27), insan dopaminerjik nöroblastoma hücre çizgisi SH-SY5Y, MN9D ve insan mezensefalik hücreleri LUHMES fare dopaminerjik melez hücre hattı olmak üzere ölümsüzleştirilmiş hücre çizgileri, biyokimyasal ve sınırlı mekanik çalışmalar 1 kullanılmaktadır -5. MesDA nöronların spesifik kaybı çalışmada, birkaç nörotoksin bazlı ve genetik modeller 6-8 geliştirilmiştir. Primer ventral orta beyin kültürlerDopaminerjik nöronlarının nöronal ve sinaptik özellikleri ve bu ortak hastalık patojenezinde rol yolları çalışmak için vazgeçilmez bir araç sağlar. Burada daha yüksek yaşama şansına sahiptir her embriyo için lamelleri verim artışı ile sonuçlanan değişiklikleri içeren mezensefalik dopaminerjik nöronların izolasyonu için detaylı bir protokol mevcut. Önceden olgun E12.5 fare mezensefalona (sıçan E14.5) kullanımı beka geliştirir. Bu yaşta nöronlar diseksiyonu sırasında sağlam hücreleri bırakır, henüz akson geliştirilen ve böylece önemli ölçüde canlılığını arttırarak stresi en aza indirir değil. Ayrıca, bu protokolün 2. bölümünde açıklandığı gibi ventral orta beyindeki dikkatli diseksiyon, daha beka geliştirir. Embriyo başına lamelleri sayısını artırmak için, alternatif bir kaplama yöntemi, bu protokolün 4. bölümde sunulmuştur. Bu altında 4 lamelleri ile karşılaştırıldığında embriyo başına en fazla 10 lamelleri bir ürün verimine yol açarStandart kaplama koşulları dolayısıyla deney başına hayvan miktarını azaltarak. Akson ve dentrites kültür sergi akıbet nöronlar, sinaptik bağlantıları oluşturmak ve canlı hücre görüntüleme, İmmünositokimya&#39;da ve elektrofizyolojik çalışmalar için bu kültürlerin uygun hale nöronal ve sinaptik belirteçlerinin varlığını ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, sinir hücresi kültürlerinde kullanılması genetik ve farmakolojik manipülasyonunu daha da kolaylaştırır. In vitro olarak 2 gün itibaren dışa doğru büyümesini geliştirme çalışmaları sağlar. Ayrıca, kültür uzun dönem hayatta kalmaları (en fazla altı hafta) bu nöronların yavaş ilerleyici dejenerasyonu çalışma için uygun hale getirmektedir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="721">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:364px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle medium nutrient mixture F-12</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hanks&#39; Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) (1X), liquid</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>24020-117)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal bovine serum, heat-inactivated (FBS)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>16140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N2 Supplement (100X), liquid</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17502-048)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D-(+)-Glucose solution (45% (wt/vol) in water</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G8769</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine serum albumin BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Laminin from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm murine sarcoma basement membrane</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsin (0.05% (wt/vol)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine serum albumin (BSA) cell culture tested</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>A9418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3813</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) antibody</td>
			<td>Pel-Freez Biologicals</td>
			<td>P60101-0&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly-L-ornithine, 0.01% solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4957</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Map2 (Microtubule associated protein-2A and -2B) antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB3418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Synapsin-1 antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB1543P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-rabbit IgG&#160;&#160; antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-21206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-rabbit IgG&#160;&#160; antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-21207</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-sheep IgG&#160;&#160; antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-11015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-sheep IgG&#160;&#160; antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-11016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-mouse IgG&#160;&#160; antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-21203</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypan blue solution (0.4% (wt/vol)</td>
			<td>Biowhittaker</td>
			<td>17-942E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stemi 2000-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Inverted phase contrast microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axiovert 40 C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dumont Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>May-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cover Slip Forceps &#8211; Dumoxel</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>11251-33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Two Dumont #45 Forceps &#8211; Dumoxel</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>11245-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blade Holder/Breaker Flat Grip - 11cm</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>10052-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Student Iris Scissors - Straight 11.5cm</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>91460-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fiber optic halogen illuminator</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>MKII</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Disposable Borosilicate Glass Pasteur Pipettes</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>13-678-20C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Proscitech</td>
			<td>SVZ2NIOU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.2 &#181;m sterile filter units</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>NL-CE-156-4020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100x20mm Petri dishes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>351005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Round Cover Slip #1 Thickness German Glass 12mm</td>
			<td>Bellco Glass</td>
			<td>1943-10012&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation, culture and long-term maintenance of primary mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons from embryonic rodent brains

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes involved in physiological functions and vulnerability and death of these neurons is imparative to understanding the underlying causes and unraveling the cure for this common neurodegenerative disorder. Primary cultures of mesDA neurons provide a tool for investigation of the molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological properties, in order to understand the development, long-term survival and degeneration of these neurons during the course of disease. Here we present a detailed method for the isolation, culturing and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from E12.5 mouse (or E14.5 rat) embryos. Optimized cell culture conditions in this protocol result in presence of axonal and dendritic projections, synaptic connections and other neuronal morphological properties, which make the cultures suitable for study of the physiological, cell biological and molecular characteristics of this neuronal population.

Tirozin hidroksilaz (TH) karşı İmmünohistokimya kültürdeki hücre 0.5-1 arasında,% dopaminerjik olduğunu göstermektedir. Tirozin hidroksilaz (TH) ve mikrotübül ilişkili protein 2 (MAP2) antikorları (Şekil 3) kullanılarak, nöronal projeksiyonları kaplama sonra 2 saat içinde ortaya çıkar ve ilk gün, akson ve dendritler ayırt (Şekil 2). nöronlar fazla altı hafta boyunca hayatta ve kapsamlı akıbet göstermektedir. daha önce gösterildiği gibi kültürler nöron-...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains at JoVE.com

Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson&#8217;s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

Embriyonik Kemirgen Brain itibaren İlköğretim Mesensefalik dopaminerjik Nöronlar İzolasyonu, Kültür ve Uzun Vadeli Bakım

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes ...

isolation-culture-long-term-maintenance-primary-mesencephalic

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.8K Görüntüleme.  Imperial College London. The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson’s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

Video: Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

Embriyonik Omurilik Commissural Nöronlar Diseksiyon ve Kültür

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

Nörobilim

Nucleofection and Primary Culture of Embryonic Mouse Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and synapse formation and function. An advantage of culturing these neurons is that they readily polarize, forming distinctive axons and dendrites, on a two dimensional substrate at very low densities. This property has made them extremely useful for determining many aspects of neuronal development. Furthermore, by providing glial conditioning for these neurons they will continue to develop, forming functional synaptic connections and surviving for several months in culture. In this protocol we outline a technique to dissect, culture and transfect embryonic mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Transfection is accomplished by electroporating DNA into the neurons before plating via nucleofection. This protocol has the advantage of expressing fluorescently-tagged fusion proteins early in development (~4-8hrs after plating) to study the dynamics and function of proteins during polarization, axon outgrowth and branching. We have also discovered that this single transfection before plating maintains fluorescently-tagged fusion protein expression at levels appropriate for imaging throughout the lifetime of the neuron (&gt; 2 months in culture). Thus, this methodology is useful for studying protein localization and function throughout CNS development with little or no disruption of neuronal function.

This protocol outlines the steps required to dissect, transfect via electroporation and culture mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Short-term cultures may be used for studies of axon outgrowth and guidance, while long-term cultures can be used for studies of synaptogenesis and dendritic spine analysis.

Embriyonik Fare Hipokampal ve Kortikal nöronlar primer Nucleofection ve Kültür

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and ...

Isolation and Culture of Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual neurons, researchers are able to analyze properties related to cellular trafficking, cellular structure and individual protein localization using a variety of biochemical techniques. Results from such experiments are critical for testing theories addressing the neural basis of memory and learning. However, unambiguous results from these forms of experiments are predicated on the ability to grow neuronal cultures with minimum contamination by other brain cell types. In this protocol, we use specific media designed for neuron growth and careful dissection of embryonic hippocampal tissue to optimize growth of healthy neurons while minimizing contaminating cell types (i.e. astrocytes). Embryonic mouse hippocampal tissue can be more difficult to isolate than similar rodent tissue due to the size of the sample for dissection. We show detailed dissection techniques of hippocampus from embryonic day 19 (E19) mouse pups. Once hippocampal tissue is isolated, gentle dissociation of neuronal cells is achieved with a dilute concentration of trypsin and mechanical disruption designed to separate cells from connective tissue while providing minimum damage to individual cells. A detailed description of how to prepare pipettes to be used in the disruption is included. Optimal plating densities are provided for immuno-fluorescence protocols to maximize successful cell culture. The protocol provides a fast (approximately 2 hr) and efficient technique for the culture of neuronal cells from mouse hippocampal tissue.

We provide a protocol for the culture of highly purified hippocampal neurons from prenatal mouse brains without the use of a feeder glial cell layer.

Prenatal Fareler gelen Hipokampal Nöronlar izolasyonu ve Kültürü

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual ...

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two vascular networks of the embryonic forebrain, pial and periventricular, are spatially distinctive and have different origins and growth patterns. Endothelial cells from the pial and periventricular vascular networks have unique gene expression profiles and functions. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of endothelial cells from the periventricular vascular network (PVECs) of the embryonic forebrain (telencephalon). In this approach, telencephalon devoid of pial membrane obtained from embryonic day 15 mice is minced, digested with collagenase/dispase, and dispersed mechanically into a single cell suspension. PVECs are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to MicroBeads using a strong magnetic separation method. Purified cells are cultured on collagen 1&#160;coated culture dishes in endothelial cell culture medium until they become confluent and further subcultured. PVECs obtained with this protocol exhibit cobblestone and spindle shaped phenotypes, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Purity of PVEC cultures was established with endothelial cell markers. In our hands, this method reliably and consistently yields pure populations of PVECs. This protocol will benefit studies aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into forebrain angiogenesis, understanding PVEC interactions, and cross-talks with neuronal cell types and holds tremendous potential for therapeutic angiogenesis.

This video demonstrates an easy and reliable strategy for preparation of pure cultures of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain within 10-12 days and will be useful for research focused on many aspects of cerebral angiogenesis.

Embriyonik ön beyin gelen Endotel Hücreleri İzolasyon ve Kültürü

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions such as motor control, motivation, and working memory. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons selectively degenerate in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD). This progressive neuronal loss is unequivocally associated with the motors symptoms of the pathology (bradykinesia, resting tremor, and muscular rigidity). The main agent responsible of dopaminergic neuron degeneration is still unknown. However, these neurons appear to be extremely vulnerable in diverse conditions. Primary cultures constitute one of the most relevant models to investigate properties and characteristics of dopaminergic neurons. These cultures can be submitted to various stress agents that mimic PD pathology and to neuroprotective compounds in order to stop or slow down neuronal degeneration. The numerous transgenic mouse models of PD that have been generated during the last decade further increased the interest of researchers for dopaminergic neuron cultures. Here, the video protocol focuses on the delicate dissection of embryonic mouse brains. Precise excision of ventral mesencephalon is crucial to obtain neuronal cultures sufficiently rich in dopaminergic cells to allow subsequent studies. This protocol can be realized with embryonic transgenic mice and is suitable for immunofluorescence staining, quantitative PCR, second messenger quantification, or neuronal death/survival assessment.

Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various stresses.

Fare dopaminerjik nöronlar İlköğretim Kültür

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions ...

Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. Studying neurons in vivo can be challenging due to their complexity, their varied and dynamic environments, and technical limitations. For these reasons, studying neurons in vitro can prove beneficial to unravel the complex mysteries of neurons. The well-defined nature of cell culture models provides detailed control over environmental conditions and variables. Here we describe how to isolate, dissociate, and culture primary neurons from chick embryos. This technique is rapid, inexpensive, and generates robustly growing sensory neurons. The procedure consistently produces cultures that are highly enriched for neurons and has very few non-neuronal cells (less than 5%). Primary neurons do not adhere well to untreated glass or tissue culture plastic, therefore detailed procedures to create two distinct, well-defined laminin-containing substrata for neuronal plating are described. Cultured neurons are highly amenable to multiple cellular and molecular techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation, live cell imagining, RNAi, and immunocytochemistry. Procedures for double immunocytochemistry on these cultured neurons have been optimized and described here.

Cell culture models provide detailed control over environmental conditions and thus provide a powerful platform to elucidate numerous aspects of neuronal cell biology. We describe a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable method to isolate, dissociate, and culture sensory neurons from chick embryos. Details of substrata preparation and immunocytochemistry are also provided.

Civciv Embriyolar itibaren İzolasyon ve Disosiye Duyu Nöronlar Kültür

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. ...

A Simplified Method for Ultra-Low Density, Long-Term Primary Hippocampal Neuron Culture

Culturing primary hippocampal neurons in vitro facilitates mechanistic interrogation of many aspects of neuronal development. Dissociated embryonic hippocampal neurons can often grow successfully on glass coverslips at high density under serum-free conditions, but low density cultures typically require a supply of trophic factors by co-culturing them with a glia feeder layer, preparation of which can be time-consuming and laborious. In addition, the presence of glia may confound interpretation of results and preclude studies on neuron-specific mechanisms. Here, a simplified method is presented for ultra-low density (~2,000 neurons/cm2), long-term (&#62;3 months) primary hippocampal neuron culture that is under serum free conditions and without glia cell support. Low density neurons are grown on poly-D-lysine coated coverslips, and flipped on high density neurons grown in a 24-well plate. Instead of using paraffin dots to create a space between the two neuronal layers, the experimenters can simply etch the plastic bottom of the well, on which the high density neurons reside, to create a microspace conducive to low density neuron growth. The co-culture can be easily maintained for &#62;3 months without significant loss of low density neurons, thus facilitating the morphological and physiological study of these neurons. To illustrate this successful culture condition, data are provided to show profuse synapse formation in low density cells after prolonged culture. This co-culture system also facilitates the survival of sparse individual neurons grown in islands of poly-D-lysine substrates and thus the formation of autaptic connections.

Low density cultures of primary hippocampal neurons usually require glia feeder layer to supply neurotrophic factors and sustain longevity. We describe here a simplified method to culture ultra-low density neurons on glass coverslips in the presence of a high density neuronal feeder layer, which facilitates investigation of specific neuronal-autonomous mechanisms.

Ultra Düşük Yoğunluk için Basitleştirilmiş Bir Yöntem, Uzun Vadeli İlköğretim Hipokampal Nöron Kültürü

Culturing primary hippocampal neurons in vitro facilitates mechanistic interrogation of many aspects of neuronal development. Dissociated embryonic ...

Spinal Cord Neurons Isolation and Culture from Neonatal Mice

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on postnatal day 1-3. A mouse litter, usually 4-10 pups born from one breeding pair, is gathered for one experiment, and spinal cords are collected individually from each mouse after euthanasia with isoflurane. The spinal column is dissected out and then the spinal cord is released from the column. The spinal cords are then minced to increase the surface area of delivery for an enzymatic protease that allows for the neurons and other cells to be released from the tissue. Trituration is then used to release the cells into solution. This solution is subsequently fractionated in a density gradient to separate the various cells in solution, allowing for neurons to be isolated. Approximately 1-2.5 x 106 neurons can be isolated from one litter group. The neurons are then seeded onto wells coated with adhesive factors that allow for proper growth and maturation. The neurons take approximately 7 days to reach maturity in the growth and culture medium and can be used thereafter for treatment and analysis.

This study presents a technique for the isolation of neurons from WT neonatal mice. It requires the careful dissection of the spinal cord from the neonatal mouse, followed by the separation of neurons from the spinal cord tissue through mechanical and enzymatic cleavage.

Yenidoğan Faresinden İzole Edilen Spinal Kord Nöronları İzolasyonu ve Kültürü

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on ...

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra

The interstitial cell lineage of Hydra includes multipotent stem cells, and their derivatives: gland cells, nematocytes, germ cells, and nerve cells. The interstitial cells can be eliminated through two consecutive treatments with colchicine, a plant-derived toxin that kills dividing cells, thus erasing the potential for renewal of the differentiated cells that are derived from the interstitial stem cells. This allows for the generation of Hydra that lack nerve cells. A nerve-free polyp cannot open its mouth to feed, egest, or regulate osmotic pressure. Such animals, however, can survive and be cultured indefinitely in the laboratory if regularly force-fed and burped. The lack of nerve cells allows for studies of the role of the nervous system in regulating animal behavior and regeneration. Previously published protocols for nerve-free Hydra maintenance involve outdated techniques such as mouth-pipetting with hand-pulled micropipette tips to feed and clean the Hydra. Here, an improved protocol for maintenance of nerve-free Hydra is introduced. Fine-tipped forceps are used to force open the mouth and insert freshly killed Artemia. Following force-feeding, the body cavity of the animal is flushed with fresh medium using a syringe and hypodermic needle to remove undigested material, referred to here as "burping". This new method of force-feeding and burping nerve-free Hydra through the use of forceps and syringes eliminates the need for mouth-pipetting using hand-pulled micropipette tips. It thus makes the process safer and significantly more time efficient. To ensure that the nerve cells in the hypostome have been eliminated, immunohistochemistry using anti-tyrosine-tubulin is conducted.

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra

Through a double treatment with colchicine, a plant-derived toxin that kills dividing cells, nerve-free Hydra vulgaris can be generated. These Hydra cannot feed or egest on their own. This paper describes an improved method for long-term maintenance of nerve free Hydra vulgaris in the laboratory.

Sinirsiz Kuşak ve Uzun Süreli Bakım<em&gt; Hydra</em

The interstitial cell lineage of Hydra includes multipotent stem cells, and their derivatives: gland cells, nematocytes, germ cells, and nerve cells. The ...

Isolation and RNA Extraction of Neurons, Macrophages and Microglia from Larval Zebrafish Brains

To gain a detailed understanding of the role of different CNS cells during development or the establishment and progression of brain pathologies, it is important to isolate these cells without changing their gene expression profile. The zebrafish model provides a large number of transgenic fish lines in which specific cell types are labelled; for example neurons in the NBT:DsRed line or macrophages/microglia in the mpeg1:eGFP line. Furthermore, antibodies have been developed to stain specific cells, such as microglia with the 4C4 antibody.
Here, we describe the isolation of neurons, macrophages and microglia from larval zebrafish brains. Central to this protocol is the avoidance of an enzymatic tissue digestion at 37 &#176;C, which could modify cellular profiles. Instead a mechanical system of tissue homogenization at 4 &#176;C is used. This protocol entails homogenization of brains into cell suspension, their immuno-staining and the isolation of neurons, macrophages and microglia by FACS. Afterwards, we extracted RNA from those cells and evaluated their quality/quantity. We managed to obtain RNA of high quality (RNA Integrity Number (RIN) &#62; 7) to perform qPCR on macrophages/microglia and neurons, and transcriptomic analysis on microglia. This approach enables a better characterization of these cells, as well as a clearer understanding about their role in development and pathologies.

We present a protocol to isolate neurons, macrophages and microglia from larval zebrafish brains under physiological and pathological conditions. Upon isolation, RNA is extracted from these cells to analyze their gene expression profile. This protocol allows for the collection of high-quality RNA for performing downstream analysis like qPCR and transcriptomics.

Yalıtım ve RNA çıkarma larva Zebra balığı beyin sinir hücreleri, makrofajlar ve Microglia

To gain a detailed understanding of the role of different CNS cells during development or the establishment and progression of brain pathologies, it is ...