This work was supported by the Swiss National Foundation Grant CR3I3_140717/1 and the Swiss Paraplegic Foundation.

NOT: iliak İnsan kemik iliği aspirasyon Lucerne kantonunda etik kurul onayı ile donör rıza toplanmıştır. Iliak gelen köpek kemik iliği aspiratlan (yakl. 20 mL) ile köpek sahibinin consent.Human ile toplandı ve köpek (yaklaşık. 10 mi), kemik iliği aspiratları, anti-pıhtılaşmış hemen kesilmesinden sonra,% 3.8 sodyum sitrat solüsyonu, 15 ml ilave edilerek ameliyathanede. Numuneler geri aynı gün işleme laboratuar ortamına transfer edilmiştir. Urokinaz 1. Hazırlama (önce 1 st Kullanımı) <ol><li> Üreticinin talimatlarına uygun olarak steril fosfat tamponlu salin (PBS) ile ürokinaz sulandırın: 10 ml&#39;lik bir şırınga kullanılarak, septum-giriş şişeye 10 ml PBS ekleyin. Ml başına 50.000 enjeksiyon üniteleri (U) elde etmek için dönen kuru madde çözülür. </li><li> S içine 500 ul alikotları (25.000 U her) hazırlanmasıterile tüpler. Mağaza alikotları -20 ° C ve en az 6 ay için gerekli olan zaman kullanın. </li></ol> 2. Hazırlama Adımları (Önceki Her Kemik İliği Tedavisi) <ol><li> Ürokinaz bir kısım pıhtılaşmış kemik iliği aspiratı başı (25,000 U), (25 ml aspirasyon hacmi başarıyla 25000 U, tek bir kısım ile tedavi edilmiştir) çözülme. </li><li> 37 ° C su banyosu veya sallayarak inkübatör ısıtın. </li></ol> Pıhtısı 3. Enzimatik Digest <ol><li> Işleme sırasında kemik iliği örneklerinin mikrobiyal kontaminasyonu önlemek için bir laminer akış biyogüvenlik kabininde tüm çalışmaları gerçekleştirin. Potansiyel bulaşıcı insan malzeme ile çalışırken, koruyucu eldiven yanı sıra dikkatli taşıma kullanımı tavsiye edilir. </li><li> Bir steril 50 ml tüp üstünde bir 100 um hücre süzgecinden yerleştirin. Dikkatle süzgeç eğerek veya pıhtı malzemesinin dolaşırım, hücre süzgecinden kemik iliği aspiratını dökün. Için steril bir pipet ucu kullanarakFiltre örgü ile daha iyi akış. NOT: PBS ile pıhtı yıkanmasıyla, örneğin, pıhtı herhangi bir seyreltme kaçının. Urokinaz dolaylı hareket ve serum bileşenlerini (yani., Plazminojen) etkili sindirmek için biyopsi gerektirir. Pıhtı malzeme ile işlem devam ederken, filtre ürünü adım 3.6 de kullanılana kadar oda sıcaklığında muhafaza edilebilir. </li><li> Steril forseps kullanarak boş bir hücre kültürü çanak içine kemik iliği pıhtı malzemeyi aktarın. Yaklaşık 2 ile 3 mm Steril bir bisturi bıçağını kullanarak küçük parçalar halinde çöpleri kesilir. </li><li> Steril pensler kullanılarak 50 ml&#39;lik bir reaksiyon tüpüne pıhtı küçük parçalar aktarın. Kıyılmış pıhtı ıslak görünüme sahiptir emin olun. Kuru görünüyorsa, nemlendirmek için adım 3.1 den bazı süzülen kullanın. </li><li> Yukarı ve aşağı pipetleme 5 ml mikrotitre pipet kullanarak 5 kez ile pıhtı çiğnemek. Örnek ürokinazın 1 kısım ekleyin. 37 ° C&#39;de ya da bir su banyosunda ya da 30 dakika boyunca inkübe edinBir sallayarak (hafifçe) inkübatör. </li><li> Yukarı ve aşağı pipetleme 5 ml pipet kullanarak 5 kez ile triturate. Bir biyogüvenlik kabini bu adımı gerçekleştirin. 37 ° C&#39;de 30 dakika süreyle inkübe edilir. İnkübasyondan sonra, 5 ml&#39;lik bir pipet kullanılarak 5 kez çiğnemek. Adım 3.2 filtrata ile havuz taze 100 mikron hücre süzgeç üzerinden geçmek. </li><li> Santrifüj 500 x g&#39;de 10 dakika süre ile oda sıcaklığında hücre süspansiyonu. Süpernatantı atın. Aşağıda açıklanan veya MSC genişleme kültürü için laboratuvar standart prosedüre göre medya hücre pelet yeniden askıya. </li></ol> Genişleme Hücre Kültürü ve CFU Tabaklar 4. Tohumculuk <ol><li> Alfa-MEM,% 10 fetal sığır serumu (FBS), 100 U / ml penisilin, 100 mg / ml streptomisin ve 2.5 mg / ml amfoterisin B ile desteklenmiş: bazal ortam, 50 ml (eritrositler ve mononükleer hücrelerinden oluşan) hücreler yeniden süspanse . hücreleri bir Neubauer Chambe kullanarak Tripan Mavi çözeltisi içinde seyreltilmiş 01:10 Sayısır. </li><li> 5 x 10 7 hücre / cm2 yoğunluğunda, hücre kültürü şişelerinde, hücreler plaka ve 37 ° C&#39;de nemlendirilmiş bir kuluçka makinesi içinde inkübe edilir. Varsa, hipoksik (% 5 oksijen) koşulları kullanın. CFU tahlili kontrolü için, 10 cm çapında bir hücre kültürü çanağı içinde 10 9 hücreleri plaka. </li><li> Diğer hücreler, süspansiyon devam ederken, kültür, 3 gün sonra, mezenkimal kök hücreler, hücre kültür kaplarına eklenir. 5 ng / ml temel fibroblast büyüme faktörü (bFGF) ile desteklenmiş bazal ortam maddesi ile ortam kullanın. CFU tahlili kontrolü için, aynı şekilde hücre kültürü çanak davranın. </li><li> Ortam haftada üç kez değiş tokuş, 2 haftada bir toplam hücre kültürü devam edin. Hücreler% 80 confluency aşarsanız, tripsinizasyonla bölünmüş. CFU tahlili kontrolü için, aynı şekilde medya alışverişi, ancak iki hafta kurs için hücreleri bölmek değil. </li></ol> CFU tahlili için 5. Giemsa <ol><li> Tabak başına Giemsa çözeltisi 10 ml hazırlayın: İnceltilmişute stok solüsyonu (gliserol 7.6 g / l Giemsa: metanol) 01:10 steril su (her zaman taze bir çalışma seyreltme hazırlamak). </li><li> Hücre kültürü çanak ortamı çıkarın ve PBS ile hücreleri yıkayın. Petri sıvı uygulanırken çok temkinli olun ve hücreleri yıkama kapalı kaçının. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında 5 dakika boyunca saf metanol içinde hücreleri saptamak. Metanol atın. Giemsa çözeltisi ilave edin ve 37 ° C&#39;de, nemlendirilmiş bir kuluçka makinesi içinde, 60 dakika boyunca inkübe edin. </li><li> PBS ile iki kez yıkanır. Hava bir kağıt havlu üzerine ilk plaka kafasını kurulayın. Elle kolonileri sayın. Bu, en iyi plakanın arkasında bir işaretleyici kalem kullanılarak elde edilmektedir. </li></ol> 6. MSC Farklılaşma <ol><li> Köpek MKH farklılaşma NOT: Köpek MKH dört hafta için uygun medya ile stimülasyonu ile kondrojenik, osteojenik ve adipojenik soy içine ayırt edildi. </li><li> Için Adipogenic farklılaşma, 4 x 10 5 ce de tek tabaka kültür MKHaşağıdaki gibi rf / cm 2, iki farklı kültür koşulları alternatif; <ol><li> DMEM Glutamax,% 3 FBS, 100 ünite / ml penisilin, 100 mg / ml streptomisin, 2.5 ug / ml amfoterisin B ve 170 mM insülin içeren adipogenesis muhafaza ortamında kültürü. </li><li> 3,% FBS,% 5 tavşan serumu, 1 uM deksametazon ile desteklenen koruma aracına sahip adipogenesis indükleyici ortamdan Kültür, 500 uM 3-izobutil-1-metilksantin, 33 uM biyotin, 5 uM roziglitazon ve 16 17 uM pantotenat içerebilir. </li><li> Yağ Kırmızı O ile boyanarak lipid damlacıkları Revel. Kısaca,% 10 formaldehid ile hücrelerin tespit PBS ile yıkayın ve izopropanol içinde% 0.35 yağ-kırmızı O ile boyanır. </li></ol></li><li> 7 x 10 3 hücre / cm2 ve aşağıdaki teşvik de tek tabakalı Osteogenik farklılaşma kültür MSC&#39;ler için: <ol><li> Gelişmiş DMEM (Gibco) + GlutaMAX,% 5 FBS, 100 ünite / ml penisilin, 100 mg / ml streptomisin, 2.5 ug / ml amfoterisin B, 501 M L-askorbik asit 2-fosfat, 10 mM beta-gliserofosfat, 100 nM deksametason. </li><li> Von Kossa leke (% 5 AgNO 3) ile mineralizasyon mevduat belirleyin. Kısaca,% 10 formaldehid ile hücrelerin tespit% 5 damıtılmış su içinde iyodinin 3 ile PBS ve leke ile yıkayın. </li></ol></li><li> Kondrojenik farklılaşma <ol><li> Bir sünger şeklindeki tıbbi cihazdan Kesme küpleri (her iki tarafta da, 3 mm), liofilize kollajen tip I&#39;den oluşturulur ve hücreler 17 desteklemek için iskele malzemesi olarak kullanılır. </li><li> 4 x 10 6 hücre / ml (~ 70,000 hücre / küp) konsantrasyonda küpler üzerine Tohum MSC&#39;ler. </li><li> Ortam eklenmesinden önce, hücreler 30 dakika boyunca küp uymak için izin verir. </li><li> DMEM / F12 + Glutamax,% 2.5 FBS, 100 ünite / ml penisilin, 100 mg / ml streptomisin, 2.5 ug / ml amfoterisin B, 40 ng / ml deksametazon, 50 ug / ml askorbik oluşan kondrojenik ortam MSC-kollajen yapıları korumak asit 2-fosfat,50 ug / ml L-prolin, 1x İnsülin-Transferrin-Selenyum X ve büyüme faktörü-β1 transforme 10 ng / ml olmuştur. </li><li> Yapılar bölümlerde proteoglikanlarla birikimini görselleştirmek için alcian mavi boyama kullanın. Kısaca,% 0.01 H 2SO 4 ve 0.5 M guanidin hidroklorür içinde çözülmüş% 0.4 alcian mavisi ile bölümlere göre O / N leke. Daha sonra, yıkama bölümleri% 40 DMSO ve 0.05 M MgCl2 30 dakika boyunca yıkanmıştır. Hücreler nükleer fast red ile zıt. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Hasta sadece küçük bir ek iş ameliyathanede personel tarafından yapılmalıdır avantajı ile, (bizim durumumuzda özellikle omurga cerrahisi olarak) ameliyat geçiren iken rutin kemik iliği örnek. Numuneler hemen çekilmesinden sonra, sodyum sitrat ile karıştırılır olsa onlar işleme laboratuarda geldi, birçok örnekleri kısmen pıhtılaşmış idi. Bu aşamada, pıhtılaşmış numuneler yerine örnekleme ayrı bir ek müdahale yine yerel veya genel anestezi gerektiren 6 olacaktır. Bu katkı,...

Mezenkimal kök hücreler (MKH) rejeneratif tıp ve doku mühendisliğinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Onlara otolog tedaviler 2,3 için ideal bir aday kılan, hangi çeşitli hücre tipleri 1 içine ayırt ve aşılamak, göç edebilir. Son zamanlarda, kemik ve kıkırdak onarımı için MKH&#39;lerin kullanarak klinik çalışmalarda, host hastalığı veya kalp hastalığı greft versus 4 başlatıldı. Bu MSC&#39;ler göbek kordonu ya da yağ dokusu hasat edilir, ancak en fazla umut vaat eden sonuçlar kemik iliğinden elde edilen kök hücreleri 5 elde edilmiştir. iliak kemik iliği önemli miktarda toplamak için izin verir ve bu nedenle aspirasyon 6 ana site olarak hizmet vermektedir. Ancak, aspirat kalitesi çekilen kemik iliği hacmini artması ile azalmaktadır. Kemik iliği aspirasyon ilk 5 ml kaliteli MKH&#39;lerin ihtiva ederken, daha büyük hacimli çekilmesi periferik kan f aspirat seyreltme yol açarçok kanlanan kemik 7 rom. Antikoagülan kullanıldığı sürece Çünkü mevcut megakaryositlerin ve trombosit, kemik iliği aspirasyon, pıhtılaşma yatkındır. Ama bile antikoagülan, pıhtıları oluşabilir. Kemik iliğinde, MKH toplam hücre havuzunun 8 sadece küçük bir kısmını temsil ve birçok doku mühendisliği veya terapötik uygulamalar 4 kültür genişletilmiş gerekir. Böyle bir kültürün kalitesi büyük ölçüde ilk hücre havuzu, yani bağlıdır., çeşitlilik ve yüksek başlangıç ​​numarası 9. Çekme gelen MKH Düşük sayılar kısmen donör değişkenliği ile açıklanabilir. Diğer taraftan, düşük kaliteli örneklerinden MKH hücre istenilen sayıda ulaşmak için kültürde uzun süre ve genişletilmiş Pasajlanması gerektirir. Her iki durumda da, uzun pasajı hücre yaşlanmasının kaynağıdır ve 10, potansiyel farklılaşmanın aşamalı olarak kaybına yol açabilir. Bu nedenle, hücre y maksimize protokolleri optimizeield ve zararlı etkileri 11,12 geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir engellemek. Biz köpek MSC ile çalışmaya başladığında neyse pıhtılaşmış insan örnekleri (on bir) daha az sıklıkta iken, biz, yaklaşık üç dört köpek kemik iliği örnekleri pıhtıları içerdiğini görmek için şaşkın. Öte yandan biz pıhtılaşmış örneklerinden MKH çok daha düşük verim gözlenen, hiçbir sürpriz oldu. Pıhtılaşmış numuneler tekrarlanan sorunu çözmek için, biz yeniden örnekleme yerine trombolitik ilaç urokinez kullanarak protokolü geliştirdi. Trombolitik tedavi, kalp krizi, felç nedeniyle veya istenmeyen pıhtılaşma embolileri neden kan damarlarının tıkanması gibi hayatı tehdit eden durumları ortadan edebilirsiniz. Onlar plazmin ve enzimatik plazminojen aktivatörleri ile fibrin enzimatik bölünme yoluyla pıhtıların bozulması ile çalışır. Hastaların tedavisi için geniş kullanım rağmen, sadece çok az yayın çok kullanılan trombolitik faaliyetler olduğunu varLaboratuvar uygulamaları pıhtılaşmış numuneler kurtarmak için, çoğunlukla lenfositler üzerinde duruluyor. 1987 yılında, Niku ve ark. 13 ve dört yıl sonra fonksiyonel lenfosit sonuçlanan kan pıhtıları eriterek streptokinaz kullanımını tarif De Vis ark. Akış sitometri uygulamaları 14 kan ve kemik iliğinden lösemi hücreleri izole etmek için streptokinaz kullanımı genişletilmiş. Daha yeni bir yayın kanser teşhisinde 15 Alteplaz kullanımını önermektedir. Aynı enzimatik yaklaşımı kullanırken, bizim protokol kök hücre alanındaki araştırmacılar için bir araç sağlamak için multipotent MKH formu kemik iliği izolasyonu üzerinde duruluyor.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="674">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Basal Medium Components</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">PenStrep 100X</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140122</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Human FGF-basic</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100-18B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">MEM Alpha w/ Nucleoside, w/ stable Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Amimed</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1-23S50-I</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:328px;">FBS Heat Inactivated</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Amimed</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2-01F36-I</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Amphotericin B</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1907</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Adipogenic Medium Components</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">DMEM-HAM F12 + GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Amimed</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1-26F09-I</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Insulin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I5500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Rabbit serum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16120099</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Dexamethasone</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D4902</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I5879</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Biotin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B4639</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Rosiglitazone&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R2408</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Pantothenate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P5155</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Oil Red-O&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">O0625</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Osteogenic Medium Components</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A8960</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">&#223;-glycerophosphate</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G9422</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:328px;">Silver nitrate (AgNO3)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S6506</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Chondrogenic Medium Components</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Biopad - sponge shaped medical device&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Euroresearch</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">L-proline&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P5607</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium X</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">51500056</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Human transforming growth factor-&#946;1&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100-21</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Alcian Blue 8GX</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3157</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Nuclear fast red</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N8002</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Generic</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Tri-Sodium citrate dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3901</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">964.9100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Urokinase</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Medac</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1976826</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">0.5% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15400054</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Giemsa stain</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0885</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0877</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0655</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1584</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3618</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Guanidine hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1499</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Consumables</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">50 mL reaction tube</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Axygen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SCT-50ML-25-S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">10 mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4606108V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Sterican needle (22G)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4657624</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">1.7 mL Microtubes</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Brunschwig</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MCT-175-C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">100 &#956;m cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6.05935</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">sterile forceps</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Bastos Viegas, SA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">489-001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">sterile scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5518059</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Primaria cell cuture dish</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">353803</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">C-Chip Neubauer Improved</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Bioswisstech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">505050</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">cell culture flask - Flask T300</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">TPP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">90301</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Microbiological biosafety cabinet class II</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Skan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">82011500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">water bath</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Memmert</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1305.0377</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Stripettes Serological Pipette 5ml</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Corning</td>
			<td>4487-200ea</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">microscope</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CKX41</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">humidified incubator Heracells 240</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>51026331</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Heraeus Multifuge 1S-R</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">75004331</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an enzymatic method to rescue mesenchymal stem cells from clotted bone marrow samples

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade clots in the bone marrow and release MSCs for further use. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to bone marrow resampling. Bone marrow is a major source of MSCs, which are interesting for tissue engineering and autologous stem cell therapies. Upon withdrawal bone marrow may clot, as it comprises all of the hematopoietic system. The resulting clots contain also MSCs that are lost for expansion culture or direct stem cell therapy. We experienced that 74% of canine bone marrow samples contained clots and yielded less than half of the stem cell number expected from unclotted samples. Thus, we developed a protocol for enzymatic digestion of those clots to avoid labor-intense and costly bone marrow resampling. Urokinase - a clinically approved and readily available thrombolytic drug &#8211; clears away the bone marrow clots almost completely. As a consequence, treated bone marrow aspirates yield similar numbers of MSCs as unclotted samples. Also, after urokinase treatment the cells kept their metabolic activity and the ability to differentiate into chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Our protocol salvages clotted blood and bone marrow samples without affecting the quality of the cells. This obsoletes resampling, considerably reduces sampling costs and enables the use of clotted samples for research or therapy.

ile birlikte onlar bizim laboratuvar (Şekil 1A) geldi köpek kemik iliği örneklerinin% 74 (n = 54) pıhtıları içerdiği gerçekler bize MKH önemli sayıda pıhtıları içinde tuzağa inanıyorum yaptı, bu örneklerden MSC verimi düşmüştür . Gerçekten de, kesit pıhtı malzemesinin basit bir DAPI leke yüksek yoğunluklu (Şekil 1B) çekirdekli hücrelerin varlığını teyit eder. Bu sonuçta urokinez kullanarak protokolü geliştirmek için bize tetikleyen genişleme kü...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Enzymatic Method to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Clotted Bone Marrow Samples at JoVE.com

An Enzymatic Method to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Clotted Bone Marrow Samples

Mesenchymal stem cells are usually obtained from bone marrow and require expansion culture. When samples clot before processing, a protocol using the (enzymatic) thrombolytic drug urokinase can be applied to degrade the clot. Thus, cells are released and available for expansion culture. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to resampling.

Bir Enzimatik Yöntem Kaymaklı Kemik İliği Örneklerinden Mezenkimal Kök Hücreler Kurtarma

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade ...

an-enzymatic-method-to-rescue-mesenchymal-stem-cells-from-clotted

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

9.1K Görüntüleme.  Swiss Paraplegic Research. Mesenchymal stem cells are usually obtained from bone marrow and require expansion culture. When samples clot before processing, a protocol using the (enzymatic) thrombolytic drug urokinase can be applied to degrade the clot. Thus, cells are released and available for expansion culture. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to resampling.

Video: An Enzymatic Method to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Clotted Bone Marrow Samples

Isolation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and their Cultivation on the Porous Bone Matrix

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a differentiation potential towards osteoblastic lineage when they are stimulated with soluble factors or specific biomaterials. This work presents a novel option for the delivery of MSCs from human amniotic membrane (AM-hMSCs) that employs bovine bone matrix Nukbone (NKB) as a scaffold. Thus, the application of MSCs in repair and tissue regeneration processes depends principally on the efficient implementation of the techniques for placing these cells in a host tissue. For this reason, the design of biomaterials and cellular scaffolds has gained importance in recent years because the topographical characteristics of the selected scaffold must ensure adhesion, proliferation and differentiation into the desired cell lineage in the microenvironment of the injured tissue. This option for the delivery of MSCs from human amniotic membrane (AM-hMSCs) employs bovine bone matrix as a cellular scaffold and is an efficient culture technique because the cells respond to the topographic characteristics of the bovine bone matrix Nukbone (NKB), i.e., spreading on the surface, macroporous covering and colonizing the depth of the biomaterial, after the cell isolation process. We present the procedure for isolating and culturing MSCs on a bovine matrix.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a differentiation potential towards osteoblastic lineage when they are stimulated with soluble factors or specific biomaterials. This work presents a novel option for the delivery of MSCs from human amniotic membrane (AM-hMSCs) that employs the bovine bone matrix Nukbone (NKB) as a scaffold.

İnsan Mezenkimal Kök Hücre İzolasyonu ve Gözenekli Kemik Matrix kendi Yetiştirme

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a differentiation potential towards osteoblastic lineage when they are stimulated with soluble factors or specific ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Regenerative medicine requires new, fully functional cells that are delivered to patients in order to repair degenerated or damaged tissues. When such cells are not readily available, they can be obtained using different approaches that include, among the many, reprogramming and trans-differentiation, with advantages and limitations that are specific of the different techniques. Here a new strategy for the conversion of an adult mature fibroblast into an insulin-secreting cell, arbitrarily designated as epigenetic converted cells (EpiCC), is described. The method has been developed, based on the increasing understanding of the mechanisms controlling epigenetic regulation of cell fate and differentiation. In particular, the first step uses an epigenetic modifier, namely 5-aza-cytidine, to drive adult cells into a "highly permissive" state. It then takes advantage of this brief and reversible window of epigenetic plasticity, to re-address cells toward a different lineage. The approach is designated "epigenetic cell conversion". It is a simple and robust way to obtain an efficient, controlled and stable cellular inter-lineage switch. Since the protocol does not involve the use of any gene transfection, it is free of viral vectors and does not involve a stable pluripotent state, it is highly promising for translational medicine applications.

Here, a new method that allows the conversion of adult skin fibroblasts into insulin-secreting cells is presented. This technique is based on epigenetic conversion, does not involve the use of retroviral vectors nor the acquisition of a stable pluripotent state. It is therefore highly promising for translational medicine applications.

Yetişkin Cilt Fibroblastları gelen İnsülin salgılayan hücreler elde edilir Güvenli ve Basit Yöntem olarak epigenetik Dönüşüm

Regenerative medicine requires new, fully functional cells that are delivered to patients in order to repair degenerated or damaged tissues. When such ...

Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human Placenta Tissue

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose dependent. Human term placenta is rich in MSC and is a physically large tissue that is generally discarded following birth. Placenta is an ideal starting material for the large-scale manufacture of multiple cell doses of allogeneic MSC. The placenta is a fetomaternal organ from which either fetal or maternal tissue can be isolated. This article describes the placental anatomy and procedure to dissect apart the decidua (maternal), chorionic villi (fetal), and chorionic plate (fetal) tissue. The protocol then outlines how to isolate MSC from each dissected tissue region, and provides representative analysis of expanded MSC derived from the respective tissue types. These methods are intended for pre-clinical MSC isolation, but have also been adapted for clinical manufacture of placental MSC for human therapeutic use.

Herein we describe methods for the dissection of fetal and maternal tissues from human term placenta, followed by isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) from these tissues.

İnsan Plasenta Doku türetilen İzolasyon ve mezenkimal kök Genişleme / Stromal hücreler

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose ...

Isolating Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells (MPCs) from Human Bone Marrow

In a research study aimed to isolate human bone marrow (hBM)-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) for clinical applications, we identified a novel cell population specifically selected for growth in human serum supplemented medium. These cells are characterized by morphological, phenotypic, and molecular features distinct from MSCs and we named them Mesodermal Progenitor Cells (MPCs). MPCs are round, with a thick highly refringent core region; they show strong, trypsin resistant adherence to plastic. Failure to expand MPCs directly revealed that they are slow in cycling. This is as also suggested by Ki-67 negativity. On the other hand, culturing MPCs in standard medium designed for MSC expansion, gave rise to a population of exponentially growing MSC-like cells. Besides showing mesenchymal differentiation capacity MPCs retained angiogenic potential, confirming their multiple lineage progenitor nature. Here we describe an optimized highly reproducible protocol to isolate and characterize hBM-MPCs by flow cytometry (CD73, CD90, CD31, and CD45), nestin expression, and F-actin organization. Protocols for mesengenic and angiogenic differentiation of MPCs are also provided. Here we also suggest a more appropriate nomenclature for these cells, which has been re-named as "Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells".

Isolating Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells MPCs from Human Bone Marrow

Here we describe an optimized, highly reproducible protocol to isolate Mesodermal Progenitor Cells (MPCs) from human bone marrow (hBM). MPCs were characterized by flow cytometry and nestin expression. They showed the ability to give rise to exponentially growing MSC-like cell cultures while retaining their angiogenic potential.

İnsan Kemik İliği gelen Yalıtımlı Mesangiogenic Ata Hücreleri (MPCs)

In a research study aimed to isolate human bone marrow (hBM)-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) for clinical applications, we identified a novel ...

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a strict species-specific periodicity. The periodicity of the process is regulated by a molecular oscillator, known as the "segmentation clock," acting in the PSM cells. This clock drives the oscillatory patterns of gene expression across the PSM in a posterior-anterior direction. These so-called clock genes are key components of three signaling pathways: Wnt, Notch, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). In addition, Notch signaling is essential for synchronizing intracellular oscillations in neighboring cells. We recently gained insight into how this may be mechanistically regulated. Upon ligand activation, the Notch receptor is cleaved, releasing the intracellular domain (NICD), which moves to the nucleus and regulates gene expression. NICD is highly labile, and its phosphorylation-dependent turnover acts to restrict Notch signaling. The profile of NICD production (and degradation) in the PSM is known to be oscillatory and to resemble that of a clock gene. We recently reported that both the Notch receptor and the Delta ligand, which mediate intercellular coupling, themselves exhibit dynamic expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. In this article, we describe the sensitive detection methods and detailed image analysis tools that we used, in combination with the computational modeling that we designed, to extract and overlay expression data from distinct points in the expression cycle. This allowed us to construct a spatio-temporal picture of the dynamic expression profile for the receptor, the ligand, and the Notch target clock genes throughout an oscillation cycle. Here, we describe the protocols used to generate and culture the PSM explants, as well as the procedure to stain for the mRNA or protein. We also explain how the confocal images were subsequently analyzed and temporally ordered computationally to generate ordered sequences of clock expression snapshots, hereafter defined as "kymographs," for the visualization of the spatiotemporal expression of Delta-like1 (Dll1) and Notch1 throughout the PSM.

The segmentation clock drives oscillatory gene expression across the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM). Dynamic Notch activity is key to this process. We use imaging and computational analyses to extract temporal dynamics from spatial expression data to demonstrate that Delta ligand and Notch receptor expression oscillate in the vertebrate PSM.

Detaylı Mekansal İfade Haritalar Dinamik İfade Verilerinin Zamansal Sipariş

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a ...

Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly gained attention because they do not pose any ethical or moral concerns. Current methods to isolate MSCs from UC yield low amounts of cells with variable proliferation potentials. Since UC is an anatomically-complex organ, differences in MSC properties may be due to the differences in the anatomical regions of their isolation. In this study, we first dissected the cord/placenta samples into three discrete anatomical regions: UC, cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP). Second, two distinct zones, cord lining (CL) and Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), were separated. The explant culture technique was then used to isolate cells from the four sources. The time required for the primary culture of cells from the explants varied depending on the source of the tissue. Outgrowth of the cells occurred within 3 - 4 days of the CPJ explants, whereas growth was observed after 7 - 10 days and 11 - 14 days from CL/WJ and FP explants, respectively. The isolated cells were adherent to plastic and displayed fibroblastoid morphology and surface markers, such as CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105, similarly to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. However, the colony-forming efficiency of the cells varied, with CPJ-MSCs and WJ-MSCs showing higher efficiency than BM-MSCs. MSCs from all four sources differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages, indicating that they were multipotent. CPJ-MSCs differentiated more efficiently in comparison to other MSC sources. These results suggest that the CPJ is the most potent anatomical region and yields a higher number of cells, with greater proliferation and self-renewal capacities in vitro. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of the MSCs from the four sources indicated that CPJ is a more promising source of MSCs for cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.

Here, we present a protocol for the dissection of human umbilical cord (UC) and fetal placenta sample into cord lining (CL), Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP) for the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) using the explant culture technique.

İnsan göbek bağı ve fetal plasentadan Mezenkimal Stromal Hücre İzolasyonu ve Vasıflandırılması

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly ...

Preparation of Plasma Membrane Vesicles from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Potential Cytoplasm Replacement Therapy

We have previously reported on the generation of plasma membrane vesicles (PMVs) through the mechanical extrusion of mammalian cells. The fusion of PMVs with mitochondrial deficient Rho0 cells restored mitotic activity under normal culture conditions. Atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and cancer are age-related diseases that have been reported to be associated with multiple mechanical and functional defects in the cytosol and organelles of a variety of cell types. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) represent a unique cell population from the bone marrow that possess self-renewal capabilities while maintaining their multipotency. The supplementation of senescence cells with young cytoplasm from autologous BMSCs via the fusion of PMVs provides a promising approach to ameliorate or even reverse age-associated phenotypes. This protocol describes how to prepare PMVs from BMSCs via extrusion through a polycarbonate membrane with 3 &#181;m pores, determine the existence of mitochondria and examine the maintenance of membrane potential within PMVs using a confocal microscope, concentrate PMVs by centrifugation, and carry out the in vivo injection of PMVs into the gastrocnemius muscle of mice.

Age-related diseases are associated with multiple defects in components of the cytoplasm. Here, we present a protocol to prepare plasma membrane vesicles from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. This technique could potentially be used as a means of cytoplasm replacement therapy to ameliorate or even reverse age-associated phenotypes.

Potansiyel Sitoplazma Replasman Tedavisi için Kemik İliği Mezenkimal Kök Hücrelerinden Plazma Membran Vesiküllerinin Hazırlanması

We have previously reported on the generation of plasma membrane vesicles (PMVs) through the mechanical extrusion of mammalian cells. The fusion of PMVs ...

Bioengineering of Humanized Bone Marrow Microenvironments in Mouse and Their Visualization by Live Imaging

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix. The ability of HSCs to remain quiescent, self-renew or differentiate, and acquire mutations and become malignant depends upon the complex interactions they establish with different stromal components. To observe the crosstalk between human HSCs and the human BM niche in physiological and pathological conditions, we designed a protocol to ectopically model and image a humanized BM niche in immunodeficient mice. We show that the use of different cellular components allows for the formation of humanized structures and the opportunity to sustain long-term human hematopoietic engraftment. Using two-photon microscopy, we can live-image these structures in situ at the single-cell resolution, providing a powerful new tool for the functional characterization of the human BM microenvironment and its role in regulating normal and malignant hematopoiesis.

A method to create and live-image different humanized bone-marrow niches in mice is presented. Based on the supportive niche created by human mesenchymal cells, the addition of human endothelial cells induces the formation of human vessels, while the addition of rhBMP-2 induces the formation of human-mouse chimeric mature bone tissue.

Fare Malı İnsani Kemik İliği Mikro Çevrelerinin Biyomühendisliği ve Canlı Görüntüleme ile Görselleştirilmesi

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth ...

Isolation, Culture, and Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Osteoclast Progenitors from Mice

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) constitute a cell population routinely used as a representation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. They reside within the bone marrow cavity alongside hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which can give rise to red blood cells, immune progenitors, and osteoclasts. Thus, extractions of cell populations from the bone marrow results in a very heterogeneous mix of various cell populations, which can present challenges in experimental design and confound data interpretation. Several isolation and culture techniques have been developed in laboratories in order to obtain more or less homogeneous populations of BMSCs and HSCs invitro. Here, we present two methods for isolation of BMSCs and HSCs from mouse long bones: one method that yields a mixed population of BMSCs and HSCs and one method that attempts to separate the two cell populations based on adherence. Both methods provide cells suitable for osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation experiments as well as functional assays.

In this article, we present methods to isolate and differentiate bone marrow stromal cells and hematopoietic stem cells from mouse long bones. Two different protocols are presented yielding different cell populations suitable for expansion and differentiation into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and osteoclasts.

Yalıtım, kültür ve kemik iliği Stromal hücreler ve Osteoklast ataları fareler gelen farklılaşma

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) constitute a cell population routinely used as a representation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. They reside within ...

Isolation and Characterization of Cardiac Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Endomyocardial Bioptic Samples of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Patients

A normal adult heart is composed of several different cell types, among which cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells represent an abundant population. The isolation of these cells offers the possibility of studying their involvement in cardiac diseases, and, in addition, provides a useful primary cell model to investigate biological mechanisms.
Here, the method for the isolation of C-MSC from arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy patients&#39; bioptic samples is described. The endomyocardial biopsy sampling is guided in the right ventricular areas adjacent to the scar visualized by electro-anatomical mapping. The digestion of the biopsies in collagenase and their plating on a plastic dish in culture medium to allow C-MSC growth is described. The isolated cells can be expanded in culture for several passages. To confirm their mesenchymal phenotype, the description of immuno-phenotypical characterization is provided. C-MSC are able to differentiate into several cell types like adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts: in the context of ACM, characterized by adipocyte deposits in patients&#39; hearts, the protocols for the adipogenic differentiation of C-MSC and the characterization of lipid droplet accumulation are described.

In this article, a method to isolate cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells from endomyocardial bioptic samples of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy patients is provided. Their characterization and the protocol to boost their adipogenic differentiation are described.

Yalıtım ve Endomyocardial Bioptic örnekleri Aritmojenik kardiyomiyopati hasta kardiyak Mezenkimal Stromal hücrelerden karakterizasyonu

A normal adult heart is composed of several different cell types, among which cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells represent an abundant population. The ...