Bu çalışma, Amerikan Pediatrik Cerrahi Birliği Vakfı Ödülü (AG) ve Sağlık K08DK098271 Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri (AG) bythe desteklenmiştir.

Wisconsin Hayvan Bakımı ve Kullanımı Komitesi Üniversitesi bütün prosedürleri onayladı. Çözümler 1. Hazırlanması <ol><li> Diseksiyon tamponu ve durulama çözeltisi olarak 1 x fosfat tamponlu tuzlu su (PBS) kullanın. </li><li> Bir şişeye, sükroz ve yeri 30 g ağırlığındaki% 30 sukroz hazırlayın. 1x PBS 99 ml ilave edilir ve 1 ml% 10 sodyum azit ilave edin. Sükrozun tüm çözünene kadar iyice karıştırılır. 4 ° C&#39;de saklayın kadar gerekli. </li><li> 1 x PBS,% 3 bovin serum albümini (BSA) ve% 0.1 Triton-X-100, karıştırılarak Bloke edici çözelti hazırlayın. İyice karıştırın ve gerektiği kadar buzdolabında saklayın. </li><li> 1x PBS içine PFA uygun miktarda tartılarak 1x PBS içinde% 8 paraformaldehit (PFA) çözeltisi hazırlayın ve tamamen eriyene kadar sonra 65 ° C de inkübe edilir. -20 ° C dondurucu içinde 25 mi alikotlar içinde gerekli olana kadar saklayın. Kullanım gününde 1 PBS içinde% 4 PFA seyreltin. </li></ol> 2. Embriyo ve Gut Dissectiyon <ol><li> Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Kurulu uyarınca protokolleri onayladı, zaman aşımına gebe fare euthanize ve PBS 1x 60 mm Petri içeren buz soğuk içine rahim aktarın. </li><li> Keskin bir makas kullanarak bir diseksiyon mikroskobu altında, embriyolar maruz açık rahim duvarına kesti. PBS 1x buz soğuk içeren temiz bir 60 mm Petri kabı içine rahim ve yerden embriyolar çıkarın. </li><li> Buz gibi soğuk 1x PBS dekapitasyon her embriyo Euthanize. Eğer floresan proteinleri içeren transgenik fareler kullanıyorsanız, floresan aydınlatma altında, pozitif transgenik embriyolar tespit. </li><li> Bir diseksiyon mikroskobu kullanarak her embriyo gastrointestinal sistem parçalara ayır. Ince forseps kullanarak, sol taraf yukarı bakacak ve sağ taraf Petri kabı tabanına karşı olacak şekilde embriyoyu yönlendirin. Iç organları ortaya çıkarmak için embriyo üst beden duvarı çıkartın. Dorsal vücut duvarı ve iç organlar arasında ince forseps yerleştirin. Crembriyo iç organları kaldırmak için bir makas gibi kesici eylem birbirlerine karşı forseps Öss. </li><li> Bundan başka çevre organlara uzak gastrointestinal sistem alt incelemek ve sonra buz soğukluğunda 1x PBS içeren bir 1.5 ml mikrosantrifüj tüpü içine, her gastrointestinal sistem yerleştirin. </li></ol> GI yolları 3. Sabitleme <ol><li> Buz gibi soğuk 1x PBS ile her GI 3 kez durulayın ve ardından% 4 PFA ile değiştirin. 1.5 saat boyunca oda sıcaklığında sallanan bir platform üzerinde bir 1.5 ml mikrosantrifüj tüplerine GI yolları düzeltildi. Sallanan bir platform üzerinde 1 saat süre ile sonra da RT&#39;de GI yollar 5 dakika boyunca 3 kez yıkayın ve. Bu aşamada, gerekli olana kadar 1 x PBS,% 0.1 sodyum azid ihtiva eden% 30 sukroz içinde 4 ° C de gastrointestinal yolları saklayın. NOT: Alternatif olarak, dokuların bütünlüğü üzerinde herhangi bir etkisi olmaksızın bir yıla kadar% 30 sakaroz embriyolar saklayın. % 30 sukroz içinde numunelerin depolama immün ya da Ekim içine kriyo-sectioni için, ya numune, daha sonra işleme izinng. Alternatif olarak, aşağıda ayrıntılı immün protokolü ile devam edin. </li></ol> 4. immün Protokolü <ol><li> Numuneler% 30 sukroz içinde depolanmış olursa, sallanan bir platform üzerinde onlara 1x PBS içinde 20 dakika boyunca 3 kez yıkayın. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında 1 saat için sallanan bir platform üzerinde çözüm engelleme içine GI yolları yerleştirin. </li><li> Bloke çözeltisi çıkarın ve sallanan bir platform üzerinde 4 ° C&#39;de oda sıcaklığında ya da O / N 4 saat ya da çözüm engelleme seyreltilmiş birincil antikor uygun miktarda gastrointestinal yolları inkübe edin. (Hastadan elde edilen serum) insan anti-Hu antikorun 1000 seyreltme, 1:, tavuk anti-yeşil flöresanlı protein (GFP), antikorun 1000 seyreltme 1: keçi anti-ChAT antikor 100 seyreltme 1 kullanın. NOT: bir hastadan elde lokal olarak elde edilen bir insan anti-Hu antikoru kullanan, ancak, anti-Hu, örneğin, ticari olarak temin edilebilir, fare anti-Hu, (1 de kullanımı: 500 seyreltme). </li><li> 1x PBS GI yollarını durulayın3 kez 5 dakika boyunca ve daha sonra bir sallanan platform üzerinde oda sıcaklığında 1 saat karıştırıldı. </li><li> 1 seyreltilmiş sekonder antikor ile 1X PBS yerine: 500, 4 ° C&#39;de, oda sıcaklığında ya da O / N oranında ya da 4 saat için sallanan bir platform üzerinde çözüm engelleme. Örneğin DyLight, eşek anti-tavuk 2&#39;ye ait ve eşek anti-keçi Cy5 olarak eşek anti-insan amin reaktif boya kullanın. Eşek anti-fare amin-reaktif boya 405: 500 oranında seyreltilmiş kullanılarak fare anti-Hu antikor, bir 1 kullanın. NOT: Endojen GFP ve tdTomato ifade ve gelişimsel yaşla birlikte artış immün açıklık yoğunluğu. Bu, tipik olarak dokuların etkin boyama sağlamak için de kullanılabilir antikorun hacmini azaltmak ve amacıyla tek tek boyama çözeltisi 150 ul 0.2 ml tüpler embriyonik bağırsaklar immunostain. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 1 x PBS 3 kez GI yolları yıkayın ve daha sonra bir sallanan platform üzerinde oda sıcaklığında 1 saat karıştırıldı. </li><li> Bir cam slayt üzerine DAPI ile, floresan montaj ortamına bir kaç damla yerleştirin. GI tra daldırınfloresan montaj ortamına ct ve doku üzerine direkt olarak cam kapak ekleyin. Orta -G monte floresans yarı kalıcı bir sızdırmazlık sağlayan, suda çözünebilir bir bileşiktir. NOT: Vectashield gibi kullanın floresan montaj orta solma ve antikorların photobleaching engelleyen orta montaj tabanlı bir gliserol olduğunu. Her iki ürün de dokular 4 ° C&#39;de uzun bir süre boyunca saklanabilir olanak tanır. </li><li> Konfokal mikroskop kullanılarak floroforun her görüntüleri yakalayın. Tablo 3&#39;te sunulan fluorophores ve kullanılan filtreler için uyarım dalga boylarını kullanarak. </li><li> Görüntü yakalamak için kullanılan konfokal türüne bağlı olarak uygun yazılım kullanılarak bilgisayar destekli görüntü analiz gerçekleştirin. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Gershon, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+determinants+of+the+independence+and+complexity+of+the+enteric+nervous+system.">Developmental determinants of the independence and complexity of the enteric nervous system.</a> Trends Neurosci. 33 (10), 446-456 (2010).</li><li>Amiel, J., Sproat-Emison, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hirschsprung+disease,+associated+syndromes+and+genetics:+a+review.">Hirschsprung disease, associated syndromes and genetics: a review.</a> J Med Genet. 45 (1), 1-14 (2008).</li><li>Erickson, C. S., Barlow, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colonic+enteric+nervous+system+analysis+during+parenteral+nutrition.">Colonic enteric nervous system analysis during parenteral nutrition.</a> J Surg Res. 184 (1), 132-137 (2013).</li><li>Erickson, C. S., Zaitoun, I., Haberman, K. M., Gosain, A., Druckenbrod, N. R., Epstein, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sacral+neural+crest-derived+cells+enter+the+aganglionic+colon+of+Ednrb(-/-)+mice+along+extrinsic+nerve+fibers.">Sacral neural crest-derived cells enter the aganglionic colon of Ednrb(-/-) mice along extrinsic nerve fibers.</a> J Comp Neurol. 20 (3), 620-632 (2011).</li><li>Zaitoun, I., Erickson, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+neuronal+density+and+neurotransmitter+expression+in+the+ganglionated+region+of+Ednrb+null+mice:+implications+for+Hirschsprung's+disease.">Altered neuronal density and neurotransmitter expression in the ganglionated region of Ednrb null mice: implications for Hirschsprung's disease.</a> Neurogastroenterol Motil. , (2013).</li><li>Margolis, K. G., Stevanovic, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enteric+neuronal+density+contributes+to+the+severity+of+intestinal+inflammation.">Enteric neuronal density contributes to the severity of intestinal inflammation.</a> Gastroenterology. 141 (2), 588-598 (2011).</li><li>Qu, Z. -. D., Thacker, M., Castelucci, P., Bagy&#225;nszki, M., Epstein, M. L., Furness, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunohistochemical+analysis+of+neuron+types+in+the+mouse+small+intestine.">Immunohistochemical analysis of neuron types in the mouse small intestine.</a> Cell Tissue Res. 334 (2), 147-161 (2008).</li><li>Bian, X. -. C., Bornstein, J. C., Bertrand, P. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nicotinic+transmission+at+functionally+distinct+synapses+in+descending+reflex+pathways+of+the+rat+colon.">Nicotinic transmission at functionally distinct synapses in descending reflex pathways of the rat colon.</a> Neurogastroenterol Motil. 15 (2), 161-171 (2003).</li><li>Johnson, C. D., Epstein, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies+and+polyvalent+antiserum+to+chicken+choline+acetyltransferase.">Monoclonal antibodies and polyvalent antiserum to chicken choline acetyltransferase.</a> J Neurochem. 46 (3), 968-976 (1986).</li><li>Tooyama, I., Kimura, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+protein+encoded+by+an+alternative+splice+variant+of+choline+acetyltransferase+mRNA+is+localized+preferentially+in+peripheral+nerve+cells+and+fibers.">A protein encoded by an alternative splice variant of choline acetyltransferase mRNA is localized preferentially in peripheral nerve cells and fibers.</a> J Chem Neuroanat. 17 (4), 217-226 (2000).</li><li>Koga, T., Bellier, J. -. P., Kimura, H., Tooyama, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunoreactivity+for+Choline+Acetyltransferase+of+Peripheral-Type+(pChAT)+in+the+Trigeminal+Ganglion+Neurons+of+the+Non-Human+Primate+Macaca+fascicularis.">Immunoreactivity for Choline Acetyltransferase of Peripheral-Type (pChAT) in the Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons of the Non-Human Primate Macaca fascicularis.</a> Acta histochemica et cytochemica. 46 (2), 59-64 (2013).</li><li>Sang, Q., Young, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+identification+and+chemical+coding+of+cholinergic+neurons+in+the+small+and+large+intestine+of+the+mouse.">The identification and chemical coding of cholinergic neurons in the small and large intestine of the mouse.</a> Anat Rec. 251 (2), 185-199 (1998).</li><li>Lei, J., Howard, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+deletion+of+Hand2+in+enteric+neural+precursor+cells+affects+its+functions+in+neurogenesis,+neurotransmitter+specification+and+gangliogenesis,+causing+functional+aganglionosis.">Targeted deletion of Hand2 in enteric neural precursor cells affects its functions in neurogenesis, neurotransmitter specification and gangliogenesis, causing functional aganglionosis.</a> Development (Cambridge, England). 138 (21), 4789-4800 (2011).</li><li>Erickson, C. S., Lee, S. J., Barlow-Anacker, A. J., Druckenbrod, N. R., Epstein, M. L., Gosain, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Appearance+of+cholinergic+myenteric+neurons+during+enteric+nervous+system+development:+comparison+of+different+ChAT+fluorescent+mouse+reporter+lines.">Appearance of cholinergic myenteric neurons during enteric nervous system development: comparison of different ChAT fluorescent mouse reporter lines.</a> Neurogastroenterol Motil. 26 (6), 874-884 (2014).</li><li>Teitelbaum, D. H., Caniano, D. A., Qualman, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pathophysiology+of+Hirschsprung's-associated+enterocolitis:+importance+of+histologic+correlates.">The pathophysiology of Hirschsprung's-associated enterocolitis: importance of histologic correlates.</a> J Pediatr Surg. 24 (12), 1271-1277 (1989).</li><li>Aslam, A., Spicer, R. D., Corfield, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Children+with+Hirschsprung's+disease+have+an+abnormal+colonic+mucus+defensive+barrier+independent+of+the+bowel+innervation+status.">Children with Hirschsprung's disease have an abnormal colonic mucus defensive barrier independent of the bowel innervation status.</a> J Pediatr Surg. 32 (8), 1206-1210 (1997).</li><li>Puig, I., Champeval, D., De Santa Barbara, P., Jaubert, F., Lyonnet, S., Larue, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deletion+of+Pten+in+the+mouse+enteric+nervous+system+induces+ganglioneuromatosis+and+mimics+intestinal+pseudoobstruction.">Deletion of Pten in the mouse enteric nervous system induces ganglioneuromatosis and mimics intestinal pseudoobstruction.</a> J Clin Invest. 119 (12), 3586-3596 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Laboratuvarımız ve diğerleri HSCR bağırsak kusurlar bile ganglionated ince bağırsağın 5,15,16 içine aganglionik kolon sınırlı ama proksimale genişletilmiş olmadığını göstermiştir. Bu değişiklikler ENS nöronal yoğunluğu ve nörotransmiter fenotip değişiklikleri içerir ve HSCR hastalarda gözlenmiştir dismotilite sorumlu olabilir. Biz ENS formasyonu belirleyicilerini anlamak için çabalarımızı yukarıdaki teknikleri kullanmış olurlar. Spesifik olarak, bu teknikler, nöronal n...

Motilite, besin emilimini ve lokal kan akımını kontrol eden işleyen Enterik Sinir Sistemi (ENS), hayat 1 esastır. ENS, göç ve gangliyon içeren nöron ve glial hücreleri ayırt gut, kolonize çoğaltacak nöral tepe hücreleri (NCC) oluşturulmaktadır. Hirschsprung Hastalığı (Man HSCR Online Mendel Kalıtım), 1 4,000 canlı doğumda bir insidans ile multigeneic konjenital bozukluk, kesintiye ENS oluşumunu incelemek için prototipik hastalık olarak kabul edilebilir. HSCR yılında KKK göç ve distal hindgut 2 değişken uzunlukta kolonize başarısız. Ayrıca, diğer ortak gastrointestinal sistem (GİS) gibi anorektal malformasyon, bağırsak atreziler ve motilite bozuklukları gibi pediatrik popülasyonda gelişimsel bozukluklar, temel ENS fonksiyonları bozuklukları ile ilişkilidir ve muhtemelen ince, underappreciated, anatomik değişiklikler ve fonksiyonel değişiklikler ile ilişkilidirENS 3-6. Bu nedenle, bize ENS formasyonunun gelişimsel belirleyicilerini anlamak için izin teknikleri patogenez ve pediatrik GI bozukluklarının olası tedavisi ışık tutabilir. Göç ve kolonizasyon sonrasında, KKK kendi nörotransmitter fenotip için özel işaretleri ile nöronların içine ayırır. Kolinerjik nöronlar, enterik nöronların 7, yaklaşık% 60 ihtiva eder ve kolin asetiltransferaz (ChAT), uyarıcı nörotransmiter asetilkolin için sentezleme enzimi için lekeleme ile tespit edilebilir. Tarihsel olarak, kolinerjik sinir hücreleri merkezi sinir sistemi karşı yönelik antikorların antijen özelliği farklı karmakarışık edildi görselleştirmek için çalışır (CNS) 8-10 ChAT periferal sinir sisteminin (PNS) karşı ChAT. Bununla birlikte, plasental ChAT&#39;nin karşı yönlendirilen antikorlar, hem merkezi hem periferik ChAT 11-13 tanır, ve Visua izin en son tarif edilen teknikler varYüksek hassasiyetle ENS kolinerjik nöronların katmanlara ayrılmasına önceki gelişim ChAT raportör hatları 14 ile elde edilmiş daha. Burada, biz, diseksiyon nöronlarda ENS nörotransmitter ifadesini görselleştirmek için fare embriyonik gastrointestinal sabitleme ve immün için bir teknik sunuyoruz. Üretmek için tdTomato hayvanlar ChAT-Cre; R26R: floxSTOP: Bu çalışmalar için, R26R ile birleşir ChAT Cre fareler kullanmışlardır floxSTOP (yazının içinde ChAT Cre tdTomato olarak tanımlanır) tdTomato fareler. Bu hayvanlar daha sonra ChAT ifadesini 14 tespit floresan gazetecilere hem ifade fareler elde etmek için, homozigot ChAT-GFP muhabiri fareler ile evlendirilen bulundu. Bu iki raportör hayvanlar, bir C57BL / 6J background ve ticari olarak (Jackson Laboratuarları, Bar Harbor, ME) mevcuttur.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Oxoid</td>
			<td>BR0014G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Azide</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP9221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP1605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>158127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>FB0875713A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence scope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ-18 stereoscope</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ-18 stereoscope</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>Fine science tools</td>
			<td>11252-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>20170-038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoromount-G</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech, Birmingham, AL</td>
			<td>0100-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slides</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glass</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>16004-330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Nikon A1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon Elements</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

immunostaining to visualize murine enteric nervous system development

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Following colonization, neural crest cells must then differentiate into neurons with markers specific for their neurotransmitter phenotype. Cholinergic neurons, a major neurotransmitter phenotype in the enteric nervous system, are identified by staining for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthesizing enzyme for acetylcholine. Historical efforts to visualize cholinergic neurons have been hampered by antibodies with differing specificities to central nervous system versus peripheral nervous system ChAT. We and others have overcome this limitation by using an antibody against placental ChAT, which recognizes both central and peripheral ChAT, to successfully visualize embryonic enteric cholinergic neurons. Additionally, we have compared this antibody to genetic reporters for ChAT and shown that the antibody is more reliable during embryogenesis. This protocol describes a technique for dissecting, fixing and immunostaining of the murine embryonic gastrointestinal tract to visualize enteric nervous system neurotransmitter expression.

Biz daha önce ChAT ifadesini 14 tespit GFP ve tdTomato floresan gazetecilere hem ifade farelerin nesil tarif var. FloxSTOP: Kısaca, ChAT-Cre fareler R26R ile evlendirilen edildi üretmek için tdTomato hayvanlar ChAT-Cre; R26R: floxSTOP: (ChAT-Cre tdTomato denir) tdTomato fareler. Bu hayvanlar daha sonra homozigot ChAT-GFP muhabiri fareler ile evlendirilen bulundu. Embriyolar izole edildi ve dokular sabit edilmeden önce kesilir ve Tablo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunostaining to Visualize Murine Enteric Nervous System Development at JoVE.com

Fare Enterik Sinir Sistemi Gelişimini Görselleştirmek için İmmünboyama | Gelişim Biyolojisi | Video

Immunostaining to Visualize Murine Enteric Nervous System Development

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Neural crest cells differentiate into neurons with markers specific for their neurotransmitter phenotype. This protocol describes a technique for dissecting, fixing and immunostaining of the murine embryonic gastrointestinal tract to visualize enteric nervous system neurotransmitter expression.

Fare Enterik Sinir Sistemi Geliştirme gözünüzde canlandırın için immün

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Following colonization, neural crest cells must ...

immunostaining-to-visualize-murine-enteric-nervous-system-development

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Biology

Developmental Biology

Human Biology

Nervous System

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.3K Görüntüleme.  University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Neural crest cells differentiate into neurons with markers specific for their neurotransmitter phenotype. This protocol describes a technique for dissecting, fixing and immunostaining of the murine embryonic gastrointestinal tract to visualize enteric nervous system neurotransmitter expression.

Video: Immunostaining to Visualize Murine Enteric Nervous System Development

Optimized Ex-ovo Culturing of Chick Embryos to Advanced Stages of Development

Research in anatomy, embryology, and developmental biology has largely relied on the use of model organisms. In order to study development in live embryos model organisms, such as the chicken, are often used. The chicken is an excellent model organism due to its low cost and minimal maintenance, however they present observational challenges because they are enclosed in an opaque eggshell. In order to properly view the embryo as it develops, the shell must be windowed or removed. Both windowing and ex ovo techniques have been developed to assist researchers in the study of embryonic development. However, each of the methods has limitations and challenges. Here, we present a simple, optimized ex ovo culture technique for chicken embryos that enables the observation of embryonic development from stage HH 19 into late stages of development (HH 40), when many organs have developed. This technique is easy to adopt in both undergraduate classes and more advanced research laboratories where embryo manipulations are conducted.

Optimized Ex-ovo Culturing of Chick Embryos to Advanced Stages of Development

Viewing and accessing the chicken embryo during development can be challenging. We have developed an ex ovo method that is simple, cost effective, and can easily be used in a classroom or research setting. This method provides access to the embryo into late stages of embryonic development (HH 40).

Optimize<em&gt; Ex-ovo</em&gt; Kalkınma Gelişmiş Aşamaları Chick Embriyolar ekimi

Research in anatomy, embryology, and developmental biology has largely relied on the use of model organisms. In order to study development in live embryos ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Using Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy to Image Zebrafish Eye Development

Light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is gaining more and more popularity as a method to image embryonic development. The main advantages of LSFM compared to confocal systems are its low phototoxicity, gentle mounting strategies, fast acquisition with high signal to noise ratio and the possibility of imaging samples from various angles (views) for long periods of time. Imaging from multiple views unleashes the full potential of LSFM, but at the same time it can create terabyte-sized datasets. Processing such datasets is the biggest challenge of using LSFM. In this protocol we outline some solutions to this problem. Until recently, LSFM was mostly performed in laboratories that had the expertise to build and operate their own light sheet microscopes. However, in the last three years several commercial implementations of LSFM became available, which are multipurpose and easy to use for any developmental biologist. This article is primarily directed to those researchers, who are not LSFM technology developers, but want to employ LSFM as a tool to answer specific developmental biology questions. 
Here, we use imaging of zebrafish eye development as an example to introduce the reader to LSFM technology and we demonstrate applications of LSFM across multiple spatial and temporal scales. This article describes a complete experimental protocol starting with the mounting of zebrafish embryos for LSFM. We then outline the options for imaging using the commercially available light sheet microscope. Importantly, we also explain a pipeline for subsequent registration and fusion of multiview datasets using an open source solution implemented as a Fiji plugin. While this protocol focuses on imaging the developing zebrafish eye and processing data from a particular imaging setup, most of the insights and troubleshooting suggestions presented here are of general use and the protocol can be adapted to a variety of light sheet microscopy experiments.

Light sheet fluorescence microscopy is an excellent tool for imaging embryonic development. It allows recording of long time-lapse movies of live embryos in near physiological conditions. We demonstrate its application for imaging zebrafish eye development across wide spatio-temporal scales and present a pipeline for fusion and deconvolution of multiview datasets.

Görüntü Zebra balığı Göz Geliştirme Işık Sac floresan mikroskobu kullanarak

Light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is gaining more and more popularity as a method to image embryonic development. The main advantages of LSFM ...

A Novel Mammary Fat Pad Transplantation Technique to Visualize the Vessel Generation of Vascular Endothelial Stem Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper vessel development and homeostasis. However, studies on endothelial lineage hierarchy remain elusive due to the lack of tools to gain access as well as to directly evaluate their behavior in vivo. To address this shortcoming, a new tissue model to study angiogenesis using the mammary fat pad has been developed. The mammary gland develops mostly in the postnatal stages, including puberty and pregnancy, during which robust epithelium proliferation is accompanied by extensive vascular remodeling. Mammary fat pads provide space, matrix, and rich angiogenic stimuli from the growing mammary epithelium. Furthermore, mammary fat pads are located outside the peritoneal cavity, making them an easily accessible grafting site for assessing the angiogenic potential of exogenous cells. This work also describes an efficient tracing approach using fluorescent reporter mice to specifically label the targeted population of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) in vivo. This lineage tracing method, coupled with subsequent tissue whole-mount microscopy, enable the direct visualization of targeted cells and their descendants, through which the proliferation capability can be quantified and the differentiation commitment can be fate-mapped. Using these methods, a population of bipotent protein C receptor (Procr) expressing VESCs has recently been identified in multiple vascular systems. Procr+ VESCs, giving rise to both new ECs and pericytes, actively contribute to angiogenesis during development, homeostasis, and injury repair. Overall, this manuscript describes a new mammary fat pad transplantation and in vivo lineage tracing techniques that can be used to evaluate the stem cell properties of VESCs.

This work demonstrates a novel approach to assess the proliferation, differentiation, and vessel-forming potential of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) through mammary fat pad transplantation followed by whole-mount tissue preparation for microscopic observation. A lineage tracing strategy to investigate the behavior of VESCs in vivo is also presented.

Vasküler Endotelyal Kök Hücrelerin Damar Oluşumunu Görselleştirmek İçin Yeni Bir Göğüs Göğsü Transplantasyon Tekniği

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper ...

Multi-Photon Time Lapse Imaging to Visualize Development in Real-time: Visualization of Migrating Neural Crest Cells in Zebrafish Embryos

Congenital eye and craniofacial anomalies reflect disruptions in the neural crest, a transient population of migratory stem cells that give rise to numerous cell types throughout the body. Understanding the biology of the neural crest has been limited, reflecting a lack of genetically tractable models that can be studied in vivo and in real-time. Zebrafish is a particularly important developmental model for studying migratory cell populations, such as the neural crest. To examine neural crest migration into the developing eye, a combination of the advanced optical techniques of laser scanning microscopy with long wavelength multi-photon fluorescence excitation was implemented to capture high-resolution, three-dimensional, real-time videos of the developing eye in transgenic zebrafish embryos, namely Tg(sox10:EGFP) and Tg(foxd3:GFP), as sox10 and foxd3 have been shown in numerous animal models to regulate early neural crest differentiation and likely represent markers for neural crest cells. Multi-photon time-lapse imaging was used to discern the behavior and migratory patterns of two neural crest cell populations contributing to early eye development. This protocol provides information for generating time-lapse videos during zebrafish neural crest migration, as an example, and can be further applied to visualize the early development of many structures in the zebrafish and other model organisms.

A combination of the advanced optical techniques of laser scanning microscopy with long wavelength multi-photon fluorescence excitation was implemented to capture high-resolution, three-dimensional, real-time imaging of neural crest migration in Tg(sox10:EGFP) and Tg(foxd3:GFP) zebrafish embryos.

Geliştirme gerçek zamanlı olarak görselleştirmek için çoklu foton zaman atlamalı görüntüleme: nöral Crest hücrelerde geçirme Zebra balığı embriyo görselleştirme

Congenital eye and craniofacial anomalies reflect disruptions in the neural crest, a transient population of migratory stem cells that give rise to ...

Organotypic Culture Method to Study the Development Of Embryonic Chicken Tissues

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ideal for experimentation. Currently, the study of these developmental pathways in the chicken embryo is conducted by applying inhibitors and drugs at localized sites and at low concentrations using a variety of methods. In vitro tissue&#160;culturing is a technique that enables the study of tissues separated from the host organism, while simultaneously bypassing many of the physical limitations present when working with whole embryos, such as the susceptibility of embryos to high doses of potentially lethal chemicals. Here, we present an organotypic culturing protocol for culturing the embryonic chicken half head in vitro, which presents new opportunities for the examination of developmental processes beyond the currently established methods.

Here, we present an organotypic culturing protocol to grow embryonic chicken organs in vitro. Using this method, the development of embryonic chicken tissue can be studied, while maintaining a high degree of control over the culture environment.

Embriyonik tavuk doku gelişimi çalışmaya Organotypic kültür yöntemi

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

Çekirdeklerin dağıtım, proteinler ve sitoiskeleti çalışmaya Caenorhabditis elegans Germline sayısal analizi

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary

Mammalian females periodically ovulate an almost constant number of oocytes during each estrus cycle. To sustain such regularity and periodicity, regulation occurs at the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis level and on developing follicles in the ovary. Despite active studies, follicle development mechanisms are not clear because of the several steps involved from the dormant primordial follicle activation to ovulation, and because of the regulation complexity that differs at each follicular stage. To investigate the mechanisms of follicle development, and the dynamics of follicles throughout the estrus cycle, we developed a mouse ovarian tissue culture model that can be used to observe follicle development using a microscope. Systematic follicle development, periodical ovulation, and follicle atresia can all be reproduced in the cultured ovary model, and the culture conditions can be experimentally modulated. Here, we demonstrate the usefulness of this method in the study of the regulatory mechanisms of follicle development and other ovarian phenomena.

Ovarian tissue cultures can be used as models of follicle development, ovulation, and follicle atresia and indicate regulatory mechanisms of dynamic ovarian processes.

Mouse ovarium olayları görselleştirmek için yumurtalık doku kültürü

Mammalian females periodically ovulate an almost constant number of oocytes during each estrus cycle. To sustain such regularity and periodicity, ...

Visualize Drosophila Leg Motor Neuron Axons Through the Adult Cuticle

The majority of work on the neuronal specification has been carried out in genetically and physiologically tractable models such as C. elegans, Drosophila larvae, and fish, which all engage in undulatory movements (like crawling or swimming) as their primary mode of locomotion. However, a more sophisticated understanding of the individual motor neuron (MN) specification&#8212;at least in terms of informing disease therapies&#8212;demands an equally tractable system that better models the complex appendage-based locomotion schemes of vertebrates. The adult Drosophila locomotor system in charge of walking meets all of these criteria with ease, since in this model it is possible to study the specification of a small number of easily distinguished leg MNs (approximately 50 MNs per leg) both using a vast array of powerful genetic tools, and in the physiological context of an appendage-based locomotion scheme. Here we describe a protocol to visualize the leg muscle innervation in an adult fly.

Visualize Drosophila Leg Motor Neuron Axons Through the Adult Cuticle

Here we describe a protocol to visualize the axonal targeting with a florescent protein in adult legs of Drosophila by fixation, mounting, imaging, and post-imaging steps.

Drosophila bacak Motor Nöron aksonlar yetişkin kütikül aracılığıyla görselleştirmek

The majority of work on the neuronal specification has been carried out in genetically and physiologically tractable models such as C. elegans, Drosophila ...

Three-dimensional Angiogenesis Assay System using Co-culture Spheroids Formed by Endothelial Colony Forming Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Studies in the field of angiogenesis have been aggressively growing in the last few decades with the recognition that angiogenesis is a hallmark of more than 50 different pathological conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, oculopathy, cardiovascular diseases, and tumor metastasis. During angiogenesis drug development, it is crucial to use in vitro assay systems with appropriate cell types and proper conditions to reflect the physiologic angiogenesis process. To overcome limitations of current in vitro angiogenesis assay systems using mainly endothelial cells, we developed a 3-dimensional (3D) co-culture spheroid sprouting assay system. Co-culture spheroids were produced by two human vascular cell precursors, endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with a ratio of 5 to 1. ECFCs+MSCs spheroids were embedded into type I collagen matrix to mimic the in vivo extracellular environment. A real-time cell recorder was utilized to continuously observe the progression of angiogenic sprouting from spheroids for 24 h. Live cell fluorescent labeling technique was also applied to tract the localization of each cell type during sprout formation. Angiogenic potential was quantified by counting the number of sprouts and measuring the cumulative length of sprouts generated from the individual spheroids. Five randomly-selected spheroids were analyzed per experimental group. Comparison experiments demonstrated that ECFCs+MSCs spheroids showed greater sprout number and cumulative sprout length compared with ECFCs-only spheroids. Bevacizumab, an FDA-approved angiogenesis inhibitor, was tested with the newly-developed co-culture spheroid assay system to verify its potential to screen anti-angiogenic drugs. The IC50 value for ECFCs+MSCs spheroids compared to the ECFCs-only spheroids was closer to the effective plasma concentration of bevacizumab obtained from the xenograft tumor mouse model. The present study suggests that the 3D ECFCs+MSCs spheroid angiogenesis assay system is relevant to physiologic angiogenesis, and can predict an effective plasma concentration in advance of animal experiments.

Three-dimensional co-culture spheroid angiogenesis assay system is designed to mimic the physiologic angiogenesis. Co-culture spheroids are formed by two human vascular cell precursors, ECFCs and MSCs, and embedded in collagen gel. The new system is effective for evaluating angiogenic modulators, and provides more relevant information to the in vivo study.

Endotel Kolonisi Oluşturan Hücreler ve Mezenkimal Kök Hücreler tarafından Oluşturulan Eş Kültür Sfaoidler Kullanılarak Üç Boyutlu Anjiyogenez Tsay Sistemi

Studies in the field of angiogenesis have been aggressively growing in the last few decades with the recognition that angiogenesis is a hallmark of more ...

Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization in Zebrafish Embryos and Tube Formation Assay in iPSC-ECs to Study the Role of Endoglin in Vascular Development

Vascular development is determined by the sequential expression of specific genes, which can be studied by performing in situ hybridization assays in zebrafish during different developmental stages. To investigate the role of endoglin(eng) in vessel formation during the development of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia&#160;(HHT), morpholino-mediated targeted knockdown of eng in zebrafish are used to study its temporal expression and associated functions. Here, whole-mount in situ RNA hybridization (WISH) is employed for the analysis of eng and its downstream genes in zebrafish embryos. Also, tube formation assays are performed in HHT patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell-differentiated&#160;endothelial cells (iPSC-ECs; with eng mutations). A specific signal amplifying system using the whole amount In Situ Hybridization &#8211; WISH provides higher resolution and lower background results compared to traditional methods. To obtain a better signal, the post-fixation time is adjusted to 30 min after probe hybridization. Because fluorescence staining is not sensitive in zebrafish embryos, it is replaced with diaminobezidine (DAB) staining here. In this protocol, HHT&#160;patient-derived iPSC lines containing an eng mutation are differentiated into endothelial cells. After coating a plate with basement membrane matrix for 30 min at 37 &#176;C, iPSC-ECs are seeded as a monolayer into wells and kept at 37 &#176;C for 3 h. Then, the tube length and number of branches are calculated using microscopic images. Thus, with this improved WISH protocol, it is shown that reduced eng expression affects endothelial progenitor formation in zebrafish embryos. This is further confirmed by tube formation assays using iPSC-ECs derived from a patient with HHT. These assays confirm the role for eng in early vascular development.

Presented here is a protocol for whole-mount in situ RNA hybridization analysis in zebrafish and tube formation assay in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells to study the role of endoglin in vascular formation.

Zebrabalığı Embriyolarında Situ Hibridizasyon ve IPSC-EC'lerde Tüp Oluşumu Nda Endoglin'in Vasküler Gelişimdeki Rolünü İncelemek İçin Tam Montaj

Vascular development is determined by the sequential expression of specific genes, which can be studied by performing in situ hybridization assays in ...