이 작품은 미국 소아 외과 협회 재단 상 (AG) 및 건강 K08DK098271의 국립 연구소 (AG) bythe 지원되었다.

위스콘신 동물 관리 및 사용위원회의 대학은 모든 절차를 승인했다. 솔루션 1. 준비 <ol><li> 해부 버퍼와 세척 용액으로 1X 인산염 완충 식염수 (PBS)를 사용합니다. </li><li> 병에 설탕과 장소의 30g의 무게로 30 % 자당을 준비합니다. 1X PBS의 99 ML을 추가하고 1 ml의 10 % 아 지드 화 나트륨을 추가합니다. 자당이 모두 용해 될 때까지 잘 혼합. 4 ℃에서 보관이 때까지이 필요합니다. </li><li> 1X PBS, 3 % 소 혈청 알부민 (BSA), 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100을 혼합하여 용액을 차단 준비한다. 철저하게 혼합하고 필요할 때까지 냉장고에 보관합니다. </li><li> 1X PBS로 PFA의 적절한 양을 계량하여 1X PBS에서 8 % 파라 포름 알데히드 (PFA) 용액을 준비하고 완전히 용해 될 때까지 65 ° C에서 배양한다. -20 ° C 냉장고에 25 ㎖ 씩에 보관이 필요할 때까지. 사용 당일 1X PBS로 4 % PFA로 희석. </li></ol> 2. 배아 및 굿 해부이온 <ol><li> 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 따라 프로토콜을 승인, 초과 임신 한 마우스를 안락사와 PBS 1X 60mm 페트리 접시 포함 얼음 추위에 자궁을 전송합니다. </li><li> 날카로운 가위를 사용하여 해부 현미경, 배아를 노출 열려 자궁 벽을 잘라. PBS 1X 얼음 추위가 포함 된 깨끗한 60mm 페트리 접시에 자궁과 장소에서 배아를 제거합니다. </li><li> 얼음처럼 차가운 1X PBS에서 잘린 각각의 배아를 안락사. 당신이 형광 단백질을 포함하는 형질 전환 마우스를 사용하는 경우, 형광 조명 아래, 긍정적 인 유전자 변형 배아를 식별합니다. </li><li> 해부 현미경을 사용하여 각각의 배아로부터 GI 관 해부. 미세 겸자 사용 왼쪽 위쪽으로 향하게되고, 우측은 배양 접시의 바닥에 대해되도록 배아 배향. 내부 장기를 노출 배아에서 상체 벽을 제거합니다. 등의 신체 벽과 내부 장기 사이의 미세 집게를 삽입합니다. CR배아에서 내부 장기를 제거하기 위해 가위와 같은 절단 작업에서 서로에 대한 집게를 OSS. </li><li> 또한 주변 기관에서 멀리 위장관을 서브 - 해부하고 얼음처럼 차가운 1X PBS를 포함하는 1.5 ml의 microcentrifuge 관에 각각 위장관을 배치합니다. </li></ol> GI 책자 3. 고정 <ol><li> 얼음처럼 차가운 1X PBS로 각각의 위장관 3 회 씻어 후 4 % PFA로 교체. 1.5 시간 동안 실온에서 흔들 플랫폼에 1.5 ml의 마이크로 원심 튜브에서 위장관 책자를 수정합니다. 락 플랫폼에서 1 시간 동안 다음 실온에서 위장관 책자 5 분 동안 3 번 씻어. 이 단계에서 필요할 때까지 1X PBS, 0.1 %의 아 지드 화 나트륨을 함유하는 30 % 수크로오스에서 4 ° C에서 GI 책자를 저장한다. 참고 : 또는 조직의 무결성에 영향없이 1 년에 대해 30 % 자당에 배아를 저장합니다. 30 % 자당의 샘플의 보관 면역 염색 또는 10월에 극저온 sectioni에 대한 하나의 샘플 나중에 처리를 할 수 있습니다NG. 또한, 아래에 설명 된 면역 염색 프로토콜을 진행합니다. </li></ol> 4. 면역 염색 프로토콜 <ol><li> 샘플을 30 % 수크로오스에 저장되어있는 경우에는, 요동 플랫폼상에서 그들 1X PBS에 20 분 동안 3 회 헹군다. </li><li> 실온에서 1 시간에 대한 락을 플랫폼에 솔루션을 차단에 위장 책자를 놓습니다. </li><li> 차단 솔루션을 제거하고 락 플랫폼에서 4 ° C에서 RT 또는 O / N에서 4 시간 중 하나에 대한 차단 솔루션에 희석 일차 항체의 적절한 양의 위장 책자를 품어. (환자에서 얻은 혈청) 인간의 안티 후진타오 항체의 1,000 희석, 1 : 닭 반 녹색 형광 단백질 (GFP) 항체의 1,000 희석 1 : 염소 항 채팅 항체의 100 희석 1을 사용합니다. 주 : 우리는 환자로부터 로컬 얻었다 인간 항 주석은 항체를 이용하지만, 안티 주석은 항체는, 예를 들어 시판되고, 마우스 항 - 주석 (1에서 사용 : 500 희석). </li><li> 1X PBS에서 위장관 책자를 씻어3 시간 5 분 후, 요동 플랫폼상에서 실온에서 1 시간 동안. </li><li> 1 희석 차 항체와 1X PBS를 교체 : (500)를 4 ℃에서 RT 또는 O / N에서 중 4 시간 동안 락을 플랫폼에 솔루션을 차단합니다. 이러한 Dylight, 당나귀 방지 닭 ​​CY2와 당나귀 방지 염소 Cy5에로 당나귀 항 - 인간 아민 반응성 염료를 사용합니다. 당나귀 항 - 마우스의 아민 반응성 염료 405 500 희석 사용하여 마우스 항 - 후진타오 항체는 1을 사용하는 경우. 참고 : 내생 GFP 및 tdTomato 발현과 발달 연령 증가를 면역 염색의 선명도의 강도. 우리는 일반적으로 조직의 효과적인 염색을 위해 또한 사용될 항체의 양을 감소시키기 위해 개별적으로 염색 용액 150 ㎕를 0.2 ㎖의 튜브 용기가 발현 사이 배아. </li><li> 5 분 1X PBS 3 회에서 위장관 책자를 씻어 후 락 플랫폼에서 실온에서 1 시간 동안. </li><li> 유리 슬라이드에 DAPI와 형광 장착 매체의 몇 방울을 배치합니다. 위장관 TRA를 담가형광 장착 매체에 CT 및 조직의 바로 위에 커버 유리를 추가한다. 매체 -G 장착 형광 반영구 시일을 제공 수용성 화합물이다. 참고 : 이러한 Vectashield으로 사용 형광 장착 매체 페이딩과 항체의 광표백 방지 매체를 장착 기반 글리세롤이다. 이러한 제품은 모두 조직을 4 ° C에서 장기간 저장 될 수 있습니다. </li><li> 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 형광 각각의 이미지를 캡처합니다. 표 3에서 제시 형광 및 사용 필터의 여기 파장을 사용합니다. </li><li> 이미지를 캡처하는 데 사용 촛점의 종류에 따라 적절한 소프트웨어를 사용하여 컴퓨터 보조 이미지 분석을 수행한다. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

우리의 실험실과 다른 사람은 HSCR의 장 결함도 ganglionated 소장 5,15,16에, aganglionic 콜론으로 제한하지만 근위 확장되지 않는 것으로 나타났습니다. 이러한 변화는 ENS 신경 세포 밀도와 신경 전달 물질 표현형의 변화를 포함 HSCR 환자에서 관찰 된 운동 장애에 대해 설명 할 수있다. 우리는 ENS 형성의 결정을 이해하는 우리의 노력에 위의 기술을 활용했다. 구체적으로는, 이들 기술은 신경 산화...

운동성, 영양소 흡수 및 지방 혈액 흐름을 제어 작동 장용 신경계 (ENS)는, 생명에 필수적 일 것이다. ENS는 마이그레이션 그들이 신경 함유 신경 세포와 신경 교세포로 분화 장을, 식민지 증식 신경 능선 세포 (NCC)에 의해 형성된다. 히 르츠 프룽의 질병 (남자 HSCR, 온라인 멘델의 유전 법칙), 1 4,000에서 출산의 빈도와 multigeneic 선천성 장애, 중단 ENS 형성을 연구의 전형 질병으로 간주 될 수있다. HSCR에서 NCC는 마이그레이션 및 말초 hindgut 2의 가변 길이를 식민지화하는 데 실패. 또한, 다른 일반적인 위장 (GI) 등의 항문 직장 기형, 장 atresias 및 운동 장애와 소아의 발달 결함, 기본 ENS 기능의 장애와 연관되고, 가능성이 미묘한, 과소, 해부학 적 변화와 기능적 변화와 관련이있다ENS 3-6. 따라서, 우리는 ENS 형성의 발달 결정을 이해 할 수 있도록 기술은 병인과 소아 위장관 질환의 치료 가능성을 밝혀 수 있습니다. 마이그레이션 및 식민지에 따라, NCC는 신경 전달 물질의 표현형에 대한 특정 마커 신경 세포로 분화. 콜린성 뉴런 장용성 뉴런 (7)의 대략 60 %를 포함하고, 콜린 아세틸 트랜스퍼 라제 (하는 ChAT), 흥분성 신경 전달 물질 인 아세틸 콜린 (acetylcholine)에 대한 합성 효소에 대한 염색하여 검출 할 수있다. 역사적으로, 콜린성 신경 세포가 중추 신경계에 대한 항체의 항원 특이성을 달리하여 혼동하고 시각화하는 시도 (CNS)는 8 ~ 10 채팅 말초 신경계 (PNS) 대 채팅. 그러나 태반 채팅에 대한 항체 모두 중추 및 말초하는 ChAT 11-13을 인식, 우리는 visua 수 있도록 최근에 설명 된 기술을 가지고고감도 ENS의 콜린성 뉴런의 사용 효율 초기 개발에서 채팅 기자 라인 (14) 달성되었다보다. 여기서는, 해부 뉴런 ENS 신경 전달 물질의 발현을 시각화 뮤린 배아 위장관 고정 및 면역 염색을위한 방법을 제시한다. 생산 tdTomato 동물 채팅-Cre 호텔을, R26R을 : floxSTOP :이 연구를 위해, 우리는 R26R와 성관계 간담 Cre 호텔 쥐를 활용 한 floxSTOP : (원고를 통해 간담 Cre 호텔 tdTomato로 정의) tdTomato 마우스. 이들 동물은 다음 식 (14)하는 ChAT를 검출 형광 리포터를 모두 발현하는 마우스를 얻기 위해, 호모 간담 GFP 리포터 생쥐와 교배시켰다. 이 두 기자 동물 C57BL / 6J 배경에 있습니다 상업적 (잭슨 연구소, 바 하버, ME)을 사용할 수 있습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Oxoid</td>
			<td>BR0014G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Azide</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP9221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP1605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>158127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>FB0875713A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence scope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ-18 stereoscope</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ-18 stereoscope</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>Fine science tools</td>
			<td>11252-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>20170-038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoromount-G</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech, Birmingham, AL</td>
			<td>0100-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slides</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glass</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>16004-330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Nikon A1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon Elements</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

immunostaining to visualize murine enteric nervous system development

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Following colonization, neural crest cells must then differentiate into neurons with markers specific for their neurotransmitter phenotype. Cholinergic neurons, a major neurotransmitter phenotype in the enteric nervous system, are identified by staining for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthesizing enzyme for acetylcholine. Historical efforts to visualize cholinergic neurons have been hampered by antibodies with differing specificities to central nervous system versus peripheral nervous system ChAT. We and others have overcome this limitation by using an antibody against placental ChAT, which recognizes both central and peripheral ChAT, to successfully visualize embryonic enteric cholinergic neurons. Additionally, we have compared this antibody to genetic reporters for ChAT and shown that the antibody is more reliable during embryogenesis. This protocol describes a technique for dissecting, fixing and immunostaining of the murine embryonic gastrointestinal tract to visualize enteric nervous system neurotransmitter expression.

우리는 이전하는 ChAT 식 (14)을 검출하고 tdTomato GFP 형광 리포터를 모두 발현하는 생쥐의 발생을 설명 하였다. floxSTOP : 간단히, 채팅-Cre 호텔 마우스가 R26R와 결합 된 생산 tdTomato 동물 채팅-Cre 호텔을, R26R을 : floxSTOP : (간담 Cre 호텔 tdTomato라고도 함) tdTomato 마우스. 이 동물은 다음 동형 접합 간담 GFP 기자 마우스를 결합했다. 배아를 분리 하였다 및 조직은 고정되기 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunostaining to Visualize Murine Enteric Nervous System Development at JoVE.com

Immunostaining to Visualize Murine Enteric Nervous System Development | Developmental Biology | Video

Immunostaining to Visualize Murine Enteric Nervous System Development

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Neural crest cells differentiate into neurons with markers specific for their neurotransmitter phenotype. This protocol describes a technique for dissecting, fixing and immunostaining of the murine embryonic gastrointestinal tract to visualize enteric nervous system neurotransmitter expression.

쥐 장내 신경 시스템 개발을 시각화하는 면역 염색

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Following colonization, neural crest cells must ...

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11.3K 조회수.  University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Neural crest cells differentiate into neurons with markers specific for their neurotransmitter phenotype. This protocol describes a technique for dissecting, fixing and immunostaining of the murine embryonic gastrointestinal tract to visualize enteric nervous system neurotransmitter expression.

비디오: Immunostaining to Visualize Murine Enteric Nervous System Development

Optimized Ex-ovo Culturing of Chick Embryos to Advanced Stages of Development

Research in anatomy, embryology, and developmental biology has largely relied on the use of model organisms. In order to study development in live embryos model organisms, such as the chicken, are often used. The chicken is an excellent model organism due to its low cost and minimal maintenance, however they present observational challenges because they are enclosed in an opaque eggshell. In order to properly view the embryo as it develops, the shell must be windowed or removed. Both windowing and ex ovo techniques have been developed to assist researchers in the study of embryonic development. However, each of the methods has limitations and challenges. Here, we present a simple, optimized ex ovo culture technique for chicken embryos that enables the observation of embryonic development from stage HH 19 into late stages of development (HH 40), when many organs have developed. This technique is easy to adopt in both undergraduate classes and more advanced research laboratories where embryo manipulations are conducted.

Optimized Ex-ovo Culturing of Chick Embryos to Advanced Stages of Development

Viewing and accessing the chicken embryo during development can be challenging. We have developed an ex ovo method that is simple, cost effective, and can easily be used in a classroom or research setting. This method provides access to the embryo into late stages of embryonic development (HH 40).

최적화<em&gt; 전 비켜</em&gt; 개발의 고급 단계에 병아리 배아의 배양

Research in anatomy, embryology, and developmental biology has largely relied on the use of model organisms. In order to study development in live embryos ...

연구

발생학

Using Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy to Image Zebrafish Eye Development

Light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is gaining more and more popularity as a method to image embryonic development. The main advantages of LSFM compared to confocal systems are its low phototoxicity, gentle mounting strategies, fast acquisition with high signal to noise ratio and the possibility of imaging samples from various angles (views) for long periods of time. Imaging from multiple views unleashes the full potential of LSFM, but at the same time it can create terabyte-sized datasets. Processing such datasets is the biggest challenge of using LSFM. In this protocol we outline some solutions to this problem. Until recently, LSFM was mostly performed in laboratories that had the expertise to build and operate their own light sheet microscopes. However, in the last three years several commercial implementations of LSFM became available, which are multipurpose and easy to use for any developmental biologist. This article is primarily directed to those researchers, who are not LSFM technology developers, but want to employ LSFM as a tool to answer specific developmental biology questions. 
Here, we use imaging of zebrafish eye development as an example to introduce the reader to LSFM technology and we demonstrate applications of LSFM across multiple spatial and temporal scales. This article describes a complete experimental protocol starting with the mounting of zebrafish embryos for LSFM. We then outline the options for imaging using the commercially available light sheet microscope. Importantly, we also explain a pipeline for subsequent registration and fusion of multiview datasets using an open source solution implemented as a Fiji plugin. While this protocol focuses on imaging the developing zebrafish eye and processing data from a particular imaging setup, most of the insights and troubleshooting suggestions presented here are of general use and the protocol can be adapted to a variety of light sheet microscopy experiments.

Light sheet fluorescence microscopy is an excellent tool for imaging embryonic development. It allows recording of long time-lapse movies of live embryos in near physiological conditions. We demonstrate its application for imaging zebrafish eye development across wide spatio-temporal scales and present a pipeline for fusion and deconvolution of multiview datasets.

이미지 Zebrafish의 눈 개발에 가벼운 시트 형광 현미경을 사용하여

Light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is gaining more and more popularity as a method to image embryonic development. The main advantages of LSFM ...

A Novel Mammary Fat Pad Transplantation Technique to Visualize the Vessel Generation of Vascular Endothelial Stem Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper vessel development and homeostasis. However, studies on endothelial lineage hierarchy remain elusive due to the lack of tools to gain access as well as to directly evaluate their behavior in vivo. To address this shortcoming, a new tissue model to study angiogenesis using the mammary fat pad has been developed. The mammary gland develops mostly in the postnatal stages, including puberty and pregnancy, during which robust epithelium proliferation is accompanied by extensive vascular remodeling. Mammary fat pads provide space, matrix, and rich angiogenic stimuli from the growing mammary epithelium. Furthermore, mammary fat pads are located outside the peritoneal cavity, making them an easily accessible grafting site for assessing the angiogenic potential of exogenous cells. This work also describes an efficient tracing approach using fluorescent reporter mice to specifically label the targeted population of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) in vivo. This lineage tracing method, coupled with subsequent tissue whole-mount microscopy, enable the direct visualization of targeted cells and their descendants, through which the proliferation capability can be quantified and the differentiation commitment can be fate-mapped. Using these methods, a population of bipotent protein C receptor (Procr) expressing VESCs has recently been identified in multiple vascular systems. Procr+ VESCs, giving rise to both new ECs and pericytes, actively contribute to angiogenesis during development, homeostasis, and injury repair. Overall, this manuscript describes a new mammary fat pad transplantation and in vivo lineage tracing techniques that can be used to evaluate the stem cell properties of VESCs.

This work demonstrates a novel approach to assess the proliferation, differentiation, and vessel-forming potential of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) through mammary fat pad transplantation followed by whole-mount tissue preparation for microscopic observation. A lineage tracing strategy to investigate the behavior of VESCs in vivo is also presented.

혈관 내피 줄기 세포의 혈관 생성을 시각화하기위한 유방 팻 패드 이식 기술

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper ...

Multi-Photon Time Lapse Imaging to Visualize Development in Real-time: Visualization of Migrating Neural Crest Cells in Zebrafish Embryos

Congenital eye and craniofacial anomalies reflect disruptions in the neural crest, a transient population of migratory stem cells that give rise to numerous cell types throughout the body. Understanding the biology of the neural crest has been limited, reflecting a lack of genetically tractable models that can be studied in vivo and in real-time. Zebrafish is a particularly important developmental model for studying migratory cell populations, such as the neural crest. To examine neural crest migration into the developing eye, a combination of the advanced optical techniques of laser scanning microscopy with long wavelength multi-photon fluorescence excitation was implemented to capture high-resolution, three-dimensional, real-time videos of the developing eye in transgenic zebrafish embryos, namely Tg(sox10:EGFP) and Tg(foxd3:GFP), as sox10 and foxd3 have been shown in numerous animal models to regulate early neural crest differentiation and likely represent markers for neural crest cells. Multi-photon time-lapse imaging was used to discern the behavior and migratory patterns of two neural crest cell populations contributing to early eye development. This protocol provides information for generating time-lapse videos during zebrafish neural crest migration, as an example, and can be further applied to visualize the early development of many structures in the zebrafish and other model organisms.

A combination of the advanced optical techniques of laser scanning microscopy with long wavelength multi-photon fluorescence excitation was implemented to capture high-resolution, three-dimensional, real-time imaging of neural crest migration in Tg(sox10:EGFP) and Tg(foxd3:GFP) zebrafish embryos.

실시간으로 개발을 시각화 하기 위해 다중 광자 시간 경과 영상: 마이그레이션 Zebrafish 태아 신경 크레스트 셀의 시각화

Congenital eye and craniofacial anomalies reflect disruptions in the neural crest, a transient population of migratory stem cells that give rise to ...

Organotypic Culture Method to Study the Development Of Embryonic Chicken Tissues

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ideal for experimentation. Currently, the study of these developmental pathways in the chicken embryo is conducted by applying inhibitors and drugs at localized sites and at low concentrations using a variety of methods. In vitro tissue&#160;culturing is a technique that enables the study of tissues separated from the host organism, while simultaneously bypassing many of the physical limitations present when working with whole embryos, such as the susceptibility of embryos to high doses of potentially lethal chemicals. Here, we present an organotypic culturing protocol for culturing the embryonic chicken half head in vitro, which presents new opportunities for the examination of developmental processes beyond the currently established methods.

Here, we present an organotypic culturing protocol to grow embryonic chicken organs in vitro. Using this method, the development of embryonic chicken tissue can be studied, while maintaining a high degree of control over the culture environment.

Organotypic 문화 메서드 배아 치킨 조직 개발 연구를

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

꼬마 선 충 생식 핵의 분포, 단백질, 및 골격을 전산 분석

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary

Mammalian females periodically ovulate an almost constant number of oocytes during each estrus cycle. To sustain such regularity and periodicity, regulation occurs at the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis level and on developing follicles in the ovary. Despite active studies, follicle development mechanisms are not clear because of the several steps involved from the dormant primordial follicle activation to ovulation, and because of the regulation complexity that differs at each follicular stage. To investigate the mechanisms of follicle development, and the dynamics of follicles throughout the estrus cycle, we developed a mouse ovarian tissue culture model that can be used to observe follicle development using a microscope. Systematic follicle development, periodical ovulation, and follicle atresia can all be reproduced in the cultured ovary model, and the culture conditions can be experimentally modulated. Here, we demonstrate the usefulness of this method in the study of the regulatory mechanisms of follicle development and other ovarian phenomena.

Ovarian tissue cultures can be used as models of follicle development, ovulation, and follicle atresia and indicate regulatory mechanisms of dynamic ovarian processes.

난소 조직 문화 현상을 마우스 난소에서 시각화 하

Mammalian females periodically ovulate an almost constant number of oocytes during each estrus cycle. To sustain such regularity and periodicity, ...

Visualize Drosophila Leg Motor Neuron Axons Through the Adult Cuticle

The majority of work on the neuronal specification has been carried out in genetically and physiologically tractable models such as C. elegans, Drosophila larvae, and fish, which all engage in undulatory movements (like crawling or swimming) as their primary mode of locomotion. However, a more sophisticated understanding of the individual motor neuron (MN) specification&#8212;at least in terms of informing disease therapies&#8212;demands an equally tractable system that better models the complex appendage-based locomotion schemes of vertebrates. The adult Drosophila locomotor system in charge of walking meets all of these criteria with ease, since in this model it is possible to study the specification of a small number of easily distinguished leg MNs (approximately 50 MNs per leg) both using a vast array of powerful genetic tools, and in the physiological context of an appendage-based locomotion scheme. Here we describe a protocol to visualize the leg muscle innervation in an adult fly.

Visualize Drosophila Leg Motor Neuron Axons Through the Adult Cuticle

Here we describe a protocol to visualize the axonal targeting with a florescent protein in adult legs of Drosophila by fixation, mounting, imaging, and post-imaging steps.

성인 표 피를 통해 초파리 다리 모터 신경 축 삭을 시각화

The majority of work on the neuronal specification has been carried out in genetically and physiologically tractable models such as C. elegans, Drosophila ...

Three-dimensional Angiogenesis Assay System using Co-culture Spheroids Formed by Endothelial Colony Forming Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Studies in the field of angiogenesis have been aggressively growing in the last few decades with the recognition that angiogenesis is a hallmark of more than 50 different pathological conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, oculopathy, cardiovascular diseases, and tumor metastasis. During angiogenesis drug development, it is crucial to use in vitro assay systems with appropriate cell types and proper conditions to reflect the physiologic angiogenesis process. To overcome limitations of current in vitro angiogenesis assay systems using mainly endothelial cells, we developed a 3-dimensional (3D) co-culture spheroid sprouting assay system. Co-culture spheroids were produced by two human vascular cell precursors, endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with a ratio of 5 to 1. ECFCs+MSCs spheroids were embedded into type I collagen matrix to mimic the in vivo extracellular environment. A real-time cell recorder was utilized to continuously observe the progression of angiogenic sprouting from spheroids for 24 h. Live cell fluorescent labeling technique was also applied to tract the localization of each cell type during sprout formation. Angiogenic potential was quantified by counting the number of sprouts and measuring the cumulative length of sprouts generated from the individual spheroids. Five randomly-selected spheroids were analyzed per experimental group. Comparison experiments demonstrated that ECFCs+MSCs spheroids showed greater sprout number and cumulative sprout length compared with ECFCs-only spheroids. Bevacizumab, an FDA-approved angiogenesis inhibitor, was tested with the newly-developed co-culture spheroid assay system to verify its potential to screen anti-angiogenic drugs. The IC50 value for ECFCs+MSCs spheroids compared to the ECFCs-only spheroids was closer to the effective plasma concentration of bevacizumab obtained from the xenograft tumor mouse model. The present study suggests that the 3D ECFCs+MSCs spheroid angiogenesis assay system is relevant to physiologic angiogenesis, and can predict an effective plasma concentration in advance of animal experiments.

Three-dimensional co-culture spheroid angiogenesis assay system is designed to mimic the physiologic angiogenesis. Co-culture spheroids are formed by two human vascular cell precursors, ECFCs and MSCs, and embedded in collagen gel. The new system is effective for evaluating angiogenic modulators, and provides more relevant information to the in vivo study.

내피 콜로니 형성 세포및 중간엽 줄기 세포에 의해 형성된 공동 배양 스페로이드를 이용한 3차원 혈관신생 분석 시스템

Studies in the field of angiogenesis have been aggressively growing in the last few decades with the recognition that angiogenesis is a hallmark of more ...

Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization in Zebrafish Embryos and Tube Formation Assay in iPSC-ECs to Study the Role of Endoglin in Vascular Development

Vascular development is determined by the sequential expression of specific genes, which can be studied by performing in situ hybridization assays in zebrafish during different developmental stages. To investigate the role of endoglin(eng) in vessel formation during the development of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia&#160;(HHT), morpholino-mediated targeted knockdown of eng in zebrafish are used to study its temporal expression and associated functions. Here, whole-mount in situ RNA hybridization (WISH) is employed for the analysis of eng and its downstream genes in zebrafish embryos. Also, tube formation assays are performed in HHT patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell-differentiated&#160;endothelial cells (iPSC-ECs; with eng mutations). A specific signal amplifying system using the whole amount In Situ Hybridization &#8211; WISH provides higher resolution and lower background results compared to traditional methods. To obtain a better signal, the post-fixation time is adjusted to 30 min after probe hybridization. Because fluorescence staining is not sensitive in zebrafish embryos, it is replaced with diaminobezidine (DAB) staining here. In this protocol, HHT&#160;patient-derived iPSC lines containing an eng mutation are differentiated into endothelial cells. After coating a plate with basement membrane matrix for 30 min at 37 &#176;C, iPSC-ECs are seeded as a monolayer into wells and kept at 37 &#176;C for 3 h. Then, the tube length and number of branches are calculated using microscopic images. Thus, with this improved WISH protocol, it is shown that reduced eng expression affects endothelial progenitor formation in zebrafish embryos. This is further confirmed by tube formation assays using iPSC-ECs derived from a patient with HHT. These assays confirm the role for eng in early vascular development.

Presented here is a protocol for whole-mount in situ RNA hybridization analysis in zebrafish and tube formation assay in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells to study the role of endoglin in vascular formation.

혈관 발달에서 엔도글린의 역할을 연구하기 위해 iPSC-ECs의 제브라피시 배아 및 튜브 형성 분석에서 시투 혼성화에 대한 전체 마운트

Vascular development is determined by the sequential expression of specific genes, which can be studied by performing in situ hybridization assays in ...