Bu çalışma, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KFO 196 &quot;Signaltransduktion bei adaptativen und maladaptiven kardialen Remodeling-Prozessen&quot;, 1638 / 1-2 FR) tarafından Kalp ve Damar Araştırma, Sağlık Araştırma Merkezleri Alman bir kısmı için DZHK (Almanca Merkezi tarafından desteklenen Bir BMBF (Eğitim ve Araştırma Alman Bakanlığı) girişimi) olan.

Not: izolasyon prosedürü temel adımları Şekil 1 &#39;de belirtilen etaplar aşağıdaki protokolde ayrıntılı olarak tarif edilmiştir.. Papiller kas izolasyonu, organ banyosu odasında montaj, toplama ve analiz ardışık ve zorunlu zaman ölçeğini yapılır. Tüm hayvan deneyleri hayvanların korunması Alman mevzuatına göre yapılmış ve Heidelberg Üniversitesi Etik Değerlendirme Kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır. Enstrümantasyon hazırlanması 1. <ol><li> Kontraktilite için ölçümler multichambered organ banyosu kurulumu kullanın. Bir ex vivo kontraktilite organ banyosu kurulum bileşenleri, Şekil 2 de gösterilmiştir. NOT: papiller kas hazırlanması ve deney protokolünde başlangıcı arasındaki süreyi kurmak ekipman en aza indirmek ve deneysel tissue.This toplama provid için tamponlar önce hazırlamak içinDoku deneyler için canlı kalır zaman büyük miktarda es. </li><li> Bilgisayar ve veri toplama ekipmanı başlatın. Organ banyosu ısı (önceden ayarlanmış 32 ° C) açın ve önceden sıcaklığa birimleri izin verir. </li><li> Edinim ekipmanı hazırlayın. Yazılım kılavuzunda belirtildiği gibi verileri kaydetmeye başlayın. </li><li> Giriş ve her kanalda (gerekirse) kalibrasyonu yapmak ve sertifikalı ağırlıkça verilen bir 2-g kuvvetine (yani, kanal ile ilişkili) karşılıklı kuvvet dönüştürücü temin elektrik sinyali standardize etmek için tüm kanallar sıfır. </li><li> Organ banyosu odalarına gaz temini (% 95 O 2 /% 5 CO 2) açın. Sürekli tüm protokol ölçümleri sırasında tüm odaları gaz. </li></ol> Tamponlar ve Fizyolojik Çözümler 2. Hazırlık <ol><li> 119 mM NaCI nihai konsantrasyonlar elde etmek için Krebs-Henseleit tampon çözeltisi hazırlayın; 25 mM NaHCO 3; 4,6 mM KCI; 11mm glukoz; 1 mM Na-pyruvate; 1,5 mM CaCl2; 1.64 mM 4 MgSO; 1.18 mM KH 2 PO 4 ve (Tablo 1 Fizyolojik çözüm bakınız) 7.4 pH ayarlamak. </li><li> Ek 30 mM 2,3-Butandion monoxime (BDM) ve 50 IE Heparin / ml ile adım 2.1 &#39;de açıklandığı gibi izolasyonu sırasında kullanmak üzere ayrı Krebs-Henseleit tampon çözeltisi hazırlayın. 4 ° C (Tablo 1 Hazırlama çözeltisi bakınız) soğutun çözeltisi. Tablo 1 de tarif edildiği gibi işemi simülasyonu için, iskemi-solüsyon hazırlanır. </li><li> Ca 2 + protokolü için - bağımlı kontraktilite, istenen nihai konsantrasyona Krebs-Henseleit tampon çözeltisine Ca 2+ ekleyin. NOT: doğrudan kullanmadan önce bu çözümleri hazırlamak ve Calciumcarbonate çökmesini önlemek için karbojen ile Gass. Kullanmadan önce 32 ° C&#39;ye kadar ön ısıtılması çözeltisi. </li></ol> Papiller Eksizyon Prosedür sırasında kullanılan Gazlı Tüp ve Diseksiyon Dish 3. Hazırlık <ol><li> Yumuşak bir gaz bağlayınuzman çalışma ile gaz bağlantısı (% 100 oksijen, alternatif karbojen) tüp (dış çapı 2-4 mm) şarkı. </li><li> Diseksiyon çanak içine uydurma gazlama tüpün kapalı halka oluşturun. Gazlama tüpü sürekli köpürme güvence birkaç kez delinme. Bu gazlaştırma içi tüpü birkaç kez kullanılabilir. </li><li> Pimleri içine sıkışmış, böylece altta (0.5 cm kalınlığında) bir silikon elastomer diseksiyon çanak hazırlayın. Bu yemek birkaç kez kullanılabilir. </li></ol> Fareler ile Sol Ön Papiller kas 4. İzolasyonu NOT: papiller kas izolasyonu başlamadan önce, gaz hatları tıkanmalar açık olup olmadığını kontrol edin. <ol><li> Papiller kas hazırlık başlamadan önce protokol bölümünde 1-3 bahsedildiği gibi organ banyosu kurulumu hazırlayın. Deney günü tüm çözümleri hazırlayın. </li><li> Servikal dislokasyon accordi tarafından (yaklaşık 8-12 haftalık) fare Kurbanuzman çalışma ve kurumsal kurallarına ng. </li><li> Forepaws sabitleyerek dorsal pozisyonda hayvan düzeltmek ve bir diseksiyon gemide arka pençeleri, keskin kemik makasla kaburga ile keserek her iki tarafta toraks yanal açın, daha sonra bir çapraz kesim ile diyafram kesti. Perikard çıkarın. Şimdi kalp ve aort erişilebilir. </li><li> Kalbine yakın damar trunkustan üzerinde künt forseps ile kalbi düzeltmek ve akciğerlerden makas ve çevresindeki doku ile hızlı bir şekilde kalbi ayırın. </li><li> Oksijen (adım 2.2) ile gaz verilerek soğutulmuş hazırlık solüsyonu ile dolu bir Petri kabı kalpte aktarın. Kalp yendi ve forseps ile kardiyak apeks dokunmadan yoluyla usulca kalp kasılmalarını uyarmak için izin verin. </li><li> En kısa sürede kalbi tamamen kansızdırlar olduğunu O 2 ile soğutulan hazırlık solüsyonu (adım 2.2) ile doldurulur ve gazlı diseksiyon çanak aktarın. Kullanımı konusunda bu aşamada bir stereomikroskopta itibaren. </li><li> Hea FixKalp (sağ ventrikül operatörün görünümü sağ tarafta yer alan) dorsal görüldüğü şekilde sağ ventrikül ile küçük bir iğne ile rt. </li><li> Kullanımı mikrocerrahi makas ventriküllerin doku bağlayan atriyoventriküler düzeyde hem atriyumları kesmek ayırmak ve atın. Herhangi bir mekanik basınç kaçınarak kalbin apeks AV-valf-seviyesinden ventrikül duvarından bir kesim yapın. </li><li> Ventrikül açın ve dolayısıyla sol ventrikül papiller kas hem bakmak zorunda, forseps ile sol taraflı serbest duvarı sabitleyin. </li><li> Biraz papiller kas hazırlama kapak yelken bir kısmını koruyarak sol ön papiller kas her iki tarafında ventrikül doku yanal kesip ve dokunaklı önlemek veya mümkün olduğunca papiller kas germe. Papiller kas kalan ventrikül duvar dokusu teşrih. </li><li> Papiller kas hazırlık her iki tarafında takın ipek ipler (7/0, metrik 0.5)preparasyonu, kapak yelken biri ve kas parçası üzerinde tek. Sıcaklık 32 ° C olduğu ileri sürülmektedir, organ banyosu çözeltisi ile doldurulur ve karbojen gazı verilmiş organ banyosu odası içinde hazırlanmasını sabitleyin. </li></ol> Papiller kas 5. Dengeleme ve Uyarım <ol><li> Hemen organ banyosunda fiksasyon sonra 1 Hz stimülasyon frekansında dikdörtgen darbeler (2 ms süresi ve 100 mA akım) ile papiller kas hazırlık Canlandıracak. </li><li> Sürekli değişim ya da kullanılan organ banyosu Çeşidi kurulum göre sık manuel değişim (her 5 dk) yoluyla, organ banyosu çözeltisi sık değişiklik sağlayın. </li><li> Ulaştı giderek maksimal seğirme kuvveti kadar gösteriş artırın. Gösteriş artış seğirme yürürlükte bir başka güçlendirme tarafından takip değilken maksimal seğirme gücü ulaşılır. </li><li> Dengeleme 45-60 dakika sonra, deneysel protokol başlatın. </li></ol> NOT: Aşağıda belirtilen deneysel protokol fizyolojik ve patofizyolojik koşullarda kalp kasılmasını karakterize standart manevraları içermektedir. Temsili bölümde de temsili sonuçları gösteren ayrıntılı olarak bu protokolleri tanımlar (ayrıca bkz Tablo 2). <ol><li> Kayıt ve deneysel protokollerinin analizi <ol><li> Kayıt için yeterli temporal çözünürlük (satın alma oranı ≥ 1kHz) uygun bir yazılımı kullanın. </li><li> Seğirme kuvvet genliği (yükseklik), gerginlik (TTP) ve (örnek olarak bakınız Şekil 4, ADInstruments ve 5.5 Grafik) yazılım programında belirtildiği gibi yarım maksimal gevşeme zamanı (R 50 sırasıyla / TFall) zirve zaman gibi parametreleri analiz edin. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarlarını var olduğunu beyan ederiz.

Bu yazıda farelerde kalp fizyolojisi ve patoloji ile ilişkili çok sayıda bilimsel sorulara cevap olarak transgenik hatların analizi ve yeni farmasötik yaklaşımların keşfedilmesi desteklemek için kullanılabilir in vitro fare papiller kas kontraktilitesini araştırmak için bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır Kalp bozuklukları tedavi etmek için. Biz kalp kası kasılma, fizyolojik, patolojik ve farmakolojik özelliklerini değerlendirmek için bu yöntemin kullanımını göstermektedir (Şekil ...

Kalp kasılmasında için rollerini atıfta iyon kanalları gibi proteinlerin incelenmesi, farklı patomekanizmaların keşfetmek ve iskemi ve kalp yetmezliği gibi kalp hastalıkları için yeni tedavi stratejilerinin oluşturulması esastır. Memeli kardiyomiyositlerde Kontraktil fonksiyonu çeşitli iyon kanalları, taşıyıcılar ve diğer proteinler ile modüle edilmesi bilinmektedir. Aksiyon potansiyeli 2+ kanalları dışı alandan Ca 2 + akını yol açar ve daha sonra Ca 2 + hücresel daralma 2. tetikler Ca 2 + salınımını (YÜÇAM) 1, -kaynaklı Ca voltaj bağımlı sarkolemmal L-tipi aktivasyonunu uyarılmış. Fizyolojik veya patolojik stres kalp kontraktilite ve adaptasyon merkezi bir rol oynar -signaling Ca 2 +. Katekolaminler böylece cAMP&#39;yi sentezler adenilil siklaz (AC) uyarıcı, kalp β-adrenerjik reseptörleri aktive. Aktif hale, protein,n Ca 2 + transientler ve kardiyak kontraktilite 1,3,4 modifikasyonu ile sonuçlanan L-tipi Ca 2 + kanalları, fosfolamban&#39;ın ve ryanodin reseptörleri gibi farklı hücre içi ve zar bağlı proteinleri fosforile A (PKA) kinaz. cAMP fosfodiesteraz (PDE) tarafından parçalanır. Β-adrenoseptörleri dışında Gs-bağlanmış reseptörlerin aktivasyonu, aynı zamanda, cAMP birikmesine yol açar. Izole ventriküler kas şeritlerinde kontraktilite ölçümleri tekniği de daha memeli türler 5-8 için kurulmuştur. Genin olasılığı farelerde hedef dayanarak fare kalp fizyolojisi analiz yöntemleri kurmak önemlidir. Ancak, farelerde izole kas hazırlıkları fizyolojik özellikleri hakkında varolan verileri deneysel koşullara 9-12 bağlı olarak değişiklik gösterir. Anlatılan yöntem sol ventrikül papiller kas öncesi kardiyak kontraktilite analiz etmek için kullanılırin vitro parations. Kardiyak kontraktilite incelenmesi kan basıncı, nörohümoral stimülasyonu ve fiziksel veya metabolik stres gibi in vivo olarak kardiyak kontraktiliteyi, modifiye etkilerin yokluğunda gerçekleştirilir. Müteahhitlik kas hazırlık dayak oranı titizlikle tanımlanmış ve keyfi değiştirilebilir. Seğirme kuvvet belirli kalsiyum konsantrasyonu gibi uyaranlara, frekans veya sıcaklık yenerek bağlamında analiz edilebilir. Buna ek olarak, bu yöntem, farklı sinyal geçiş yolu bileşenlerinin veya araştırmak ve yukarıda belirtilen deney koşullarının kontrol edilmesi suretiyle genetik olarak modifiye edilmiş fare modellerinde kalp performansını karşılaştırmak için kullanılabilir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5761&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9434&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5280&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right">223506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right">230391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P 5655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,3-Butanedione monoxime</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B0753</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forskolin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F3917</td>
			<td>Hazard statement H312, solve in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-?Isobutyl-?1-?methylxanthine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I5879</td>
			<td>Hazard statement H 302, solve in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoprenaline hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I5627</td>
			<td>Hazard statement H 315-H319-H335</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Heparine 250.000 IE/10ml</td>
			<td>ratiopharm</td>
			<td>PZN 3874685</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histamine dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H7250</td>
			<td>Hazard statement H 315-H 317-H319- H334-H335</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

contractility measurements on isolated papillary muscles for the investigation of cardiac inotropy in mice

Yetişkin fare kalpleri izole papiller kas farklı fizyolojik / patolojik koşullar kardiyak kontraktiliteyi incelemek için kullanılabilir. Kasılma özellikleri bağımsız gibi damar tonusunu veya nörohumoral durumu gibi dış etkilerden değerlendirilebilir. Bu izole kardiyak miyositler tek hücreli ölçümler arasında ve ekokardiyografi gibi in vivo çalışmalarda bilimsel bir yaklaşım gösteriyor. Mükemmel bir model kalp fizyolojisi / patofizyolojisini ve farmakolojik maddeler ile modülasyon ve transgenik hayvan modelleri keşfi gibi araştırmalar için kullanılabilir Dolayısıyla, papiller kas preparasyonlar vermektedir. Burada, bir organ banyosu kurulumunda kardiyak kontraktilite araştırmak için fare sol ön papiller kas izole bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır. Ventriküler duvara izole edilmiş bir kas şerit hazırlanmasında aksine, papiller kas, kas tissu zarar vermeden toto hazırlanabilirciddi e. Organ banyosu kurulumun birkaç ısı kontrollü, gazlanmış ve elektrot donatılmış organ banyosu daireden oluşur. İzole papiller kas organ banyosu odasında sabit ve elektriksel uyarılır. Uyarılmış seğirme gücü gibi kuvvet genliği seğirme ve kinetik analiz edilir seğirme gibi basınç dönüştürücü ve parametreler kullanılarak kaydedilir. Farklı deney protokolleri, katekolaminlerin ya da diğer ilaç olarak kontraktil ajanlar, kalsiyum ve frekansa bağlı kasılma yanı sıra doz-tepki eğrileri araştırmak için gerçekleştirilebilir. Ayrıca, akut iskemi gibi patolojik durumlar simüle edilebilir.

İzole fare papiller kas hazırlıkları kontraktilite ölçümleri için bu yazının protokol fizyolojik koşullar altında tekrarlanabilir deneysel sonuçlar elde etmek için optimum koşullara ayarlanmıştır. Optimal deneysel koşullar tanımlamak için biz organ banyosu sıcaklığı ve hücre dışı kalsiyum konsantrasyonu (ayrıca 12 bakınız) değişen Pilot deneyleri yaptık. Burada açıklanan protokol 1,5 mM hücre dışı kalsiyum konsantrasyonu ile 32 ° C arasındaki bir sıcaklıkta gerçek...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice at JoVE.com

Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice

Murin sol ventrikül papiller kas in vitro kardiyak kontraktiliteyi araştırmak için kullanılabilir. Bu makalede ayrıntılı olarak izolasyon ve deneysel protokoller kalp kasılma özelliklerini incelemek için açıklar.

Farelerde Kardiyak inotropiyi Soruşturma İzole papiller Kaslar kontraktilite Ölçümleri

Papillary muscle isolated from adult mouse hearts can be used to study cardiac contractility during different physiological/pathological conditions. The ...

contractility-measurements-on-isolated-papillary-muscles-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.8K Görüntüleme.  Universität Heidelberg.  Murin sol ventrikül papiller kas in vitro kardiyak kontraktiliteyi araştırmak için kullanılabilir. Bu makalede ayrıntılı olarak izolasyon ve deneysel protokoller kalp kasılma özelliklerini incelemek için açıklar. 

Video: Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice

Bioengineering Human Microvascular Networks in Immunodeficient Mice

The future of tissue engineering and cell-based therapies for tissue regeneration will likely rely on our ability to generate functional vascular networks in vivo. In this regard, the search for experimental models to build blood vessel networks in vivo is of utmost importance 1. The feasibility of bioengineering microvascular networks in vivo was first shown using human tissue-derived mature endothelial cells (ECs) 2-4; however, such autologous endothelial cells present problems for wide clinical use, because they are difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities and require harvesting from existing vasculature. These limitations have instigated the search for other sources of ECs. The identification of endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) in blood presented an opportunity to non-invasively obtain ECs 5-7. We and other authors have shown that adult and cord blood-derived ECFCs have the capacity to form functional vascular networks in vivo 7-11. Importantly, these studies have also shown that to obtain stable and durable vascular networks, ECFCs require co-implantation with perivascular cells. The assay we describe here illustrates this concept: we show how human cord blood-derived ECFCs can be combined with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a single cell suspension in a collagen/fibronectin/fibrinogen gel to form a functional human vascular network within 7 days after implantation into an immunodeficient mouse. The presence of human ECFC-lined lumens containing host erythrocytes can be seen throughout the implants indicating not only the formation (de novo) of a vascular network, but also the development of functional anastomoses with the host circulatory system. This murine model of bioengineered human vascular network is ideally suited for studies on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of human vascular network formation and for the development of strategies to vascularize engineered tissues.

Here, we describe a methodology to deliver human cord blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embedded in a collagen/fibronectin gel, subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. This cell/gel combination generates a human vascular network that connects with the mouse vasculature.

Bağışık yetmezliği olan farelere Biyomühendislik İnsan Mikrovasküler Ağları

The future of tissue engineering and cell-based therapies for tissue regeneration will likely rely on our ability to generate functional vascular networks ...

Biyoloji

The ex vivo Isolated Skeletal Microvessel Preparation for Investigation of Vascular Reactivity

The isolated microvessel preparation is an ex vivo preparation that allows for examination of the different contributions of factors that control vessel diameter, and thus, perfusion resistance1-5. This is a classic experimental preparation that was, in large measure, initially described by Uchida et al.15 several decades ago. This initial description provided the basis for the techniques that was extensively modified and enhanced, primarily in the laboratory of Dr. Brian Duling at the University of Virginia6-8, and we present a current approach in the following pages. This preparation will specifically refer to the gracilis arteriole in a rat as the microvessel of choice, but the basic preparation can readily be applied to vessels isolated from nearly any other tissue or organ across species9-13. Mechanical (i.e., dimensional) changes in the isolated microvessels can easily be evaluated in response to a broad array of physiological (e.g., hypoxia, intravascular pressure, or shear) or pharmacological challenges, and can provide insight into mechanistic elements comprising integrated responses in an intact, although ex vivo, tissue. The significance of this method is that it allows for facile manipulation of the influences on the integrated regulation of microvessel diameter, while also allowing for the control of many of the contributions from other sources, including intravascular pressure (myogenic), autonomic innervation, hemodynamic (e.g., shear stress), endothelial dependent or independent stimuli, hormonal, and parenchymal influences, to provide a partial list. Under appropriate experimental conditions and with appropriate goals, this can serve as an advantage over in vivo or in situ tissue/organ preparations, which do not readily allow for the facile control of broader systemic variables. 
The major limitation of this preparation is essentially the consequence of its strengths. By definition, the behavior of these vessels is being studied under conditions where many of the most significant contributors to the regulation of vascular resistance have been removed, including neural, humoral, metabolic, etc. As such, the investigator is cautioned to avoid over-interpretation and extrapolation of the data that are collected utilizing this preparation. The other significant area of concern with regard to this preparation is that it can be very easy to damage cellular components such as the endothelial lining or the vascular smooth muscle, such that variable source of error can be introduced. It is strongly recommended that the individual investigator utilize appropriate measurements to ensure the quality of the preparation, both at the initiation of the experiment and periodically throughout the course of a protocol.

The ex vivo Isolated Skeletal Microvessel Preparation for Investigation of Vascular Reactivity

An ex vivo preparation is described for isolation of the largest gracilis muscle resistance arterioles for interrogation of both vascular responses to vasoactive stimuli and the assessment of basic structural properties via passive wall mechanics.

Ex vivo</emVasküler Reaktivite incelenmesi için> İzole İskelet mikrodamar Hazırlık

The isolated  microvessel preparation is an ex vivo preparation that allows for examination of the different contributions of  factors that control vessel ...

Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles

Described here is a method to measure contractility of isolated skeletal muscles. Parameters such as muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics, fatigability, and recovery after fatigue can be obtained to assess specific aspects of the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) process such as excitability, contractile machinery and Ca2+ handling ability. This method removes the nerve and blood supply and focuses on the isolated skeletal muscle itself. We routinely use this method to identify genetic components that alter the contractile property of skeletal muscle though modulating Ca2+ signaling pathways. Here, we describe a newly identified skeletal muscle phenotype, i.e., mechanic alternans, as an example of the various and rich information that can be obtained using the in vitro muscle contractility assay. Combination of this assay with single cell assays, genetic approaches and biochemistry assays can provide important insights into the mechanisms of ECC in skeletal muscle.

Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles

We describe a method to directly measure muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics and fatigability of isolated skeletal muscles in an in vitro system using field stimulation. Valuable information on Ca2+ handling properties and contractile machinery of the muscle can be obtained using different stimulating protocols.

İzole İskelet Kaslar Kasılma, çabuk yorulma ve Alternans Ex Vivo Değerlendirilmesi

 
Described here is a method to measure contractility of isolated skeletal muscles. Parameters such as muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics, ...

Intravital Microscopy of the Microcirculation in the Mouse Cremaster Muscle for the Analysis of Peripheral Stem Cell Migration

In the era of intravascular cell application protocols in the context of regenerative cell therapy, the underlying mechanisms of stem cell migration to nonmarrow tissue have not been completely clarified. We describe here the technique of intravital microscopy applied to the mouse cremaster microcirculation for analysis of peripheral bone marrow stem cell migration in vivo. Intravital microscopy of the M. cremaster has been previously introduced in the field of inflammatory research for direct observation of leucocyte interaction with the vascular endothelium. Since sufficient peripheral stem and progenitor cell migration includes similar initial steps of rolling along and firm adhesion at the endothelial lining it is conceivable to apply the M. cremaster model for the observation and quantification of the interaction of intravasculary administered stem cells with the endothelium. As various chemical components can be selectively applied to the target tissue by simple superfusion techniques, it is possible to establish essential microenvironmental preconditions, for initial stem cell recruitment to take place in a living organism outside the bone marrow.

Intravital microscopy of the mouse M. cremaster microcirculation offers a unique and well-standardized in vivo model for the analysis of peripheral bone marrow stem cell migration.

Periferik Kök Hücre Göç Analizi Fare Cremaster Muscle Mikrosirkülasyon Intravital Mikroskopi

In the era of intravascular cell application protocols in the context of regenerative cell therapy, the underlying mechanisms of stem cell migration to ...

The Mouse Isolated Perfused Kidney Technique

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a prerequisite for studying the physiology of the isolated organ and for many innovative applications that may be possible in the future, including perfusion decellularization for kidney bioengineering or the administration of anti-rejection or genome-editing drugs in high doses to prime the kidney for transplantation. During the time of the perfusion, the kidney can be manipulated, renal function can be assessed, and various pharmaceuticals administered. After the procedure, the kidney can be transplanted or processed for molecular biology, biochemical analysis, or microscopy.
This paper describes the perfusate and the surgical technique needed for the ex vivo perfusion of mouse kidneys. Details of the perfusion apparatus are given and data are presented showing the viability of the kidney&#39;s preparation: renal blood flow, vascular resistance, and urine data as functional, transmission electron micrographs of different nephron segments as morphological readouts, and western blots of transport proteins of different nephron segments as molecular readout.

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. The buffers and surgical technique are described in detail.

Fare İzole perfüze Böbrek Tekniği

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a ...

A Simple and Efficient Method for In Vivo Cardiac-specific Gene Manipulation by Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Gene manipulation specifically in the heart significantly potentiate the investigation of cardiac disease pathomechanisms and their therapeutic potential. In vivo cardiac-specific gene delivery is commonly achieved by either systemic or local delivery. Systemic injection via tail vein is easy and efficient in manipulating cardiac gene expression by using recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9). However, this method requires a relatively high amount of vector for efficient transduction, and may result in nontarget organ gene transduction. Here, we describe a simple, efficient, and time-saving method of intramyocardial injection for in vivo cardiac-specific gene manipulation in mice. Under anesthesia (without ventilation), the pectoral major and minor muscles were bluntly dissected, and the mouse heart was quickly exposed by manual externalization through a small incision at the fourth intercostal space. Subsequently, adenovirus encoding luciferase (Luc) and vitamin D receptor (VDR), or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting VDR, was injected with a Hamilton syringe into the myocardium. Subsequent in vivo imaging demonstrated that luciferase was successfully overexpressed specifically in the heart. Moreover, Western blot analysis confirmed the successful overexpression or silencing of VDR in the mouse heart. Once mastered, this technique can be used for gene manipulation, as well as injection of cells or other materials such as nanogels in the mouse heart.

A Simple and Efficient Method for In Vivo Cardiac-specific Gene Manipulation by Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Here we present a protocol for cardiac-specific gene manipulation in mice. Under anesthesia, the mouse hearts were externalized through the fourth intercostal space. Subsequently, adenoviruses encoding specific genes were injected with a syringe into the myocardium, followed by protein expression measurement via in vivo imaging and Western blot analysis.

Vivo içinde kalp özel gen manipülasyon farelerde Intramyocardial enjeksiyonla için basit ve etkili bir yöntem

Gene manipulation specifically in the heart significantly potentiate the investigation of cardiac disease pathomechanisms and their therapeutic potential. ...

Isolation of Cardiac and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Adult, Juvenile, Larval and Embryonic Zebrafish for Electrophysiological Studies

Zebrafish have long been used as a model vertebrate organism in cardiovascular research. The technical difficulties of isolating individual cells from the zebrafish cardiovascular tissues have been limiting in studying their electrophysiological properties. Previous methods have been described for dissection of zebrafish hearts and isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes. However, the isolation of zebrafish atrial and vascular myocytes for electrophysiological characterization was not detailed. This work describes new and modified enzymatic protocols that routinely provide isolated juvenile and adult zebrafish ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes, as well as vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells from the bulbous arteriosus, suitable for patch-clamp experiments. There has been no literary evidence of electrophysiological studies on zebrafish cardiovascular tissues isolated at embryonic and larval stages of development. Partial dissociation techniques that allow patch-clamp experiments on individual cells from larval and embryonic hearts are demonstrated.

The present protocol describes the acute isolation of viable cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells from adult, juvenile, larval, and embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio), suitable for electrophysiological studies.

Kardiyak ve Vasküler Düz Kas Hücrelerinin Elektrofizyolojik Çalışmalar İçin Yetişkin, Genç, Larva ve Embriyonik Zebra Balıklarından İzolasyonu

Zebrafish have long been used as a model vertebrate organism in cardiovascular research. The technical difficulties of isolating individual cells from the ...

Terminal H-reflex Measurements in Mice

The Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex), as an electrical analog to the stretch reflex, allows electrophysiological validation of the integrity of neural circuits after injuries such as spinal cord damage or stroke. An increase of the H-reflex response, together with symptoms like non-voluntary muscle contractions, pathologically augmented stretch reflex, and hypertonia in the corresponding muscle, is an indicator of post-stroke spasticity (PSS).
In contrast to rather nerve-unspecific transcutaneous measurements, here, we present a protocol to quantify the H-reflex directly at the ulnar and median nerves of the forepaw, which is applicable, with minor modifications, to the tibial and sciatic nerve of the hindpaw. Based on the direct stimulation and the adaptation to different nerves, the method represents a reliable and versatile tool to validate electrophysiological changes in spasticity-related disease models.

The clinical evaluation of spasticity based on the Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) and using electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves is an established method. Here, we provide a protocol for a terminal and direct nerve stimulation for H-reflex quantification in the mouse forepaw.

Farelerde Terminal H-refleks Ölçümleri

The Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex), as an electrical analog to the stretch reflex, allows electrophysiological validation of the integrity of neural circuits ...

Investigating Cardiac Metabolism in the Isolated Perfused Mouse Heart with Hyperpolarized [1-13C]Pyruvate and 13C/31P NMR Spectroscopy

Metabolism is the basis of important processes in cellular life. Characterizing how metabolic networks function in living tissues provides crucial information for understanding the mechanism of diseases and designing treatments. In this work, we describe procedures and methodologies for studying in-cell metabolic activity in a retrogradely perfused mouse heart in real-time. The heart was isolated in situ,&#160;in conjunction with cardiac arrest to minimize the myocardial ischemia and was perfused inside a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer. While in the spectrometer and under continuous perfusion, hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate was administered to the heart, and the subsequent hyperpolarized [1-13C]lactate and [13C]bicarbonate production rates served to determine, in real-time, the rates of lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase production. This metabolic activity of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate was quantified with NMR spectroscopy in a model free-manner using the product selective saturating-excitations acquisition approach. 31P spectroscopy was applied in between the hyperpolarized acquisitions to monitor the cardiac energetics and pH. This system is uniquely useful for studying metabolic activity in the healthy and diseased mouse heart.

Investigating Cardiac Metabolism in the Isolated Perfused Mouse Heart with Hyperpolarized [1-13C]Pyruvate and 13C/31P NMR Spectroscopy

We describe an experimental setup for administrating hyperpolarized 13C-labeled metabolites in continuous perfusion mode to an isolated perfused mouse heart. A dedicated 13C-NMR acquisition approach enabled the quantification of metabolic enzyme activity in real-time, and a multiparametric 31P-NMR analysis enabled the determination of the tissue ATP content and pH.

Hiperpolarize [1-13 C] Piruvat ve13 C/31P NMR Spektroskopisi ile İzole Perfüze Fare Kalbinde Kardiyak Metabolizmanın İncelenmesi

Metabolism is the basis of important processes in cellular life. Characterizing how metabolic networks function in living tissues provides crucial ...

hiPSC-CM'lerde Kalsiyum ve Kontraktilite Parametrelerinin Gerçek Zamanlı Ölçümleri

Real-Time Measurements of Calcium and Contractility Parameters in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) represent a powerful tool for studying mutation-mediated changes in cardiomyocyte function and defining the effects of stressors and drug interventions. In this study, it is demonstrated that this optics-based system is a powerful tool to assess the functional parameters of hiPSC-CMs in 2D. By using this platform, it is possible to perform paired measurements in a well-preserved temperature environment on different plate layouts. Moreover, this system provides researchers with instant data analysis.
This paper describes a method for measuring the contractility of unmodified hiPSC-CMs. Contraction kinetics are measured at 37 &#176;C based on pixel correlation changes relative to a reference frame taken at relaxation at a 250 Hz sampling frequency. Additionally, simultaneous measurements of intracellular calcium transients can be acquired by loading the cell with a calcium-sensitive fluorophore, such as Fura-2. Using a hyperswitch, ratiometric calcium measurements can be performed on a 50 &#181;m diameter illumination spot, corresponding to the area of the contractility measurements.

Yazar Spotlight: İnsan Kaynaklı Pluripotent Kök Hücre Kaynaklı Kardiyomiyositlerde Kalsiyum ve Kontraktilite Parametrelerinin Gerçek Zamanlı Ölçümleri  

Here, an established method is described to perform contractility and calcium measurements in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes using an optics-based platform. This platform enables researchers to study the effect of mutations and the response to various stimuli in a rapid and reproducible manner.

İnsan kaynaklı pluripotent kök hücre kaynaklı kardiyomiyositlerde kalsiyum ve kontraktilite parametrelerinin gerçek zamanlı ölçümleri

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) represent a powerful tool for studying mutation-mediated changes in cardiomyocyte ...

Methods Article

Farelerde Kardiyak inotropiyi Soruşturma İzole papiller Kaslar kontraktilite Ölçümleri