Bu eser WW veteriner tıp Koleji (WSU) başlangıç fon tarafından desteklenmektedir. Yazarlar Sierra Olsen (WSU) bu el yazması eleştirel okuma için teşekkür ederiz.

Tüm hayvanlar ve bu çalışmada kullanılan yordamlar Washington State Üniversitesi (WSU) hayvan bakım ve kullanım Komitesi esaslarına göre ve WSU onaylı hayvan iletişim kuralları #4702 ve #4735 uygun olarak ele.
1. fareler
<ol><li>
Standart C57BL/6J yetişkin erkek fareler veya ilgi diğer suşların kullanın. Hayvanlar altında ad libitum erişim su ve gıda ile sıcaklık ve nem kontrollü bir ortam sağlamak.
	<ol>
<li>8 hafta eski 10 aylık arasında değişen erkek doğurmak kullanabilirsiniz. Sadece kanıtlanmış doğurmak deneylerde kullanın.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Üreme yolu östrojen reseptör α ( Esr1 gen tarafından kodlanmış) bir doku seçici silme ile yetişkin dişi fareler içinde epitel hücreleri10 kullanın (Wnt7aCre / +; Esr1nakavt veya "KO" adı verilenf/f,) ve kontrol littermates ("CTRL" denilenEsr1f/f,) Bu çalışmada.
	<ol>
<li>8 hafta-yaşlı kadın kullanın. Yaş kadın faiz deney bağlı olarak çeşitli.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Sabah saat 08:00 h estrous döngüsünün aşamaları belirlemek. Sadece kadın döngüsünün estrus aşamasında kullanın. Vajinal bulaşması ve saytolojik analiz ayrıntılı yöntemleri için daha önce yayımlanmış yordamlar11' e bakın.</li>
</ol>2. çiftleşme ve çiftleşme tıkacı değerlendirilmesi
<ol><li>Kadın bir erkeğin kafes içinde estrus (16:00 h) gün ev.</li>
	<li>Ertesi sabah (08:00 h), dişi erkek fare ayırın.</li>
	<li>Daha önce yayımlanmış yöntemi12 bir uyarlaması varlığı ya da yokluğu bir vajinal veya çiftleşme fiş çiftleşme bir göstergesi olarak erişmek için kullanın.</li>
	<li>Kısa bir süre arka bacaklarda kaldırmak için kuyruk tabanından kadın fareyi tutun.</li>
	<li>Çiftleşme Tak bir kürdan kullanarak vajinal açılışında bir off-beyaz seminal coagulum varlığı bulun. Çiftleşme fiş varsa, kürdan vajinal kanala eklenecek mümkün olmayacaktır.</li>
</ol>3. doku toplama öncesi hazırlık
<ol><li>10 mL % 1 fetal sığır serum ile desteklenmiş iyi'nın L-15 medyanın hazırlamak (denilen L15 medya + % 1 FBS) 15 mL tüp içinde. Bir waterbath içinde 15 dakika 37 ° C'de medya kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Doku ve aşağı akım uygulamaları için sperm canlılığı korumak için Önceden ısıtılmış L15 medya + % 1 aliquot 2 mL 2 mL microcentrifuge FBS dokusu toplamalarında tüp.</li>
	<li>37 ° c stereomicroscope sahne sıcak 37 ° C ısı-taş ayarla ve bir boş 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tüp bloğunda yer.</li>
	<li>Aşağı akım uygulamaları sperm motilitesi görüntüleme gerektiriyorsa, cam slayt 37 ° c sıcak</li>
</ol>4. doku koleksiyonu
<ol><li>Önceden ısıtılmış L15 medya + % 1 FBS aliquot doku toplama alanına getirin.</li>
	<li>Dişi ötenazi (~ 08: 30h) karbon dioksit boğulma kullanarak takip tarafından servikal çıkığı. Not: varsayarak çiftleşme gerçekleşir gece yarısı yaklaşık 8 h çiftleşme sonra bu.</li>
	<li>Hayvanın karın bölgesi ortaya çıkarmak için sırtüstü pozisyonda yerleştirin.</li>
	<li>% 70 alkol karın arka bacaklarda yakınındaki sprey.</li>
	<li>Diseksiyon makası alt karın cilt üzerinde küçük bir kesim (~ 1 cm) yapmak için kullanın.</li>
	<li>Dominant el kuyruk (ve arka bacaklarda gerekirse) çekmek için kullanın sigara dominant el cilt (doğru kafa) ters yönde karın kas ortaya çıkarmak için çeker iken. Bu yöntem saç kirlenme visseral organlara en aza indirmek için kullanılır.</li>
	<li>Karın kas bir V-viseral organlar ortaya çıkarmak için şekil içinde karın, vajina için bitişik temelini kesti.</li>
	<li>Bağırsak ve karın yağ üreme yolu ortaya çıkarmak için kenara çek.</li>
	<li>Mesane ve diğer dokular vajinal bölgede yukarıda kapalı döşeme.</li>
	<li>Kasık symphysis vajinal doku erişmek için ayrı kesti.</li>
	<li>Vajinal doku vajinal açılışında kaldırın ve vajinal kanal rektal dokusundan ayırmak için makas kullanarak.</li>
	<li>Dikkatle bahar makas kullanırken rahim her iki taraftan Mezenterik yağı kırpın. Dikkat: Rahim içinde sperm ile çok kırılgandır. Rahim delik değil dikkatli olun yoksa meni kaybolacak.</li>
	<li>Alt üreme sistem kaldırın ve her iki kapalı yumurtalık yağ yastığı kesti.</li>
	<li>Önceden ısıtılmış iyi'nın L-15 medya + % 1 tüp içine tüm üreme yolu aktarım FBS.</li>
</ol>5. rahim içerik koleksiyonundan meni الرسالة (viskozite) ölçümü
<ol><li>Stereomicroscope ısıtmalı sahnede bir 35 mm steril doku kültürü çanak içine belgili tanımlık doku dolu ile 3,5 mL transfer önceden sıcak L-15 medya + % 1 FBS dokuların kan ve diğer kirleri temizlemek için. Dikkat: yıkama sırasında dokuların yağ tarafından değil rahim al. Bu noktada, meni bekleniyor rahim içinde sağlam olmalı.</li>
	<li>Laboratuvar mendil kullanarak aşırı medya dokuların leke.</li>
	<li>Doku vajinal sonunda Önceden ısıtılmış microcentrifuge tüpte yumurtalık biter yerleştirerek süre tutun. Vajinal sonuna tutarken, temelini microcentrifuge tüp içine düşmek rahim boynuzları sağlayan rahim, rahim boynuzları kesti.</li>
	<li>Meni izin tüp içine rahim boynuzları dışarı akışı. Dişsiz forseps yavaşça kalan meni kovma vajinal sonuna yumurtalık sonundan itibaren boynuzları rahim sıkmak için kullanın.</li>
	<li>Biohazard çanta ve dokularda atın ve yakıp kül.</li>
	<li>Kısaca bir minicentrifuge meni aşağı spin (~ 1-2 s).</li>
	<li>Tüp, ısıtmalı sahneye paralel lay - meni dışarı dökülecek değil.</li>
	<li>Hazır çekim var ve 'saymak için ' set.</li>
	<li>Meni örneği (tüp duvara paralel) 180 ° açıyla bir 25 µL kılcal tüp takın. Kılcal tüp farklı açılarda holding üzerinden her araştırmacı arasında değişkenlik en aza indirmek için bu.</li>
	<li>Kılcal Boru yapar zamanlayıcıyı basın meni ile temas.</li>
	<li>Meni 25 µL çizgisine ulaşmak gereken süreyi (s) kaydedin.</li>
	<li>Ölçüm bittiğinde hemen geri daha fazla fonksiyonel analiz, sperm motilitesi video görüntüleme gibi kuru sıcak blok meni içeren tüp koymak.</li>
	<li>20 dk için % 10 çamaşır suyu çözüm tüpte çeker tarafından meni içeren kılcal tüp dezenfekte ve kılcal tüp "Sharps" kap içinde atın.</li>
</ol>6. Sperm motilitesi video görüntüleme
<ol><li>Mikroskop ve video görüntüleme yazılımını açın.</li>
	<li>Sahne Alanı'nda ısıtmalı cam slayt yerleştirilir iken, Önceden ısıtılmış cam slayt üzerine kalan meni 20 µL pipet.</li>
	<li>Bir cam coverslip ile kapak.</li>
	<li>Slayt coverslip yan mikroskobunun yerleştirin.</li>
	<li>20 X objektif lens ilgi alanı bulmak için kullanın.</li>
	<li>100 X objektif lens için video görüntüleme için değiştirin.</li>
	<li>Video: 12 kare/s (fps) 30 kayıt s.</li>
	<li>Rastgele videolar hayvan başına en az 3 farklı alanlarda kaydedin.</li>
	<li>Görüntüleme gerçekleştirmek hızlı bir şekilde ve sperm motilitesi ve canlılığı korumak için slayda ışık pozlandırmayı en aza indirmek. Not: Görüntüleme bu yordamı 2-3 dakika içinde yapılmalıdır.</li>
	<li>ImageJ yazılım yukarıda açıklanan8olarak kullanarak veri çözümlemesi gerçekleştirin.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Suarez, S. S., Pacey, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sperm+transport+in+the+female+reproductive+tract.">Sperm transport in the female reproductive tract.</a> Hum Reprod Update. 12 (1), 23-37 (2006).</li><li>Bedford, J. M., Yanagimachi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initiation+of+sperm+motility+after+mating+in+the+rat+and+hamster.">Initiation of sperm motility after mating in the rat and hamster.</a> J Androl. 13 (5), 444-449 (1992).</li><li>Lilja, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+biology+of+semenogelin.">Cell biology of semenogelin.</a> Andrologia. 22 Suppl 1, 132-141 (1990).</li><li>Lilja, H., Abrahamsson, P. A., Lundwall, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Semenogelin,+the+predominant+protein+in+human+semen.+Primary+structure+and+identification+of+closely+related+proteins+in+the+male+accessory+sex+glands+and+on+the+spermatozoa.">Semenogelin, the predominant protein in human semen. Primary structure and identification of closely related proteins in the male accessory sex glands and on the spermatozoa.</a> J Biol Chem. 264 (3), 1894-1900 (1989).</li><li>Veveris-Lowe, T. L., Kruger, S. J., Walsh, T., Gardiner, R. A., Clements, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seminal+fluid+characterization+for+male+fertility+and+prostate+cancer:+kallikrein-related+serine+proteases+and+whole+proteome+approaches.">Seminal fluid characterization for male fertility and prostate cancer: kallikrein-related serine proteases and whole proteome approaches.</a> Semin Thromb Hemost. (33), 87-99 (2007).</li><li>Emami, N., Deperthes, D., Malm, J., Diamandis, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Major+role+of+human+KLK14+in+seminal+clot+liquefaction.">Major role of human KLK14 in seminal clot liquefaction.</a> J Biol Chem. 283 (28), 19561-19569 (2008).</li><li>Gerhard, I., Roth, B., Eggert-Kruse, W., Runnebaum, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+kallikrein+on+sperm+motility,+capillary+tube+test,+and+pregnancy+rate+in+an+AIH+program.">Effects of kallikrein on sperm motility, capillary tube test, and pregnancy rate in an AIH program.</a> Arch Androl. 24 (2), 129-145 (1990).</li><li>Li, S., Garcia, M., Gewiss, R. L., Winuthayanon, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crucial+role+of+estrogen+for+the+mammalian+female+in+regulating+semen+coagulation+and+liquefaction+in+vivo.">Crucial role of estrogen for the mammalian female in regulating semen coagulation and liquefaction in vivo.</a> PLoS Genet. 13 (4), e1006743 (2017).</li><li>Elia, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+semen+hyperviscosity:+prevalence,+pathogenesis+and+therapeutic+aspects.">Human semen hyperviscosity: prevalence, pathogenesis and therapeutic aspects.</a> Asian J Androl. 11 (5), 609-615 (2009).</li><li>Winuthayanon, W., Hewitt, S. C., Orvis, G. D., Behringer, R. R., Korach, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uterine+epithelial+estrogen+receptor+alpha+is+dispensable+for+proliferation+but+essential+for+complete+biological+and+biochemical+responses.">Uterine epithelial estrogen receptor alpha is dispensable for proliferation but essential for complete biological and biochemical responses.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (45), 19272-19277 (2010).</li><li>McLean, A. C., Valenzuela, N., Fai, S., Bennett, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performing+vaginal+lavage,+crystal+violet+staining,+and+vaginal+cytological+evaluation+for+mouse+estrous+cycle+staging+identification.">Performing vaginal lavage, crystal violet staining, and vaginal cytological evaluation for mouse estrous cycle staging identification.</a> J Vis Exp. (67), e4389 (2012).</li><li>JoVE Science Education Database. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lab+Animal+Research.+Fundamentals+of+Breeding+and+Weaning.">Lab Animal Research. Fundamentals of Breeding and Weaning.</a> JoVE. , (2017).</li><li>Prassas, I., Eissa, A., Poda, G., Diamandis, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unleashing+the+therapeutic+potential+of+human+kallikrein-related+serine+proteases.">Unleashing the therapeutic potential of human kallikrein-related serine proteases.</a> Nat Rev Drug Discov. 14 (3), 183-202 (2015).</li><li>Muytjens, C. M., Vasiliou, S. K., Oikonomopoulou, K., Prassas, I., Diamandis, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Putative+functions+of+tissue+kallikrein-related+peptidases+in+vaginal+fluid.">Putative functions of tissue kallikrein-related peptidases in vaginal fluid.</a> Nat Rev Urol. 13 (10), 596-607 (2016).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Meni ve kadın üreme yolu. salgılar arasındaki fizyolojik etkileşimler eski gösterdiği gibi fare uteri sperm toplama semen analizi vitro avantajları sağlayabilir Bu çalışmada sunulan teknikleri araştırmacılar sperm kalitesi hem de sperm canlılığı ve motilite ideal fizyolojik koşullarda belirlemek için izin verir. Ayrıca, uteri toplanan sperm kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen çeşitli aşağı akım analizleri, örneğin, sperm rahim ve sperm girme gerçek sperm sayısı ayrıca hare...

Kadın üreme yolu alt ve üst yolları oluşur. Üst üreme yolu fallop tüpleri, rahim ve endocerviks içerir. Alt üreme sistem ectocervix ve vajina içerir. İnsanlarda, vajina, ectocervix1' e komşu ön duvara ejaculated meni yatırılır. Farelerde, ancak, sperm rahim içine2çiftleşme sonra dakika içinde süpürüldü.
Sperm boşalma, sperm entrapped neden zarfında katılaşmış ve3immobilize seminal jel içerir. الرسالة immobilize sperm meni bir jel gibi sulu bir tutarlılık değiştirerek serbest bırakır. Sperm motilitesi ve memeli üreme için gerekli bir süreçtir. Meni الرسالة bilgisine nerede meni bir kültür tabak içinde sıvılaştırılmış olur vitro çalışmalar çoğunlukla dayanmaktadır. İnsanlarda, enzimatik aktivite Prostat spesifik antijen veya PSA (olarak da bilinen kallikrein ilgili peptidaz 3 veya KLK3) semenogelins (meni mevcut proteinler jel şekillendirme)4 hidroliz ile الرسالة için büyük katkıda bulunuyor. ,5,6. Semenogelins bozulma sperm sperm hareketliliği artan seminal coagulum, dan özgür kılar. Sperm yüzmek fallop tüpü yumurtayı döllemek için doğru serbest. الرسالة (ya da meni viskozite) bir erkek üreme7değerlendirmek için doğurganlık klinikleri semen analizi için standart ilk gösterimleri testlerdir.
Kısa bir süre önce bir makale dişi fare üreme yolu sonrası çiftleşme üzerinden toplanan meni analizi daha sonra doğurganlık kusurları8neden olabilir الرسالة bir eksikliği göstermek için kullanılabileceğini gösterir. Meni hiperviskozite gibi arızalı الرسالة infertil erkek9normal الرسالة memeli üreme için vazgeçilmez olduğunu düşündüren, durumlarda 11,8 32.3 oranında katkıda bulunur. Ancak, çalışmalar ve الرسالة kusur tedavisinde sadece erkek7üzerinde odaklanmıştır. Kadın üreme sistemi meni الرسالة içinde bir rol oynar olasılığını araştırdı değil. Bu nedenle, sperm toplama ve الرسالة zaman ölçme yöntemleri araştırmacılar الرسالة ilgi model organizma olarak infertilite nedenlerinden biri olabilir olup olmadığını belirlemek için yeni bir tanı aracı sağlar.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="571">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Toothpick</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Diamond</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">750-Flat</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Autoclaved sterile, use blunted toothpick. Do not use point-ended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Dissecting scissors</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">08-940</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Spring scissors</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-5600</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Fine forceps</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-5045</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">25-&#956;L glass capillary tube</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">53432-761</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Leibovitz&#8217;s L-15 media</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11415064</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Supplement with 1% FBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Gemini Bio-Products</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100-106</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">1.5-mL microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Axygen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MCT-150-C</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">2-mL microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Axygen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MCT-200-A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:215px;">Digital dry block heater</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13259-052</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For warming the microcentrifuge tube prior to semen collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Minicentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LSE 6765</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">35-mm culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10861-656</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">15-mL polypropylene centrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10025-686</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Waterbath</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Precision</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TSGP05</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Heated stage stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MZ10F</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">To keep the tissue warm prior to semen collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Brightfield microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DMi8</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Optional. For video imaging of the sperm motility</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Camera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DMC2900</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Optional. For video imaging of the sperm motility</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Glass slides</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-552-3</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Optional. For video imaging of the sperm motility</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Coverslip</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">48393-059</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Optional. For video imaging of the sperm motility</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Bleach</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Dilute in dH2O to 10% concentration</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

collection of post-mating semen from the female reproductive tract and measurement of semen liquefaction in mice

Farelerde, boşalmış sperm rahim içinde yatırılır. Boşalma sonra meni değiştirir tutarlılık jel benzeri için sulu, adı verilen işlem الرسالة. Bu çalışmada, kadın üreme sistemi bir fare modeli sonrası ejaculated meni toplamak için nasıl gösterir. İlk, yetişkin dişi fareler içinde estrus sahne bir erkeğin kafeste gecede yer. Ertesi sabah, birleşme vajinal açılışında çiftleşme fiş varlığı tarafından doğrulandı. Çiftleşme tıkacı ile dişi fareler euthanized ve üreme her yolu (vajina, rahim, oviducts, yumurtalık), bir bütün olarak toplanan meni içerecek şekilde kapalı bir sistem sağlamak. Vajina meni tüpün içine serbest bırakmak için kesilmiş ve üreme yolu bir 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tüp yerleştirildi. En fazla sperm cilt analizi için emin olmak için dişsiz forseps vajinal sona kalan meni kovma yumurtalık ucundan boynuzları rahim sıkmak için kullanılmıştır. Tüm üreme yolu sonra atıldı. Meni içeren tüp kısaca aşağı bükülmüş. 25 μL kapiller pipet 180 ° açıyla (tüp duvara paralel) tüp içine yerleştirilmiştir. Kılcal Boru 25 μL hattına doldurmak için kullanılan süreyi kaydedildi. Meni--dan a kanıtlanmış erkek doğurmak genellikle yaklaşık 60-180 s 25 μL kılcal tüp doldurmak için alır. Bu sperm toplama tekniği de sperm görüntüleme ve motilite analizi gibi aşağı akım diğer uygulamalarda kullanılabilir.

Meni ile verimli CTRL erkek çiftleşme sonra CTRL ve KO kadın yaklaşık 8 h dan toplanmıştır. 25 μL kılcal tüp meni ile doldurmak için geçen süre tarafından الرسالة (ya da meni viskozite) sayılabilir. CTRL uteri toplanan meni aldı 2.06 ±0.12 min (mean±S.E.M, n = 5) kılcal tüp (şekil 1) doldurmak için. Ancak, KO uteri toplanan meni 60 dk uzun sürdü (60,0 ±0.0, mean±S.E.M, n = 5) deneysel zaman. Bu veriler meni önemli ölçüde daha fazla dize...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Collection of Post-mating Semen from the Female Reproductive Tract and Measurement of Semen Liquefaction in Mice at JoVE.com

Collection of Post-mating Semen from the Female Reproductive Tract and Measurement of Semen Liquefaction in Mice

Meni kadın üreme sistemi ve meni الرسالة farelerde ölçümü sonrası çiftleşme koleksiyonu

Meni الرسالة sperm seminal jel--dan özgür olmak için gereklidir. Bu çalışma yordamları kadın üreme sistemi sonrası cinsel birleşme sperm toplama ve meni الرسالة Süre ölçümünü sağlar.

In mice, ejaculated semen is deposited in the uterus. After ejaculation, the semen changes consistency from gel-like to watery, a process called ...

collection-post-mating-semen-from-female-reproductive-tract

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

16.3K Görüntüleme.  Washington State University. Meni الرسالة sperm seminal jel--dan özgür olmak için gereklidir. Bu çalışma yordamları kadın üreme sistemi sonrası cinsel birleşme sperm toplama ve meni الرسالة Süre ölçümünü sağlar.

Video: Collection of Post-mating Semen from the Female Reproductive Tract and Measurement of Semen Liquefaction in Mice

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

14 day-old mouse ovarian tissue and preantral follicles isolated from same-aged mice were incubated in a simulated microgravity culture system. We quantitatively assessed follicle survival, measured follicle and oocyte diameters, and examined ultrastructure of the oocytes produced from the system. We observed decreased follicle survival, downregulation of expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and growth differentiation factor 9, as indicators for the development of granulosa cells and oocytes, respectively, and oocyte ultrastructural abnormalities under the simulated microgravity condition. The simulated microgravity experimental setup needs to be optimized to provide a model for investigation of the mechanisms involved in the oocyte/follicle in vitro development.

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

A highly promising technique to generate tissue constructs without using matrix is to culture cells in a simulated microgravity condition. Using a rotary culture system, we examined ovarian follicle growth and oocyte maturation in terms of follicle survival, morphology, growth, and oocyte function under the simulated microgravity condition.

Vitro Simüle mikrogravite altında fare Preantral follikül gelişimi

14 day-old mouse ovarian tissue and preantral follicles isolated from same-aged mice were incubated in a simulated microgravity culture system. We ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

Diseksiyon ve mantar vücut immünfloresan boyama ve yetişkin Drosophila melanogaster beynindeki nöronlar Photoreceptor

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Orthotopic Ovarian Transplantation Procedures to Investigate the Life- and Health-span Influence of Ovarian Senescence in Female Mice

Ovarian transplantation was first conducted at Utah State University in 1963. In more recent work, heterochronic transplantation of mammalian ovaries is being used to investigate the health-protective effects of young ovaries in young females. The current procedures employ an orthotopic transplantation method, where allogenic ovaries are transplanted back to their original position in the ovarian bursa. This is in contrast to the more commonly used heterotopic transplantation of ovaries/ovarian tissue subcutaneously or under the kidney capsule. All three locations provide efficient revascularization of the transplanted tissues. However, orthotopic transplantation provides the ovary with the most natural signaling environment and is the only procedure that provides the opportunity for the animal to reproduce naturally post-operatively. One must take care to remove all endogenous ovarian tissue during the ovariectomy procedure. If any endogenous tissue remains or if only one ovary is removed, the transplanted tissue will remain dormant until the existing tissue becomes senescent. While revascularization of the transplanted ovaries occurs very quickly, the transplant recipient can take a considerable amount of time to adapt to a new hypothalamic/pituitary/gonadal/adrenal (HPG/A) axis signaling regime associated with the transplanted tissue. This normally takes about 100 days in the mouse. Therefore, transplantation experiments should be designed to accommodate this adaptation period. Typical results with ovarian transplantation will include changes in the health of the recipient that reflect the age of the transplanted ovary, rather than the chronological age of the recipient.

Described here are orthotopic ovarian transplantation protocols for modifying ovarian influence on the physiology of the recipient mouse. This surgical procedure is used to expose female mice to various types of ovarian influence and may include heterochronic transplantations and transplantation of ovaries that have undergone various ex vivo treatments.

Dişi farelerde yumurtalık yaşlanma ve sağlık-ömrü etkisini araştırmak için Orthotopic yumurtalık nakli yordamları

Ovarian transplantation was first conducted at Utah State University in 1963. In more recent work, heterochronic transplantation of mammalian ovaries is ...

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) provides a unique opportunity to directly produce a cloned animal from a donor cell, and it requires the use of skillful techniques. Additionally, the efficiencies of cloning have remained low since the successful production of cloned animals, especially mice. There have been many attempts to improve the cloning efficiency, and trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, has been widely used to enhance the efficiency of cloning. Here, we report a dramatically improved cloning method in mice. This somatic cell nuclear transfer method involves usage of Hemagglutinating virus of Japan Envelope (HVJ-E), which enables easy manipulation. Moreover, the treatment using two small molecules, TSA and vitamin C (VC), with deionized bovine serum albumin (dBSA), is highly effective for embryonic development. This approach requires neither additional injection nor genetic manipulation, and thus presents a simple, suitable method for practical use. This method could become a technically feasible approach for researchers to produce genetically modified animals from cultured cells. Furthermore, it might be a useful way for the rescue of endangered animals via cloning.

We describe a dramatically improved method for mouse cloning using trichostatin A, vitamin C, and deionized bovine serum albumin. We show a simplified, reproducible protocol that supports efficient development of cloned embryos. Hence, this method could become a standardized procedure for mouse cloning.

Kombinasyon tedavisi Trichostatin A ve C vitamini fareler somatik hücre nükleer Transfer tarafından klonlama daha etkili olmasını sağlar.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) provides a unique opportunity to directly produce a cloned animal from a donor cell, and it requires the use of ...

Isolation of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells for In Vitro Decidualization

The differentiation of human endometrial stromal cells (HESC) from fibroblast-like appearance into secretory decidua is a transformation required for embryo implantation into the uterine lining of the maternal womb. Improper decidualization has been established as a root cause for implantation failure and subsequent early embryo miscarriage. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying decidualization is advantageous to improving the rate of successful births. In vivo based studies of artificial decidualization are often limiting due to ethical dilemmas associated with human research, as well as translational complications within animal models. As a result, in vitro assays through primary cell culture are often utilized to explore the modulation of decidualization via hormones. This study provides a detailed protocol for the isolation of HESC and subsequent artificial decidualization via the supplementation of hormones to the culturing medium. Further, this study provides a well-designed method to knockdown any gene of interest by utilizing lipid-based siRNA transfections. This protocol permits the optimization of culture purity as well as product yield, thereby maximizing the ability to utilize this model as a reliable method to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying decidualization, and the subsequent quantification of secreted agents by decidualized endometrial stromal cells.

Isolation of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells for In Vitro Decidualization

This study presents a validated and optimized procedure for the isolation and culture of human endometrial stromal cells to conduct in vitro decidualization assay. Further, this study provides a detailed method to efficiently knockdown a specific gene using siRNAs in human endometrial stromal cells.

Vitro Decidualization için insan endometrium Stromal hücre izolasyon

The differentiation of human endometrial stromal cells (HESC) from fibroblast-like appearance into secretory decidua is a transformation required for ...

An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process is supported by Sertoli cell junctions at the blood-testis barrier (BTB), which is the tightest tissue barrier in the mammalian body and segregates the seminiferous epithelium into two compartments, a basal and an adluminal. The BTB creates a unique microenvironment for germ cells in meiosis I/II and for the development of postmeiotic spermatids into spermatozoa via spermiogenesis. Here, we describe a reliable assay to monitor BTB integrity of mouse testis in vivo. An intact BTB blocks the diffusion of FITC-conjugated inulin from the basal to the apical compartment of the seminiferous tubules. This technique is suitable for studying gene candidates, viruses, or environmental toxicants that may affect BTB function or integrity, with an easy procedure and a minimal requirement of surgical skills compared to alternative methods.

An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity

Here, we present a protocol to assess the blood-testis barrier integrity by injecting inulin-FITC into testes. This is an efficient in vivo method to study blood-testis barrier integrity that can be compromised by genetic and environmental elements.

Fare kan-Testis bariyeri bütünlük çalışma için In Vivo yöntemi

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process is supported by ...

In Vitro Assays to Evaluate the Migration, Invasion, and Proliferation of Immortalized Human First-trimester Trophoblast Cell Lines

Cell movement is a critical property of trophoblasts during placental development and early pregnancy. The significance of proper trophoblast migration and invasion is demonstrated by pregnancy disorders such as pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, which are associated with inadequate trophoblast invasion of the maternal vasculature. Unfortunately, our understanding of the mechanisms by which the placenta develops from migrating trophoblasts is limited. In vitro analysis of cell migration via the scratch assay is a useful tool in identifying factors that regulate trophoblast migratory capacity. However, this assay alone does not define the cellular changes that can result in altered cell migration. This protocol describes three different in vitro assays that are used collectively to evaluate trophoblast cell movement: the scratch assay, the invasion assay, and the proliferation assay. The protocols described here may also be modified for use in other cell lines to quantify cell movement in response to stimuli. These methods allow investigators to identify individual factors that contribute to the cell movement and provide a thorough examination of potential mechanisms underlying apparent changes in cell migration.

Here, we present a highly accessible protocol for evaluating the cell movement in human trophoblast cells using three in vitro assays: the scratch assay, the transwell invasion assay, and the cell proliferation assay.

Vitro deneyleri içinde geçiş, işgal ve ölümsüzleştirdi insan birinci üç aylık dönem Trofoblast hücre hatları yaygın değerlendirmek için

Cell movement is a critical property of trophoblasts during placental development and early pregnancy. The significance of proper trophoblast migration ...

Measuring Sperm Guidance and Motility within the Caenorhabditis elegans Hermaphrodite Reproductive Tract

Successful fertilization is fundamental to sexual reproduction, yet little is known about the mechanisms that guide sperm to oocytes within the female reproductive tract. While in vitro studies suggest that sperm of internally fertilizing animals can respond to various cues from their surroundings, the inability to visualize their behavior inside the female reproductive tract creates a challenge for understanding sperm migration and mobility in its native environment. Here, we describe a method using C. elegans that overcomes this limitation and takes advantage of their transparent epidermis. C. elegans males stained with a mitochondrial&#160; dye are mated with adult hermaphrodites, which act as modified females, and deposit fluorescently labeled sperm into the hermaphrodite uterus. The migration and motility of the labeled sperm can then be directly tracked using an epi-fluorescence microscope in a live hermaphrodite. In wild-type animals, approximately 90% of the labeled sperm crawl through the uterus and reach the fertilization site, or spermatheca. Images of the uterus can be taken 1 h after mating to assess the distribution of the sperm within the uterus and the percentage of sperm that have reached the spermatheca. Alternatively, time-lapse images can be taken immediately after mating to assess sperm speed, directional velocity and reversal frequency. This method can be combined with other genetic and molecular tools available for the C.elegans to identify novel genetic and molecular mechanisms that are important in regulating sperm guidance and motility within the female reproductive tract.

Measuring Sperm Guidance and Motility within the Caenorhabditis elegans Hermaphrodite Reproductive Tract

Sperm must successfully navigate through the oviduct to fertilize an oocyte. Here, we describe an assay for measuring sperm migration within the C. elegans hermaphrodite uterus. This assay can provide quantitative data on sperm distribution within the uterus after mating, as well as on speed, directional velocity, and reversal frequency.

Ölçme sperm rehberlik ve motilite içinde Caenorhabditis elegans hermafrodit üreme yolu

Successful fertilization is fundamental to sexual reproduction, yet little is known about the mechanisms that guide sperm to oocytes within the female ...

In Vitro Culture Strategy for Oocytes from Early Antral Follicle in Cattle

The limited reserve of mature, fertilizable oocytes represents a major barrier for the success of assisted reproduction in mammals. Considering that during the reproductive life span only about 1% of the oocytes in an ovary mature and ovulate, several techniques have been developed to increase the exploitation of the ovarian reserve to the growing population of non-ovulatory follicles. Such technologies have allowed interventions of fertility preservation, selection programs in livestock, and conservation of endangered species. However, the vast potential of the ovarian reserve is still largely unexploited. In cows, for instance, some attempts have been made to support in vitro culture of oocytes at specific developmental stages, but efficient and reliable protocols have not yet been developed. Here we describe a culture system that reproduce the physiological conditions of the corresponding follicular stage, defined to develop in vitro growing oocytes collected from bovine early antral follicles to the fully-grown stage, corresponding to the medium antral follicle in vivo. A combination of hormones and a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor was used to prevent untimely meiotic resumption and to guide oocyte&#39;s differentiation.

We describe the procedures for isolation of growing oocytes from ovarian follicles at early stages of development, as well as the setup of an in vitro culture system which can support the growth and differentiation up to the fully-grown stage. &#160;

Sığırlarda Erken Antral Folikülden Oositler Için Tüp Bebek Kültür Stratejisi

The limited reserve of mature, fertilizable oocytes represents a major barrier for the success of assisted reproduction in mammals. Considering that ...

Transuterine Fetal Tracheal Occlusion Model in Mice

Fetal tracheal occlusion (TO), an established treatment modality, promotes fetal lung growth and survival in severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Following TO, retention of the secreted epithelial fluid increases luminal pressure and induces lung growth. Various animal models have been defined to understand the pathophysiology of CDH and TO. All have their own advantages and disadvantages such as the difficulty of the technique, the size of the animal, cost, high mortality rates, and the availability of genetic tools. Herein, a novel transuterine model of murine fetal TO is described. Pregnant mice were anesthetized, and the uterus exposed via a midline laparotomy. The trachea of selected fetuses were ligated with a single transuterine suture placed behind the trachea, one carotid artery, and one jugular vein. The dam was closed and allowed to recover. Fetuses were collected just before parturition. Lung to body weight ratio in TO fetuses was higher than that in control fetuses. This model provides researchers with a new tool to study the impact of both TO and increased luminal pressure on lung development.

Various animal models of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and fetal tracheal occlusion present advantages and disadvantages regarding ethical issues, cost, surgical difficulty, size, survival rates, and availability of genetic tools. This model provides a new tool to study the impact of both tracheal occlusion and increased luminal pressure on lung development.

Farelerde Transuterin Fetal Trakeal Oklüzyon Modeli

Fetal tracheal occlusion (TO), an established treatment modality, promotes fetal lung growth and survival in severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). ...