L.K. is the recipient of the University of British Columbia 4-year fellowship (4YF) graduate studentship award. L.M.S. is the recipient of a Canadian Association of Gastroenterology/ Crohn's and Colitis Canada/ CIHR New Investigator Salary Award and is a Biomedical Scholar of the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research. This work was supported by a Project Grant from Canadian Blood Services, in collaboration with the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant # CIHR2016-LS).

All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University of British Columbia.
1. Bone Marrow Macrophage Derivation and Activation with Antibodies
<ol>
	<li>Perform euthanasia using CO2 asphyxiation.
	<ol>
		<li>Place mouse in induction chamber. Euthanize mouse with 5% isoflurane anesthesia, for 60 - 90 s, until immobile and breathing is deep and slow.</li>
		<li>Turn off isoflurane anesthesia and administer 6 - 8 L/...

<ol>
	<li>Murray, P. J., Wynn, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+and+pathogenic+functions+of+macrophage+subsets.">Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 11 (11), 723-737 (2011).</li><li>Martinez, F. O., Gordon, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+M1+and+M2+paradigm+of+macrophage+activation:+time+for+reassessment.">The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment.</a> F1000Prime Rep. 6, 13 (2014).</li><li>Mosser, D. M., Edwards, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+the+full+spectrum+of+macrophage+activation.">Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 8 (12), 958-969 (2008).</li><li>Edwards, J. P., Zhang, X., Frauwirth, K. A., Mosser, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+and+functional+characterization+of+three+activated+macrophage+populations.">Biochemical and functional characterization of three activated macrophage populations.</a> J Leukoc Biol. 80 (6), 1298-1307 (2006).</li><li>Mosser, D. M., Zhang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+murine+macrophages.">Activation of murine macrophages.</a> Curr Protoc Immunol. , (2008).</li><li>Gallo, P., Gon&#231;alves, R., Mosser, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+IgG+density+and+macrophage+Fc+(gamma)+receptor+cross-linking+on+phagocytosis+and+IL-10+production.">The influence of IgG density and macrophage Fc (gamma) receptor cross-linking on phagocytosis and IL-10 production.</a> Immunol Lett. 133 (2), 70-77 (2010).</li><li>Vos, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-tumor+necrosis+factor-&#945;+antibodies+induce+regulatory+macrophages+in+an+Fc+region-dependent+manner.">Anti-tumor necrosis factor-&#945; antibodies induce regulatory macrophages in an Fc region-dependent manner.</a> Gastroenterology. 140 (1), 221-230 (2011).</li><li>Kozicky, L. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+immunoglobulin+skews+macrophages+to+an+anti-inflammatory,+IL-10-producing+activation+state.">Intravenous immunoglobulin skews macrophages to an anti-inflammatory, IL-10-producing activation state.</a> J Leukoc Biol. 98 (6), 983-994 (2015).</li><li>Sutterwala, F. S., Noel, G. J., Salgame, P., Mosser, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversal+of+proinflammatory+responses+by+ligating+the+macrophage+Fcgamma+receptor+type+I.">Reversal of proinflammatory responses by ligating the macrophage Fcgamma receptor type I.</a> J Exp Med. 188 (1), 217-222 (1998).</li><li>Nimmerjahn, F., Ravetch, J. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+antiinflammatory+activity+of+IgG:+the+intravenous+IgG+paradox.">The antiinflammatory activity of IgG: the intravenous IgG paradox.</a> J Exp Med. 204 (1), 11-15 (2007).</li><li>Gelfand, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+immune+globulin+in+autoimmune+and+inflammatory+diseases.">Intravenous immune globulin in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.</a> N Engl J Med. 368 (8), 777 (2013).</li><li>Andersson, J., Skans&#233;n-Saphir, U., Sparrelid, E., Andersson, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+immune+globulin+affects+cytokine+production+in+T+lymphocytes+and+monocytes/macrophages.">Intravenous immune globulin affects cytokine production in T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages.</a> Clin Exp Immunol. 104, 10-20 (1996).</li><li>Saito, S., Matsuura, M., Hirai, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+lipopolysaccharide-induced+interleukin-12+production+by+activation+of+repressor+element+GA-12+through+hyperactivation+of+the+ERK+pathway.">Regulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-12 production by activation of repressor element GA-12 through hyperactivation of the ERK pathway.</a> Clin Vaccine Immunol. 13 (8), 876-883 (2006).</li><li>Cao, S., Zhang, X., Edwards, J. P., Mosser, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NF-kappaB1+(p50)+homodimers+differentially+regulate+pro-+and+anti-inflammatory+cytokines+in+macrophages.">NF-kappaB1 (p50) homodimers differentially regulate pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages.</a> J Biol Chem. 281 (36), 26041-26050 (2006).</li><li>Neurath, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+targets+for+mucosal+healing+and+therapy+in+inflammatory+bowel+diseases.">New targets for mucosal healing and therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases.</a> Mucosal Immunol. 7 (1), 6-19 (2014).</li><li>Bryant, A., Moore, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rituximab+and+its+potential+for+the+treatment+of+rheumatoid+arthritis.">Rituximab and its potential for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.</a> Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2 (2), 207-212 (2006).</li><li>Weiner, L. M., Surana, R., Wang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies:+versatile+platforms+for+cancer+immunotherapy.">Monoclonal antibodies: versatile platforms for cancer immunotherapy.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 10 (5), 317-327 (2010).</li><li>Louis, K. S., Siegel, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+viability+analysis+using+trypan+blue:+manual+and+automated+methods.">Cell viability analysis using trypan blue: manual and automated methods.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 740, 7-12 (2011).</li><li>Liu, Z. Q., Mahmood, T., Yang, P. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ERK+activation+following+macrophage+FcgammaR+ligation+leads+to+chromatin+modifications+at+the+IL-10+locus.">ERK activation following macrophage FcgammaR ligation leads to chromatin modifications at the IL-10 locus.</a> J Immunol. 175 (1), 469-477 (2005).</li><li>Murray, P. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+activation+and+polarization:+nomenclature+and+experimental+guidelines.">Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines.</a> Immunity. 41 (1), 14-20 (2014).</li><li>Anderson, C. F., Gerber, J. S., Mosser, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulating+macrophage+function+with+IgG+immune+complexes.">Modulating macrophage function with IgG immune complexes.</a> J Endotoxin Res. 8 (6), 477-481 (2002).</li><li>Sutterwala, F. S., Noel, G. J., Clynes, R., Mosser, D. 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The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Macrophage activation states play an important role in both tissue homeostasis and disease22. Macrophages can have distinct as well as overlapping activation states, depending on cues in their microenvironment3. They have distinct roles in all stages of the inflammatory response: defense against pathogens, wound healing and tissue restitution, and also have a distinct anti-inflammatory activation state that is important for turning off the inflammatory response<sup class="x...

Macrophages are innate immune cells, which play multiple roles in the immune response to infection or injury. Macrophages are responsible for initiating an immune response to infection or tissue damage, stopping the inflammatory response, and promoting the healing response1. Examples of the three best studied macrophage activation states are: 1) macrophages treated with interferon gamma (IFN&#947;) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), designated M(IFN&#947; + LPS), which contribute to the inflammatory response; 2) macrophages stimulated with interleukin 4 (IL-4), M(IL-4), which are associated with the healing response; 3) macrophages stimulated with immune complexes (IC) and LPS, M(IC + LPS), which have the ability to turn off the inflammatory response2,3. M(IC + LPS) are distinct from M(IL-4) wound healing macrophages, and do not express the enzyme arginase (Arg-1) or FIZZ14. The best marker for these anti-inflammatory macrophages is their cytokine production5. Macrophages have multiple roles in maintaining health, but also contribute to inflammatory diseases and cancer3. Because of this, macrophages are a key therapeutic target for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. It is important to investigate the effects of antibodies on their activation state to develop macrophage-based treatments for disease.
The focus of this paper is on the use of murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) and peritoneal macrophages to test the effect of antibody drugs on inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Recently, there have been multiple studies showing the effects of antibodies on macrophage activation6,7,8. Macrophages co-activated with immune complexes, which are antibodies complexed with an antigen, and LPS, a normally inflammatory stimulus, produce very high levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, and very low levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 12 (IL-12)9. In addition, infliximab, a monoclonal antibody against TNF&#945;, has been found to work, in part, by inducing anti-inflammatory macrophages through its fragment crystallizable (Fc) region7. We have reported that IVIg + LPS induce anti-inflammatory macrophage activation that is similar to M(IC + LPS), wherein co-stimulated macrophages produce large amounts of IL-10 and low amounts of the pro-inflammatory cytokine subunit Interleukin 12 or 23 p40 (IL-12/23p40), interleukin- 6 (IL-6), and TNF8. IVIg is a drug comprised of polyclonal antibodies, primarily IgG, which has been pooled from the blood of more than 1,000 donors10. It is used to treat a wide variety of immunological diseases, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy, but its mechanism of action is not completely understood11. The effects of antibody based drugs on macrophage activation can be assessed using methods described herein.
The effects of specific biologics on macrophage activation can be tested in BMDMs and peritoneal macrophages. Using these macrophage sources permits assessment of primary cells. Preliminary testing of antibodies on cultured primary cells requires less time and monetary investment than other time consuming and expensive disease models. By injecting a drug into a healthy mouse in vivo, and isolating the cells and analyzing them ex vivo, one can determine if studies are warranted to assess whether treatment with biologics affects macrophage activation in disease models.
With few studies testing the effect of biologic therapies on macrophage activation in vitro and in vivo directly, our techniques provide an advantage over alternative techniques. Current techniques involve testing biologic drug effects on mixed cell populations in vitro, such as the effect of infliximab in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) or IVIg on human macrophages in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, where the effect cannot be attributed to a specific cell type7,12. Using BMDMs and peritoneal macrophages is advantageous over using cell lines, such as RAW264.7 cells, which do not produce the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-12, in response to LPS8,13. Testing the effect of an antibody-based drug on macrophage responses ex vivo has advantages because cytokine responses can be attributed directly to macrophages, rather than inferring macrophage responses by measuring serum cytokine levels14. BMDMs and peritoneal macrophages can be derived and isolated from genetically modified mice to determine the specific role of a protein in anti-inflammatory macrophage activation. For example, we have used Il10 deficient(-/-) BMDMs to demonstrate that IVIg-induced reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine production is partially dependent on IL-108. A drug&#39;s mechanism of action can be investigated using western blotting, where the role of specific proteins and signaling events can be determined. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) can be performed on BMDMs or peritoneal macrophages to show patterns of gene expression that result from antibody activation. Disease models in mice can provide information on the potential efficacy of antibody-based biological therapies in models for diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer15,16,17. However, the techniques described here will provide information on the mechanism of action of these biologics by determining whether they induce anti-inflammatory macrophage activity.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1312px;" width="1311">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Iscove&#8217;s modified Dulbecco&#8217;s medium (IMDM)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">12440053</td>
			<td style="width:241px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">12483-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Recombinant murine macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Stemcell technologies</td>
			<td>78059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">15140148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Monothioglycerol (MTG)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>88640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">1X red blood cell lysis buffer</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:408px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Cell dissociation buffer</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">13150016</td>
			<td>Enzyme-Free, Hanks&#39;s-based, EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">L 4516</td>
			<td>From E. coli 0127:B8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">IVIg (Gammunex)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Grifols</td>
			<td>Received from BC Children&#39;s Hospital, Transfusion Medicine</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">IVIg (Gammagard liquid)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Baxter Healthcare Corporation</td>
			<td>Received from BC Children&#39;s Hospital, Transfusion Medicine</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">IVIg (Octagam)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Octapharma</td>
			<td>Received from BC Children&#39;s Hospital, Transfusion Medicine</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (sterile), pH 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">10010023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">mouse IL-10 ELISA</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">555252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">mouse IL-12/23p40 ELISA</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">555165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">anti-Erk1/2 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Cell signalling technology</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">9101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">anti-pp38 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Cell signalling technology</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">9211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">anti-GAPDH antibody</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Fitzgerald industries</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">10R-G109A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">26 g needle</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">305110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">1 mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">10 mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">309604</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">15 mL conical tube</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">352096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">50 mL conical tube</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">microcentrifuge tube (1.7 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Diamed</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">SPE155-N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:453px;">75 cm2 tissue culture treated flask</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">353136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Cell scraper</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">353085</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Forcepts</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td>82027-386</td>
			<td>fine tip, dissecting&#160;</td>
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			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:453px;">Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td>82027-582</td>
			<td>Delicate, 4 1/2&#34;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Brightfield microscope</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Motic</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">AE31</td>
			<td>Inverted phase contrast</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Scale&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Mettler&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">PE 3000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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assessment of antibody-based drugs effects on murine bone marrow and peritoneal macrophage activation

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages are equally important in turning off inflammatory responses. We have shown that macrophages stimulated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can produce high amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). IVIg is a polyvalent antibody, primarily immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), pooled from the plasma of more than 1,000 blood donors. It is used to supplement antibodies in patients with immune deficiencies or to suppress immune responses in patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. Infliximab, a therapeutic anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#945;) antibody, has also been shown to activate macrophages to produce IL-10 in response to inflammatory stimuli. IVIg and other antibody-based biologics can be tested to determine their effects on macrophage activation. This paper describes methods for derivation, stimulation, and assessment of murine bone marrow macrophages activated by antibodies in vitro and murine peritoneal macrophages activated with antibodies in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate the use of western blotting to determine the contribution of specific cell signaling pathways to anti-inflammatory macrophage activity. These protocols can be used with genetically modified mice, to determine the effect of a specific protein(s) on anti-inflammatory macrophage activation. These techniques can also be used to assess whether specific biologics may act by changing macrophages to an IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory activation state that reduces inflammatory responses in vivo. This can provide information on the role of macrophage activation in the efficacy of biologics during disease models in mice, and provide insight into a potential new mechanism of action in people. Conversely, this may caution against the use of specific antibody-based biologics to treat infectious disease, particularly if macrophages play an important role in host defense against that infection.

Murine bone marrow derived macrophages can be cultured from hematopoietic cell precursors in bone marrow aspirates. Bone marrow aspirates pooled from femurs and tibias of one C57BL/6 mouse typically yield 107 bone marrow derived macrophages, making them a convenient source of macrophages for experiments. BMDMs can be used to test antibody based drug responses when challenged with an inflammatory stimulus in vitro. Figure 1 shows that IVIg ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Antibody-based Drugs Effects on Murine Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Macrophage Activation at JoVE.com

Assessment of Antibody-based Drugs Effects on Murine Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Macrophage Activation

Antibody-based drugs have revolutionized treatment for inflammatory diseases. In addition to having direct effects on specific targets, antibodies can activate macrophages to become anti-inflammatory. This protocol describes how anti-inflammatory macrophage activation can be assessed in vitro, using mouse bone marrow macrophages, and in vivo, using peritoneal macrophages.

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages ...

The overall goal of these experiments is to determine the effects of antibody-based drugs on anti-inflammatory macrophage activation states using mouse bone marrow and peritoneal macrophages. This method can help answer key questions in the field of immunology, such as, do specific antibody drugs act by changing macrophages to an IL-10 producing anti-inflammatory activation state. The main advantage of this technique, is that it measures the response of primary mouse macrophages from the bone marrow in vitro and peritoneal cavity in vivo.Perform this procedure in a sterile hood. Secure a euthanized mouse supine on a foam board with its limbs outstretched. Then, clean the legs with 70%ethanol.Next, make a shallow cut about two millimeters deep to remove the skin and fur from the surface of each hind leg. Then, dissect the tissues to access the tibias and femurs. To remove the tibias and femurs, cut the bone and muscles just below the hip joint, and above the ankles.Then, remove as much of the muscle tissue from the bones as possible. Next, clean the bones with 70%ethanol, and allow it to evaporate for one minute. Then, place the bones in a six well plate filled with bone flesh medium.In the plate, trim one millimeter from either end of the femurs so that their inner cavities are exposed. Make certain a 26-gauge needle can access the cavities. Next, separate the tibia and femur from the knee joint.Then, insert the needle attached to a 10 milliliter syringe into a bone cavity and collect the bone marrow. Pull the bone marrow from all four bones into a 50 milliliter conical tube with five milliliters of bone flesh medium. Pipe out the medium and marrow up and down several times.Or vortex at a slow speed to gently disperse clumps in the suspension. Strings of marrow should be broken up into small flecks of marrow less than half a millimeter long. Next, top off the tube to 50 milliliters with bone flesh medium, and transfer it into a 75 square centimeter tissue culture flask.Incubate the bone marrow for an hour. During the incubation, the matured cells will adhere to the flask, and the desired hematopoietic progenitors will remain in suspension. Transfer the suspension to a 50 milliliter conical tube and spin down the cells into a pellet.Next, discard the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in five milliliters of MCSF culture medium. Then adjust the cell density to 500, 000 per milliliter and load 30 milliliters into a new 75 square centimeter flask. Continue culturing the cells, and on days four, seven, and 10, verify that the cells are adherent and slightly branched using an inverted phase contrast breakfield microscope.When checking the cells, discard the medium containing the non-adherent cells. Then wash the adherent cells with IMDM one time, and add 30 milliliters of fresh MCSF culture medium back into the flask. On day 10, replace the medium with eight milliliters of enzyme-free EDTA-based cell dissociation buffer to collect the cells.Incubate the cells briefly, then scrape the cells gently, and verify that they've released using a microscope. Once the cells are released, transfer the buffer with the cells to a 50 milliliter conical tube. Then rinse the flask three times with five milliliters of IMDM to collect more cells.Pull all the collections, centrifuge them and resuspend the pellet in three milliliters of MCSF. Now, count the cells and adjust their concentration to one million per milliliter. Then plate 100 microliters of cell suspension per well in a 96-well flat bottom plate.The entire plate should be fillable. Culture the cells for about an hour until they are adherent. Then stimulate them with different concentrations of LPS or intravenous immunoglobulin or both prepared in IMDM.Perform all the manipulations in duplicate or triplicate and be certain to keep untreated controls. Then incubate the cells for 24 hours and analyze the supernatants. Prepare a one milliliter syringe with the required amount of intravenous immunoglobulin and LPS, and attach a 26-gauge needle.For controls, use PBS plus LPS instead. Take hold of the mouse by its scruff while securing its hindquarters and tail using one hand. Target the lower-right quadrant of the abdomen, and insert the needle at a 30 to 40-degree angle with the bevel up, and insert it about 1.5 centimeters.Then inject the bolus. After an hour, harvest peritoneal macrophages after euthanizing the mouse. In a sterile hood, pin the euthanized mouse to a foam board with limbs spread out and sterilize the abdomen with 70%ethanol.Then, make a shallow two millimeter incision along the midline, and pull off the abdominal skin. Avoid puncturing the peritoneal wall. Next, fully load a five milliliter syringe with sterile PBS at pH 7.4, and inject the mouse using a 25 or 27-gauge needle, at the top of the peritoneal cavity, from either side, toward the midline, with the bevel of the needle up.After pulling the needle out, massage the peritoneum for 10 seconds to dislodge the cells. Now, insert the needle again, back into the cavity, and collect about 3.75 milliliters of lavage fluid. Transfer the lavage fluid to a 15 milliliter conical tube on ice.Repeat the injection, massage, and collection of lavage fluid three more times, and pull all the collections into the same tube. During the final collection it may be easier to withdraw the lavage fluid from the far side of the mouse. Next spin down the cells, and resuspend them in 500 microliters of plating medium.Then count the viable macrophages, and resuspend them at one million per milliliter. Now, plate 100 microliters of suspension into the wells of a 96-well flat bottom plate. Next, incubate the cells for an hour.The peritoneal macrophages will adhere to the plate. Then, remove the non-adherent cells, and rinse each well twice with 200 microliters of warm IMDM. After each wash, wait 10 seconds, and slowly tilt the plate to pull the rinse solution.After the washes, add back 100 microliters of plating medium, and place the plate in the incubator. For the ELISA, continue to incubate the cells without stimulation for 24 hours. Then collect and clarify the conditioned medium for cytokine analysis.BMDMs can be used to test antibody-based drug responses when challenged with an inflammatory stimulus in vitro. Intravenous immunoglobulin with LPS increases the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, seven-fold, compared to LPS stimulation alone. And it decreases the production of IL-12/23p40.In addition, intravenous immunoglobulin stimulation alone or with LPS increased the activation of the MAP kinase ERK1/2, with early and prolonged phosphorylation. Activation of P-38 also occurred sooner. Furthermore, peritoneal macrophages significantly increased IL-10 production with stimulation in vitro, when compared to PBS-injected mice.Cytokine production was next assessed in lavage fluid and in supernatants from ex vivo stimulated peritoneal macrophages. IL-10 was increased in lavage fluid, peritoneal cells, and peritoneal macrophages when the mice are challenged with intravenous immunoglobulin and LPS. By comparison, production of the pro inflammatory cytokine subunit IL-12/23p40 was significantly reduced in cultured peritoneal macrophages, but not in lavage fluid.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to test the effects of antibody-based drugs on macrophage activation states in vitro and in vivo using mouse bone marrow and peritoneal macrophages.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

8.1K Görüntüleme.  University of British Columbia. The overall goal of these experiments is to determine the effects of antibody-based drugs on anti-inflammatory macrophage activation states using mouse bone marrow and peritoneal macrophages. This method can help answer key questions in the field of immunology, such as, do specific antibody drugs act by changing macrophages to an IL-10 producing anti-inflammatory activation state. The main advantage of this technique, is that it measures the response of primary mouse macrophages from the bone...