Name: detection and isolation of apoptotic bodies to high purity
Uploaded: 2018-08-12T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 12 min 17 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity at JoVE.com

Bunun işe yaradığına I.K.H.P. için Ulusal Sağlık ve tıbbi araştırma Konseyi (GNT1125033 ve GNT1140187) ve Avustralya Araştırma Konseyi (DP170103790) hibe tarafından desteklenmiştir

1. indüksiyon apoptozis
<ol><li>Hücre örneği 300 x g 5 min için'santrifüj kapasitesi ve önceden varolan herhangi bir hücre artıkları kaldırmak için süpernatant atın. Not: yapışık hücreleri kullanırken, hücreleri önceden tohum ve 1 fosfat tamponlu çözüm (PBS) apoptosis indüksiyon öncesinde x ile yıkayın.</li>
	<li>Cep numarasını belirlemek ve hücreleri toplamak. Not: tahlil sonrası yalıtım bağlı olarak en az 1 x 10 bir başlangıç hücre sayısı7 hücreleri önerilir.</li>
	<li>Komple medya (%10 (vol/vol) fetal buzağı serum, 50 IU/mL penisilin, 50 µg/mL streptomisin karışımı içeren ilgili orta) 1 x 106 hücre/mL nihai bir konsantrasyon için resuspend.</li>
	<li>Aliquot ~ 2 x 6 iyi plaka kuyu başına 106 hücre.</li>
	<li>Apoptozis ikna etmek için plaka kapağı kaldırın ve hücreleri bir UV irradiator kullanarak 150 mJ/cm2 ışınlatayım. Bu yaklaşık 30-60 s almalıdır. Not: ~0.5 x 106 hücreler 'Untreated' hücre kontrolü için korunur ışınlama önce olun. Not: Apoptosis Ayrıca anti-Fas veya serum açlık6gibi diğer yöntemleri ile indüklenen.</li>
	<li>37 ° c, % 5 CO2 hücre bağlı olarak 2-8 saat için kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Bir tezgah en iyi ışık mikroskop kullanarak, blebbing, apoptopodia oluşumu ve ApoBD oluşumu gibi apoptotik türleri morfoloji varlığını doğrulamak için hücreleri görselleştirin. Not: 40 X büyütme yeterlidir</li>
	<li>P1000 pipet, pipet ve apoptotik örnekleri toplamak kullanma.</li>
	<li>1 x PBS ile tabak yıkama ve maksimum verim sağlamak için kalan örnek ile birleştirmek.</li>
	<li>Toplamak ~1/10th 'Bütün apoptotik örnek' (WAS) için kontrol.</li>
	<li>'Tedavi edilmezse' örnek toplamak.</li>
	<li>6 dk 3000 x g de WS ve Untreated örnekleri santrifüj kapasitesi.</li>
	<li>1 mL 1 x PBS resuspend ve buz üzerinde bir kenara koyun.</li>
	<li>ApoBD yalıtımı için her iki adım 2 veya 3 kalan apoptotik örnek ile devam ediyor.</li>
</ol>2. ApoBD yalıtım FACS üzerinden
<ol><li>3000 x g 6 dk için tüm örnek santrifüj kapasitesi.</li>
	<li>Pelet aksatmadan süpernatant çoğunluğu kaldırmak.</li>
	<li>1 mL 1 x A5 bağlama arabellek, A5-FITC 75 µL ve kime-PRO-3 2 µL başına 1 x 107 hücreleri içeren bir boyama çözüm resuspend.</li>
	<li>Örnek 10 dakika oda sıcaklığında karanlıkta kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>1-2 mL 1 x A5 bağlama arabellek ekleyin ve örneği için fazla leke kaldırmak 6 dk 3000 x g'santrifüj kapasitesi. Not: Karma hücre popülasyonlarının veya doku örnekleri, adım 1 x A5 bağlayıcı arabelleğe birleşimiyle hücre türüne özgü Marker boyama bir antikor gerçekleştirmek ve Santrifüjü 3000 x g 6 için de önce buz 20 dk (veya üreticinin iletişim kuralı göre) üzerinde kuluçkaya Min.</li>
	<li>Örnek Pelet FACS arabellek 3 mL resuspend (1 x PBS, 1 x A5 bağlama arabellek, % 10 FSC, 2 mM EDTA) 1 x 107 hücre başına.</li>
	<li>70 µm hücre süzgeç aracılığıyla bir yuvarlak-alt, polipropilen (akış sitometresi) tüp filtre ve örnekleri buz üzerinde ve karanlıkta tut.</li>
	<li>FACS makinede açmak ve bir 100 µm meme kullanarak standart olarak gerçekleştirmek, damla gecikme yapmak ve istikrarlı bir akışı sağlamak.</li>
	<li>Örnek yüklemek ve satın alma hızını ~ 1000 olayları/s için.</li>
	<li>FSC, SSC, APC (kime-PRO-3) ayarlamak ve FITC (A5) gerilim ve nüfus sağlamak için FACS araziler içinde pozisyon olayları açıkça ayrılmış olabilir.</li>
	<li>20.000 olayları kaydetmek.</li>
	<li>Gating bir strateji olduğu gibi bölüm 4 ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Sıralama düzeninde son ApoBD kapısı istenen sıralama nüfus eklemek.</li>
	<li>Örnek alınıyor başlamak ve ~ 250 µL FACS arabellek içeren yeni bir tüpe 5,000-10,000 ApoBDs toplayarak bir test sıralamayı gerçekleştirmek.</li>
	<li>Bir sistem geri floş gerçekleştirmek ve yük ApoBDs sıralanır.</li>
	<li>Elde etmek ve test-sıralama ApoBDs kaydedin.</li>
	<li>FSC (y ekseni) vs A5 karşılaştırarak ApoBD saflık % ~ 99 olduğundan emin olun (x ekseni olaylar). Not: A5 boyama biraz nedeniyle lazer beyazlatma örnekleri yeniden analiz ederken azaltmak.</li>
	<li>Yüksek saflıkta elde sonra orijinal örnek yük ve ApoBDs için istediğiniz sayıyı elde kadar sıralama devam edin. Not: gerekirse, ikili sıralama aynı anda ApoCells ve ApoBDs izole etmek için gerçekleştirilebilir. Not: uzun bir süre boyunca sıralarken, koleksiyon tüp 4 ° C'de kuluçka önerilir</li>
	<li>Sıralama işlemi tamamlandıktan sonra sonrası sıralama ApoBDs küçük bir bölümünü toplamak, tür sonrası ApoCells, Untreated ve WAS apoptosis doğrulamak ve sonrası sıralama saflık onaylamak için. Not: test-sıralama ve sonrası sıralama saflık önemli ölçüde farklı değil olsa da, bu akış ayarları ve istikrar üzerinde temel alır.</li>
</ol>3. ApoBD yalıtım fark Santrifüjü üzerinden
<ol><li>Kalan apoptotik örneği ' 300 x g 10 dk santrifüj kapasitesi.</li>
	<li>Hücre Pelet etkilemesini önlemek için ~ 500 µL bırakarak süpernatant, toplamak ve bir yeni 15 mL konik tüp içine ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Kalan 500 µL kaldırmak ve hücre Pelet resuspend 2 mL 1 x PBS (Bu 'ApoCell zenginleştirilmiş kesir' temsil eder.</li>
	<li>Toplanan süpernatant 3000 gde 20 dk santrifüj kapasitesi.</li>
	<li>Pelet için kontrol edin ve dikkatli bir şekilde (süpernatant microvesicles ve exosomes de dahil olmak üzere küçük hücre dışı veziküller içerebilir) süpernatant çıkarın.</li>
	<li>Pelet 1 mL 1 x PBS (Bu 'ApoBD-zenginleştirilmiş' kesir temsil eder) resuspend</li>
	<li>Her Viable, WS, ApoCell zenginleştirilmiş ve ApoBD zenginleştirilmiş örnekleri içinde bir yeni turda-dip, polistiren (akış sitometresi) tüp 100 µL toplamak.</li>
	<li>2 x A5 bağlama arabellek, 1: 100 A5-FITC ve 1:1,000 kime-PRO-3 içeren leke 100 µL Ekle</li>
	<li>10 dk içinde belgili tanımlık karanlık oda sıcaklığında kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Örnekleri gating strateji apoptosis başarılı indüksiyon ve ApoBD zenginleştirilmiş kesir saflığı doğrulamak için yukarıda açıklandığı gibi kullanarak akış sitometresi tarafından analiz.</li>
</ol>4. akış sitometresi strateji geçişi
<ol><li>Arsa kime-PRO-3 (y ekseni) karşı nekrotik hücre (kime-PRO-3yüksek) tüm diğer permeabilized olmayan olaylardan (kime-PRO-3düşük/orta) ayırmak için FSC (x ekseni).</li>
	<li>Tüm sigara permeabilized olayları seçin ve A5 karşı SSC arsa. Nüfus 1 (P1), SSCOrta/yüksek, A5düşük/orta hücreleri ve nüfus 2 (P2), diğer bütün olayları da dahil olmak üzere iki popülasyonun kapı.</li>
	<li>P2, kime-PRO-3 A5 karşı komplo ve A5Orta/yüksek olaylar tüm hücre artıkları dışarıda bırakmak için seçin.</li>
	<li>Tüm A5 olumlu olayları seçin ve A5 karşı FSC arsa. ApoBDs (FSCdüşük) ApoCells (FSCOrta/yüksek) ayırın. Not: ApoBDs ApoBD yalıtım FACS dayalı yaklaşım yoluyla için geçişi, son bir adım ApoBDs ve kime-PRO-3 A5 için karşılaştırma ve tüm olayları seçerek önerilir. Bu son sıralama kapısı FSC/SSC parametreleri yerine floresans kullanmasını sağlar.</li>
	<li>Geçerli hücre analizi, P1 seçin ve iki gating stratejileri birini gerçekleştirin. Genel geçerli hücre analizi için FSC A5 karşı arsa ve bu nedenle kalan hücre artıkları kaldırma tüm FSCOrta/yüksek hücreleri seçin. Alternatif olarak, derinlemesine analiz için hücrelerin A5 ayrılabilir- kime-PRO-3 FSC karşı komplo tarafından erken ApoCells. Seçin kime-PRO-3düşük, FSCOrta/yüksek hücrelerin ve kime-PRO-3Ara, FSCOrta/yüksek A5- erken ApoCells.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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1950'lerin başlarında açıklamasını beri apoptozis alanında belirgin, bir önde gelen araştırma alanı haline ilerlemiştir. Geniş ilgi ve geniş çabalarına rağmen apoptozis, özellikle ApoBDs, oluşumu bazı yönlerini de uygun yöntemleri eksikliği nedeniyle incelenmiştir değil. Bunlar özellikle belgili tanımlık sınırlama apoptosis ilerleme ve ApoBD oluşumu aynı anda geleneksel akış sitometresi A5/PI analiz ve ApoBD yalıtım kirleri kullanarak izleme içerir. Biz son zamanlarda metodolojik Bu e...

Apoptozis, programlı hücre ölümü iyi çalışılmış bir form fizyolojik homeostazı korumak ve insan vücudu1içindeki zararlı olma olasılığı bulunan hücreleri kaldırmak için gereklidir. Apoptozis indüksiyon sonra apoptotik hücreler (ApoCells) morfolojik değişiklikler bir dizi tabi ve ApoBDs olarak adlandırdığı küçük membran bağlı veziküller sökmeye. Genel olarak, bu işlem apoptotik hücre sökme bilinir ve morfoloji2,3dayalı 3 farklı adımları ayrılabilir. Adım 1 (plazma zarı blebbing) blebs4,5olarak bilinen hücre yüzeyinde balon benzeri yapıların oluşumu ile karakterizedir. Adım 2 (apoptotik çıkıntı oluşumu) uzun membran çıkıntılar sivri6,7,8apoptopodia, boncuklu-apoptopodia ve Mikrotubul gibi oluşumu içerir. Son olarak, adım 3 (ApoBD oluşumu) parçalanma apoptotik çıkıntılar ve/veya ApoBDs6,9oluşturmak için ApoCells içerir. Önceki bulgular ApoBDs apoptotik hücre temizleme yardım ve hücreler arası iletişim arabuluculuk rolü tavsiye ettiler. Örneğin, bir ApoCell parçalanma ApoBDs içine kolayca fagositler2,10,11çevreleyen tarafından kaldırılmış olabilir küçük 'ısırık büyüklüğünde' parçalar oluşturabilir önerilmiştir. Ayrıca, ApoBDs biomolecules DNA, RNA ve proteinler, hücre-hücre iletişim12,13,14kolaylaştırmak için çevredeki hücreleri insan ticareti gibi bir dizi olabilir liman. Bu işlemlerin işlevsel olarak araştırmak için (i) doğrulama apoptosis indüksiyon ve ApoBD oluşumu, ApoBDs izolasyonu (II) ve (III) onay ApoBD saflık da dahil olmak üzere üç anahtar parametreleri onaylamak için hayati önem taşımaktadır.
Daha önce birkaç yöntem akış sitometresi ve Elektron Mikroskopisi gibi apoptozis ve ApoBDs15,16,17,18eğitim için kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, ApoBD algılama ve miktar zor veya gözden çoğu kez. Örneğin, rutin olarak kullanılan akış sitometresi tabanlı apoptosis V annexin istihdam tahlil (A5, externalized bağlar bir protein ' yemek-bana ' sinyal Fosfatidilserin (PtdSer)) ve nükleik asit leke propidium iyodür (PI)19. Ancak, bu evrensel leke bileşimini kullanarak, analiz hücre alt kümeleri (hücrelerin, ApoCells ve nekrotik hücre) örnek yalnızca üç tür vardır varsayar. Ayrıca, apoptozis için pek çok araştırmacı tarafından "altın standart" olarak kabul rağmen akış sitometresi deneyleri ve sonraki veri analizi kez FSC/SSCOrta-yüksek olaylar seçerek bir ilk gating adım adım ApoBDs dışarıda tutar. Bu nedenle, biz son zamanlarda A5 ve kime-PRO-3 kullanarak bir roman akış sitometresi tahlil geliştirdik, seçmeli olarak caspase 3/7-aktif pannexin 1 (PANX1) tarafından alınabilir başka bir nükleik leke7,20kanal. Caspase 3 kaynaklı PANX1 harekete geçirmek PtdSer pozlama apoptosis erken aşamada önce gelir gibi kime-PRO-3 differentially apoptotik ve nekrotik hücre lekeleri. Buna ek olarak, bu yaklaşım strateji çoğunluğuna bizim roman ile birlikte veri çözümlemesi sırasında tüm alınan olayları içerir ve dahil olmak üzere altı hücre/parçacık alt kümeleri sonuç olarak tanımlanır: (i) hücrelerin (FSC/SSCOrta/yüksek, A5düşük , Kime-PRO-3düşük), (II) A5- erken ApoCells (FSC/SSCOrta/yüksek, A5düşük, kime-PRO-3Ara), (III) A5+ ApoCells (FSC/SSCOrta/yüksek, A5yüksek , Kime-PRO-3Ara), (IV) nekrotik hücre veya geç ApoCells (FSC/SSCOrta/yüksek, A5yüksek, kime-PRO-3yüksek), (v) ApoBDs (FSC/SSCdüşük, A5Ara, kime-PRO-3düşük / ara) ve (vi) enkaz (FSC/SSCdüşük, A5düşük, kime-PRO-3düşük)20. Bizim yaklaşım tüm hücreler/parçacık alt kümeleri ve daha da önemlisi, ApoBDs ayrılık hücreleri ve enkaz20analiz önemini vurgular. Böylece, bu yaklaşım aynı anda apoptozis ve ApoBD oluşumu indüksiyon doğrulamak için verimli bir tekniği gösteriyor.
Geleneksel olarak, ApoBDs nereye ApoBDs hücreleri veya yoğunluğu dayalı diğer ekstraselüler veziküller ayrılabilir diferansiyel Santrifüjü yaklaşımlar çeşitli aracılığıyla izole edilmiştir. Ancak, tür Santrifüjü yöntemler genellikle düşük ApoBD saflık,-sizlik çekmek-in örnek saflık ve/veya hücre türüne özgü ApoBDs17,21,22ayrı yetersizlik onaylamak için bir miktar adım tarafından sınırlıdır. Bu nedenle, biz son zamanlarda iki yaklaşım, FACS tabanlı ve hangi Apoptozis ve örnek saflık23indüksiyon doğrulamak için bizim daha önce kurulan akış sitometresi yöntemi ile birleştiğinde yeni fark Santrifüjü temelli bir yaklaşım geliştirdik. ApoBD yalıtım FACS tabanlı yaklaşımımız ile % 99 saflık için yukarı ApoBDs zenginleştirmek ve hücre türüne özgü antikor ApoBDs karma hücre popülasyonlarının, doku örnekleri ve vücut sıvıları23izole etmek için çeşitli ile birleştiğinde. Ayrıca, bizim gözden geçirilmiş fark Santrifüjü yaklaşım ApoBDs için yalıtmak için verimli bir yöntem gösteriyor > % 90 saflık23.
Bu yazıda, apoptozis indüksiyon, doğrulamak ve algılamak ve ApoBD oluşumu ölçmek için deneysel bir işlem bizim biz ayrıntılı olarak tarif. FACS tabanlı ve fark Santrifüjü tabanlı yöntemleri kullanarak ApoBD yalıtım iş akışları da özenli ve karşılaştırıldığında. Temsilcisi veri açıklanan yöntemi gelecekteki ApoBD çalışmalar için etkili bir üstün araç sağlar gösterir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Cells e.g. cultured human THP-1 monocytes (clone number: TIB-202)</td><td>ATCC</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640 medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>22400-089</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-streptomycin mixture</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15140122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FSC</td><td>Gibco</td><td>10099-141</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1x PBS</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Annexin V FITC</td><td>BD Bioscience</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TO-PRO-3 iodide</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>T3605</td><td>TO-PRO-3 may cause skin, eye and respiratory irration. Avoid direct contact.</td></tr><tr><td>10x Annexin V binding buffer</td><td>BD Bioscience</td><td>556454</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>1001710526</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge tube (15 mL)</td><td>Cellstar</td><td>188271</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microcentrifuge tube (1.5 mL)</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>72.690.001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue culture incubator (37 &amp;deg;C, 5% CO2)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>392932</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FACS ARIA III Flow cytometer, configured with two lasers for FITC and APC detection</td><td>BD Bioscience</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FACS Canto II Flow cytometer, configured with two lasers for FITC and APC detection</td><td>BD Bioscience</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FACS Diva 6.1.1 software</td><td>BD Bioscience</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FlowJo 8.8.6 software</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;UV Stratalinker 1800</td><td>Stratagene</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

detection and isolation of apoptotic bodies to high purity

Apoptotik organları (ApoBDs), microvesicles ve exosomes anahtar hücre dışı vezikül ailesiyle en büyük türü olan ApoBDs üyesidir. ApoBDs hücre izni hem de hücreler arası iletişim yoluyla kaçakçılığı biomolecules yardımcı olabilir teklif edildi. Kimlik ve ApoBDs yalıtım için kullanılan geleneksel yaklaşımlar genellikle doğru miktar ve düşük örnek saflık eksikliği nedeniyle sınırlıdır. Burada, apoptozis indüksiyon onaylamak, ApoBD formasyonu doğrulamak ve ApoBDs için yüksek saflıkta yalıtmak için bir iş akışı açıklanmaktadır. Ayrıca anahat ve floresan aktif hücre (FACS) sıralama ve ApoBDs izole etmek için fark Santrifüjü dayalı yaklaşımlar karşılaştırın. Ayrıca, izole ApoBDs saflığı kullanarak teyit edilecek bir daha önce akış sitometresi tabanlı boyama ve analitik yöntem kurmak. Birlikte, açıklanan yaklaşım kullanılarak yapılan THP-1 monosit apoptozis ve apoptotik hücre sökme indüklenen ve doğrulanmış ve THP-1 monosit oluşturulan ApoBD 97-%99 saflık için izole edildi.

Burada özetlenen yordamı kullanarak, THP-1 monosit apoptosis akımıdır ve ApoBDs algılanır ve bir FACS tabanlı veya bir fark Santrifüjü yaklaşım (Şekil 1) yolu ile izole. İlk olarak, apoptozis UV ışınlama tarafından indüklenen ve apoptotik türleri morfoloji, blebbing, apoptotik membran çıkıntı oluşumu ve ApoBDs6nesil de dahil olmak üzere hücreleri sergilenen zaman örnekleri, kuluçka sonra 2-3 h toplanmışt?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity at JoVE.com

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Akış Sitometresi veya diferansiyel Santrifüjü kullanarak bir iş akışı tespit etmek, ölçmek ve apoptotik vücutlarından apoptotik örneği yüksek saflıkta yalıtmak için geliştirilmiştir.

Algılama ve yalıtım için yüksek saflıkta apoptotik organlarının

Apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs), microvesicles and exosomes are the key members of the extracellular vesicle family, with ApoBDs being one of the largest type. ...

detection-and-isolation-of-apoptotic-bodies-to-high-purity

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

10.5K Görüntüleme.  La Trobe University. Akış Sitometresi veya diferansiyel Santrifüjü kullanarak bir iş akışı tespit etmek, ölçmek ve apoptotik vücutlarından apoptotik örneği yüksek saflıkta yalıtmak için geliştirilmiştir.

Video: Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Flow Cytometric Detection of Newly-formed Breast Cancer Stem Cell-like Cells After Apoptosis Reversal

Cancer recurrence has long been studied by oncologists while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, we and others found that a phenomenon named apoptosis reversal leads to increased tumorigenicity in various cell models under different stimuli. Previous studies have been focused on tracking this process in vitro and in vivo; however, the isolation of real reversed cells has yet to be achieved, which limits our understanding on the consequences of apoptosis reversal. Here, we take advantage of a Caspase-3/7 Green Detection dye to label cells with activated caspases after apoptotic induction. Cells with positive signals are further sorted out by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for recovery. Morphological examination under confocal microscopy helps confirm the apoptotic status before FACS. An increase in tumorigenicity can often be attributed to the elevation in the percentage of cancer stem cell (CSC)-like cells. Also, given the heterogeneity of breast cancer, identifying the origin of these CSC-like cells would be critical to cancer treatment. Thus, we prepare breast non-stem cancer cells before triggering apoptosis, isolating caspase-activated cells and performing the apoptosis reversal procedure. Flow cytometry analysis reveals that breast CSC-like cells re-appear in the reversed group, indicating breast CSC-like cells are transited from breast non-stem cancer cells during apoptosis reversal. In summary, this protocol includes the isolation of apoptotic breast cancer cells and detection of changes in CSC percentage in reversed cells by flow cytometry.

Here, we present a protocol to isolate apoptotic breast cancer cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and further detect the transition of breast non-stem cancer cells to breast cancer stem cell-like cells after apoptosis reversal by flow cytometry.

Apoptozis ters sonra yeni kurulan meme kanser kök hücre benzeri hücre akış sitometrik algılama

Cancer recurrence has long been studied by oncologists while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, we and others found that a phenomenon ...

Kanser Araştırmaları

Monitoring Cleaved Caspase-3 Activity and Apoptosis of Immortalized Oligodendroglial Cells using Live-cell Imaging and Cleaveable Fluorogenic-dye Substrates Following Potassium-induced Membrane Depolarization

The central nervous system can experience a number of stresses and neurological insults, which can have numerous adverse effects that ultimately lead to a reduction in neuronal population and function. Damaged axons can release excitatory molecules including potassium or glutamate into the extracellular matrix, which in turn, can produce further insult and injury to the supporting glial cells including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes 8, 16. If the insult persists, cells will undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis), which is regulated and activated by a number of well-established signal transduction cascades 14. Apoptosis and tissue necrosis can occur after traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemia, and seizures. A classical example of apoptotic regulation is the family of cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases, or caspases. Activated proteases including caspases have also been implicated in cell death in response to chronic neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Multiple Sclerosis 4, 14, 3, 11, 7.
In this protocol we describe the use of the NucView 488 caspase-3 substrate to measure the rate of caspase-3 mediated apoptosis in immortalized N19-oligodendrocyte (OLG) cell cultures 15, 5, following exposure to different extracellular stresses such as high concentrations of potassium or glutamate. The conditionally-immortalized N19-OLG cell line (representing the O2A progenitor) was obtained from Dr. Anthony Campagnoni (UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience) 15, 5, and has been previously used to study molecular mechanisms of myelin gene expression and signal transduction leading to OLG differentiation (e.g.6, 10). We have found this cell line to be robust with respect to transfection with exogenous myelin basic protein (MBP) constructs fused to either RFP or GFP (red or green fluorescent protein) 13, 12. Here, the N19-OLG cell cultures were treated with either 80 mM potassium chloride or 100 mM sodium glutamate to mimic axonal leakage into the extracellular matrix to induce apoptosis 9. We used a bi-functional caspase-3 substrate containing a DEVD (Asp-Glu-Val-Asp) caspase-3 recognition subunit and a DNA-binding dye 2. The substrate quickly enters the cytoplasm where it is cleaved by intracellular caspase-3. The dye, NucView 488 is released and enters the cell nucleus where it binds DNA and fluoresces green at 488 nm, signaling apoptosis. Use of the NucView 488 caspase-3 substrate allows for live-cell imaging in real-time 1, 10. In this video, we also describe the culturing and transfection of immortalized N19-OLG cells, as well as live-cell imaging techniques.

Monitoring Cleaved Caspase-3 Activity and Apoptosis of Immortalized Oligodendroglial Cells using Live-cell Imaging and Cleaveable Fluorogenic-dye Substrates Following Potassium-induced Membrane Depola

Live-cell imaging of caspase-3 mediated apoptosis in immortalized N19-oligodendrocyte cell cultures using the NucView 488 caspase-3 substrate. This technique is applicable for programmed cell death assays in real-time in a variety of cell types and tissues.

İzleme bölünmüş Kaspaz-3 Aktivite ve Potasyum kaynaklı Membran depolarizasyon Canlı hücre Görüntüleme ve Cleaveable EPA-boya Substratlar ölümsüzleştirdi oligodendroglial Hücre Apoptoz

The central nervous system can experience a number of stresses and neurological insults, which can have numerous adverse effects that ultimately lead to a ...

Nörobilim

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Apoptotic Biomarkers in Actinomycin D-Treated SiHa Cervical Cancer Cells

Apoptosis biomarkers were investigated in actinomycin D-treated SiHa cervical cancer cells using a benchtop flow cytometer. Early biomarkers (Annexin V and mitochondrial membrane potential) and late biomarkers (caspases 3 and 7, and DNA damage) of apoptosis were measured in experimental and control cultures. Cultures were incubated for 24 hours in a humidified incubator at 37 &#176;C with 5% CO2. The cells were then detached using trypsin and enumerated using a flow cytometric cell count assay. Cells were further analyzed for apoptosis using an Annexin V assay, a mitochondrial electrochemical transmembrane potential assay, a caspase 3/7 assay, and a DNA damage assay. This article provides an overview of apoptosis and traditional flow cytometry, and elaborates flow cytometric protocols for processing and analyzing SiHa cells. The results describe positive, negative, and sub-optimal experimental data. Also discussed are interpretation and caveats in performing flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis using this analytical platform. Flow cytometric analysis provides an accurate measurement of early and late biomarkers for apoptosis.

Apoptosis can be characterized by flow cytometric analysis of early and late apoptotic biomarkers. The cervical cancer cell line, SiHa, was analyzed for apoptosis biomarkers after treatment with Actinomycin D using a benchtop flow cytometer.

Aktinomisin D ile Tedavi Edilen SiHa Serviks Kanseri Hücrelerinde Apoptotik Biyobelirteçlerin Akış Sitometrik Analizi

Apoptosis biomarkers were investigated in actinomycin D-treated SiHa cervical cancer cells using a benchtop flow cytometer. Early biomarkers (Annexin V ...

Use of a Caspase Multiplexing Assay to Determine Apoptosis in a Hypothalamic Cell Model

The ability to multiplex assays in studies of complex cellular mechanisms eliminates the need for repetitive experiments, provides internal controls, and decreases waste in costs and reagents. Here we describe optimization of a multiplex assay to assess apoptosis following a palmitic acid (PA) challenge in an in vitro hypothalamic model, using both fluorescent and luminescent based assays to measure viable cell counts and caspase-3/7 activity in a 96-well microtiter plate format. Following PA challenge, viable cells were determined by a resazurin-based fluorescent assay. Caspase-3/7 activity was then determined using a luminogenic substrate, DEVD, and normalized to cell number. This multiplexing assay is a useful technique for determining change in caspase activity following an apoptotic stimulus, such as saturated fatty acid challenge. The saturated fatty acid PA can increase hypothalamic oxidative stress and apoptosis, indicating the potential importance of assays such as that described here in studying the relationship between saturated fatty acids and neuronal function.

Multiplex assays can provide beneficial information for basic cellular mechanisms&#160;and eliminate waste of reagents and unnecessary repetitive experiments. We describe here a multiplex caspase-3/7 activity assay, using fluorescent- and luminescent-based methods, to determine cell viability in an in vitro hypothalamic model following oxidative challenge with palmitic acid.

Bir Hipotalamik Hücre Modeli Apoptosisi Belirleyen Bir Kaspaz Çoğullama Testi Kullanımı

The ability to multiplex assays in studies of complex cellular mechanisms eliminates the need for repetitive experiments, provides internal controls, and ...

Measuring Caspase Activity Using a Fluorometric Assay or Flow Cytometry

The activation of cysteine proteases, known as caspases, remains an important process in multiple forms of cell death. Caspases are critical initiators and executioners of apoptosis, the most studied form of programmed cell death. Apoptosis occurs during developmental processes and is a necessary event in tissue homeostasis. Pyroptosis is another form of cell death that utilizes caspases and is a critical process in activating the immune system through the activation of the inflammasome, which results in the release of members of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family. To assess caspase activity, target substrates can be assessed. However, sensitivity can be an issue when examining single cells or low-level activity. We demonstrate how a fluorogenic substrate can be used with a population-based assay or single-cell assay by flow cytometry. With proper controls, different amino acid sequences can be used to identify which caspases are active. Using these assays, the simultaneous loss of the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins upon tumor necrosis factor (TNF) stimulation has been identified, which primarily induces apoptosis in macrophages rather than other forms of cell death.

The present protocol describes two methods to measure caspase activity through a fluorogenic substrate using flow cytometry or a spectrofluorometer.

Florometrik Tahlil veya Akış Sitometrisi Kullanarak Kaspaz Aktivitesinin Ölçülmesi

The activation of cysteine proteases, known as caspases, remains an important process in multiple forms of cell death. Caspases are critical initiators ...

Biyokimya

Modified Annexin V/Propidium Iodide Apoptosis Assay For Accurate Assessment of Cell Death

Studies of cellular apoptosis have been significantly impacted since the introduction of flow cytometry-based methods. Propidium iodide (PI) is widely used in conjunction with Annexin V to determine if cells are viable, apoptotic, or necrotic through differences in plasma membrane integrity and permeability1,2. The Annexin V/ PI protocol is a commonly used approach for studying apoptotic cells3. PI is used more often than other nuclear stains because it is economical, stable and a good indicator of cell viability, based on its capacity to exclude dye in living cells 4,5. The ability of PI to enter a cell is dependent upon the permeability of the membrane; PI does not stain live or early apoptotic cells due to the presence of an intact plasma membrane 1,2,6. In late apoptotic and necrotic cells, the integrity of the plasma and nuclear membranes decreases7,8, allowing PI to pass through the membranes, intercalate into nucleic acids, and display red fluorescence 1,2,9. Unfortunately, we find that conventional Annexin V/ PI protocols lead to a significant number of false positive events (up to 40%), which are associated with PI staining of RNA within the cytoplasmic compartment10. Primary cells and cell lines in a broad range of animal models are affected, with large cells (nuclear: cytoplasmic ratios &lt;0.5) showing the highest occurrence10. Herein, we demonstrate a modified Annexin V/ PI method that provides a significant improvement for assessment of cell death compared to conventional methods. This protocol takes advantage of changes in cellular permeability during cell fixing to promote entry of RNase A into cells following staining. Both the timing and concentration of RNase A have been optimized for removal of cytoplasmic RNA. The result is a significant improvement over conventional Annexin V/ PI protocols (&lt; 5% events with cytoplasmic PI staining).

An accurate method for the assessment of cell death is described. The protocol improves upon conventional Annexin V/ propidium iodide (PI) protocols, which display up to 40% false- positive events in cell lines and primary cells from a broad range of animal models.

Hücre Ölümü doğru değerlendirilmesi için modifiye Annexin V / Propidium İyodür Apoptoz Testi

Studies of cellular apoptosis have been significantly impacted since the introduction of flow cytometry-based methods. Propidium iodide (PI) is widely ...

Biyoloji

Quantification of Efferocytosis by Single-cell Fluorescence Microscopy

Studying the regulation of efferocytosis requires methods that are able to accurately quantify the uptake of apoptotic cells and to probe the signaling and cellular processes that control efferocytosis. This quantification can be difficult to perform as apoptotic cells are often efferocytosed piecemeal, thus necessitating methods which can accurately delineate between the efferocytosed portion of an apoptotic target versus residual unengulfed cellular fragments. The approach outlined herein utilizes dual-labeling approaches to accurately quantify the dynamics of efferocytosis and efferocytic capacity of efferocytes such as macrophages. The cytosol of the apoptotic cell is labeled with a cell-tracking dye to enable monitoring of all apoptotic cell-derived materials, while surface biotinylation of the apoptotic cell allows for differentiation between internalized and non-internalized apoptotic cell fractions. The efferocytic capacity of efferocytes is determined by taking fluorescent images of live or fixed cells and quantifying the amount of bound versus internalized targets, as differentiated by streptavidin staining. This approach offers several advantages over methods such as flow cytometry, namely the accurate delineation of non-efferocytosed versus efferocytosed apoptotic cell fractions, the ability to measure efferocytic dynamics by live-cell microscopy, and the capacity to perform studies of cellular signaling in cells expressing fluorescently-labeled transgenes. Combined, the methods outlined in this protocol serve as the basis for a flexible experimental approach that can be used to accurately quantify efferocytic activity and interrogate cellular signaling pathways active during efferocytosis.

Efferocytosis, the phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells, is required to maintain homeostasis and is facilitated by receptors and signaling pathways that allow for the recognition, engulfment, and internalization of apoptotic cells. Herein, we present a fluorescence microscopy protocol for the quantification of efferocytosis and the activity of efferocytic signaling pathways.

Efferocytosis tek hücreli floresans mikroskobu tarafından miktar

Studying the regulation of efferocytosis requires methods that are able to accurately quantify the uptake of apoptotic cells and to probe the signaling ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Experimental Analysis of Apoptotic Thymocyte Engulfment by Macrophages

Cell apoptosis is a natural process and plays a critical role in embryonic development, homeostatic regulation, immune tolerance induction, and resolution of inflammation. Accumulation of apoptotic debris in the body may trigger chronic inflammatory responses that lead to systemic autoimmune diseases over time. Impaired apoptotic cell clearance has been implicated in a variety of autoimmune diseases. Apoptotic clearance is a complex process rarely detected under physiological conditions. It involves abundant surface receptors and signaling molecules. Studying the process of apoptotic cell clearance provides insightful molecular mechanisms and subsequent biological responses, which may lead to the development of new therapeutics. Here, we describe protocols for the induction of apoptotic thymocytes, the preparation of peritoneal macrophages, and the analysis of apoptotic cell clearance by flow cytometry and microscopy. All cells will undergo apoptosis at a certain stage, and many residential and circulating cells can uptake apoptotic debris. Therefore, the protocol described here can be used in many applications to characterize apoptotic cell binding and ingestion by many other cell types.

Here, we present a protocol to prepare apoptotic thymocytes and peritoneal macrophages and analyze the efficiency of efferocytosis and the specific inhibitor-mediated blocking of apoptotic thymocytes engulfment. This protocol has a broad application in cell-mediated clearance of other particles including artificial beads and bacteria.

Makrofajlar tarafından apoptotik thymocyte engulfment deneysel Analizi

Cell apoptosis is a natural process and plays a critical role in embryonic development, homeostatic regulation, immune tolerance induction, and resolution ...

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Anastasis (Greek for &#8220;rising to life&#8221;) refers to the recovery of dying cells. Before these cells recover, they have passed through important checkpoints of apoptosis, including mitochondrial fragmentation, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytosol, activation of caspases, chromatin condensation, DNA damage, nuclear fragmentation, plasma membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage, cell surface exposure of phosphatidylserine, and formation of apoptotic bodies. Anastasis can occur when apoptotic stimuli are removed prior to death, thereby allowing dying cells to reverse apoptosis and potentially other death mechanisms. Therefore, anastasis appears to involve physiological healing processes that could also sustain damaged cells inappropriately. The functions and mechanisms of anastasis are still unclear, hampered in part by the limited tools for detecting past events after the recovery of apparently healthy cells. Strategies to detect anastasis will enable studies of the physiological mechanisms, the hazards of undead cells in disease pathology, and potential therapeutics to modulate anastasis. Here, we describe effective strategies using live cell microscopy and a mammalian caspase biosensor&#160;for identifying and tracking anastasis in mammalian cells.

The term anastasis refers to the phenomenon in which dying cells reverse a cell suicide process at a late stage, repair themselves, and ultimately survive. Here we demonstrate protocols for detecting and tracking cells that undergo anastasis.

Takip inişi, Apoptosisi tersine Cep Survival Fenomeni için Stratejiler

Anastasis (Greek for &#8220;rising to life&#8221;) refers to the recovery of dying cells. Before these cells recover, they have passed through important ...

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Cells dying by apoptosis, also referred to as regulated cell death, acquire multiple new activities that enable them to influence the function of adjacent live cells. Vital activities, such as survival, proliferation, growth, and differentiation, are among the many cellular functions modulated by apoptotic cells. The ability to recognize and respond to apoptotic cells appears to be a universal feature of all cells, regardless of lineage or organ of origination. However, the diversity and complexity of the response to apoptotic cells mandates that great care be taken in dissecting the signaling events and pathways responsible for any particular outcome. In particular, one must distinguish among the multiple mechanisms by which apoptotic cells can influence intracellular signaling pathways within viable responder cells, including: receptor-mediated recognition of the apoptotic cell, release of soluble mediators by the apoptotic cell, and/or engagement of the phagocytic machinery. Here, we provide a protocol for identifying intracellular signaling events that are induced in viable responder cells following their exposure to apoptotic cells. A major advantage of the protocol lies in the attention it pays to dissection of the mechanism by which apoptotic cells modulate signaling events within responding cells. While the protocol is specific for a conditionally immortalized mouse kidney proximal tubular cell line (BU.MPT cells), it is easily adapted to cell lines that are non-epithelial in origin and/or derived from organs other than the kidney. The use of dead cells as a stimulus introduces several unique factors that can hinder the detection of intracellular signaling events. These problems, as well as strategies to minimize or circumvent them, are discussed within the protocol. Application of this protocol should aid our expanding knowledge of the broad influence that dead or dying cells exert on their live neighbors, both in health and in disease.

Here, we present a protocol for the determination of intracellular signaling events induced in viable cells by physical interaction with adjacent dead or dying cells. The protocol focuses on signaling events induced by receptor-mediated recognition of the dead cells, as opposed to their phagocytic uptake or release of soluble mediators.

Hücre içi Komşu maruz kalan hücreler, apoptotik hücre ölümü ile etkileşim yoluyla canlı hücreler İndüklenen sinyal olaylarının tanımlanması

Cells dying by apoptosis, also referred to as regulated cell death, acquire multiple new activities that enable them to influence the function of adjacent ...