<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Farelerde İzolektin B4 Boyaması ile Pulmoner Mikrovasküler Sistemin Değerlendirilmesi

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	<li>Jia, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fgf-2+promotes+angiogenesis+through+a+srsf1/srsf3/srpk1-dependent+axis+that+controls+vegfr1+splicing+in+endothelial+cells.">Fgf-2 promotes angiogenesis through a srsf1/srsf3/srpk1-dependent axis that controls vegfr1 splicing in endothelial cells.</a> BMC Biol. 19 (1), 173 (2021).</li><li>Schneider, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+aging+lung:+Physiology,+disease,+and+immunity.">The aging lung: Physiology, disease, and immunity.</a> Cell. 184 (8), 1990-2019 (2021).</li><li>Rafii, S., Butler, J. M., Ding, B. 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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolating+pulmonary+microvascular+endothelial+cells+ex+vivo:+Implications+for+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension,+and+a+caution+on+the+use+of+commercial+biomaterials.">Isolating pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells ex vivo: Implications for pulmonary arterial hypertension, and a caution on the use of commercial biomaterials.</a> PLoS One. 14 (2), e0211909 (2019).</li><li>Thomas, S. M., Bednarek, J., Janssen, W. J., Hume, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Air-inflation+of+murine+lungs+with+vascular+perfusion-fixation.">Air-inflation of murine lungs with vascular perfusion-fixation.</a> J Vis Exp. (168), e62215 (2021).</li><li>Ramasamy, S. K., Kusumbe, A. P., Adams, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+tissue+morphogenesis+by+endothelial+cell-derived+signals.">Regulation of tissue morphogenesis by endothelial cell-derived signals.</a> Trends Cell Biol. 25 (3), 148-157 (2015).</li><li>Amersfoort, J., Eelen, G., Carmeliet, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunomodulation+by+endothelial+cells+-+partnering+up+with+the+immune+system.">Immunomodulation by endothelial cells - partnering up with the immune system.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 22 (9), 576-588 (2022).</li><li>Niethamer, T. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+the+role+of+pulmonary+endothelial+cell+heterogeneity+in+the+response+to+acute+lung+injury.">Defining the role of pulmonary endothelial cell heterogeneity in the response to acute lung injury.</a> eLife. 9, e53072 (2020).</li><li>Corliss, B. A., Mathews, C., Doty, R., Rohde, G., Peirce, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+to+label,+image,+and+analyze+the+complex+structural+architectures+of+microvascular+networks.">Methods to label, image, and analyze the complex structural architectures of microvascular networks.</a> Microcirculation. 26 (5), e12520 (2019).</li><li>Phillips, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+evaluating+the+murine+pulmonary+vasculature+using+micro-computed+tomography.">A method for evaluating the murine pulmonary vasculature using micro-computed tomography.</a> J Surg Res. 207, 115-122 (2017).</li><li>Chadwick, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vessel+network+extraction+and+analysis+of+mouse+pulmonary+vasculature+via+x-ray+micro-computed+tomographic+imaging.">Vessel network extraction and analysis of mouse pulmonary vasculature via x-ray micro-computed tomographic imaging.</a> PLoS Comput Biol. 17 (4), e1008930 (2021).</li></ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td>BL539A</td>
			<td>Tissue Fixative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4&#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole</td>
			<td>MCE</td>
			<td>HY-D0814</td>
			<td>Nucleic Dyes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa-647 Fluor Conjugated Isolectin B4</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>I32450</td>
			<td>Binding Microvessels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-fluorescent Tablet Sealer</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>AB104135</td>
			<td>Sample Fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antigen Repair Fluid</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td>BL151A</td>
			<td>Repair of Antigenic Sites</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biopsy Cassette</td>
			<td>ActivFlo</td>
			<td>39LC-500-1</td>
			<td>Fixing and Positioning Tissue Samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B2064-50G</td>
			<td>Sealing Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cold Plate</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>HistoCore Arcadia H&#160;</td>
			<td>Freezing Samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Constant Temperature Electric Drying Oven</td>
			<td>Taisite</td>
			<td>101-0AB</td>
			<td>High Temperature Repair</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Microtome Blade</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>14035838383</td>
			<td>Cutting Tissue Samples to Prepare Sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Embedding Molds</td>
			<td>Shitai</td>
			<td>26155166627</td>
			<td>Fixing Tissue Samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Kelong</td>
			<td>CAS 64-17-5</td>
			<td>Tissue Dehydration Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heated Paraffin Embedding Station</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>EG1150</td>
			<td>Embedding Tssue Samples in Paraffin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HistoCore Water Bath</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>HI1220</td>
			<td>Flatten and Fix Tissue Samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ (Fiji)&#160;</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td>1.54f</td>
			<td>Quantitative Tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunohistochemistry Pens</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td>BC004</td>
			<td>Water-blocking Agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical Forceps</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Equipment</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Grasping, Manipulating, or Moving tissue samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Ts2</td>
			<td>Imaging Device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting Media</td>
			<td>Jiangyuan</td>
			<td>Tasteless</td>
			<td>Fixing and Preserving Tissue Sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin Wax</td>
			<td>SCHLEDEN</td>
			<td>80200-0014</td>
			<td>Fixing Tissue Structure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>C0221A</td>
			<td>Wash Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pentobarbital Sodium</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Reagent Company</td>
			<td>Q/H82-F158-2002</td>
			<td>Anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary Microtome</td>
			<td>Biobase</td>
			<td>Bk-2258</td>
			<td>Preparing Slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Scissors</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Equipment</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>segmenting Tissue Samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Scalpel</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Equipment</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Cutting Tissue Samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton&#160;</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>T8200</td>
			<td>Permeabilization Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wash-Free Slide</td>
			<td>PLATINUM PRO</td>
			<td>PRO-04</td>
			<td>Fixing Samples for Staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>SUM</td>
			<td>XK13-011-00031</td>
			<td>Tissue De-waxing Solution</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantifying pulmonary microvascular density in mice across lobules

Endothelial cells (ECs) are a special type of cell located on the inner lining of blood vessels, covering the entire arterial and venous tree and playing a crucial role in maintaining the stability of blood vessels and organs1. The lungs are highly vascularized organs and play essential physiological and pathological roles in the lungs, such as forming the vascular wall, regulating blood flow, facilitating gas exchange, modulating inflammatory responses, controlling platelet activity, secreting regulatory substances involved in vascular growth, repair, and maintaining coagulation balance.
Lung microvascular endothelial cells (LMECs) are specific endothelial cells of pulmonary tissue, particularly in the microvasculature (capillaries) of the lungs, distinguishing them from the more generalized arterial and venous endothelial cells in the lungs. These cells have various functions, including regulating vascular tone, controlling vascular permeability, participating in the regulation of inflammatory responses, and regulating thrombus formation. They play a crucial role in pulmonary circulation, regulating gas exchange and the transport of nutrients, and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes related to the lungs, likely for aging2. Moreover, the abnormal alternation of pulmonary angiogenesis is related to lung microvascular dysfunction3. Employing the conventional endothelial cell marker CD31 and spatial localization (specifically, the peripheral regions of the lungs), Larissa L.&#160;et al. observed a significant decrease in microvascular endothelial cell density in aged mice (18 months old) compared to their younger counterparts (4 months old)4. In the context of the pulmonary pathology associated with asthma, Makoto H. et al. demonstrated a substantial increase in vessel induction in bronchial biopsy specimens stained with anti-collagen IV from asthmatic patients in comparison to control subjects5. Recently, by introducing the techniques of transmission and scanning electron microscopy, Maximilian A. et al. reported a notable increase in the numeric density of features related to intussusceptive and sprouting angiogenesis in patients who died from Covid-19 or Influenza A (H1N1)6. Evidently, the abnormal microvascular genesis is linked with pulmonary dysfunction. However, there is currently no simple, economical method available for quantifying changes in microvascular density.
In murine models, the lungs are conventionally segmented into five distinct lobes: right cranial, right middle, right caudal, left cranial, and left caudal. Each lobe exhibits unique characteristics in terms of size, shape, location, and likely vascularization, contributing to efficient gas exchange and potentially synergistic regulation of pulmonary circulation. However, to the best of our knowledge, no methodologies account for the differences among these lung lobes when investigating Lung microvascular changes.
This study presents a new method for sectioning lobules in mice, utilizing IB4, a well-defined marker of lung micro-endothelial cells7, for unbiased quantitative assessment of pulmonary microvascular density. This innovative approach addresses the need for a more comprehensive understanding of microvascular alterations in murine lungs by considering the distinct properties of individual lobes of mice. As a demonstration, in aging&#160;mice, a significant reduction in pulmonary 
microvascular density is observed specifically&#160;within both the caudal lobe and left lobe.&#160;The protocol underscores the importance of integrating lobe-specific analyses into investigations of changes in the microvascular landscape of murine lungs. Notably, this method provides valuable research references for investigators seeking a comprehensive understanding of both physiological and pathological progression of lung developments and lesions, extending beyond angiogenesis.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Yazar Spotlight: Yaşlanan Murin Akciğerlerinde Mikrovasküler Yoğunluğun Ölçülmesinde Gelişmeler

Lobüller Boyunca Farelerde Pulmoner Mikrovasküler Yoğunluğun Ölçülmesi

Our research aims at quantifying pulmonary microvascular density in various mouse lung lobules considering anatomical differences and age-related changes using isolectin B4 staining and ImageJ analysis. Key questions that we are trying to address are how to quantify microvascular density in different lung lobules accurately, and what changes occur in microvascular density across lobules with aging. Recent advancements in pulmonary microvascular research, including improved tissue clearing and fixation techniques, advanced imaging, and software tools for accurate quantification.These developments enhance our understanding of microvascular changes in aging and related diseases, like asthma and COVID-19, offering insights for potential therapies. The main challenges are accurately locating lesions, properly sectioning lung tissues, mitigating fixative-related tissue damage, and lack of specific markers for lung endothelial cells. Traditional methods often overlook the variations inside shape and vascularization across different lung lobes.Our protocol addresses the gap by providing a comprehensive approach to sectioning lung lobes and quantifying microvascular density using isolectin before staining. The combination of IB4 staining with the free software ImageJ for advanced microvascular density analysis ensures accurate and useful results. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which pulmonary microvascular lesions participate in the progression of lung-related diseases, and develop new strategies or targets for rescuing pulmonary microvascular function to promote lung repair and induce functional recovery.

The abnormal alternation of pulmonary angiogenesis is related to lung microvascular dysfunction and is deeply linked to vascular wall integrity, blood ...

quantifying-pulmonary-microvascular-density-in-mice-across-lobules

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Quantifying Pulmonary Microvascular Density in Mice Across Lobules

620 Görüntüleme.  Sichuan University. Araştırmamız, izolektin B4 boyama ve ImageJ analizi kullanarak anatomik farklılıkları ve yaşa bağlı değişiklikleri göz önünde bulundurarak çeşitli fare akciğer lobüllerindeki pulmoner mikrovasküler yoğunluğu ölçmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ele almaya çalıştığımız temel sorular, farklı akciğer lobüllerindeki mikrovasküler yoğunluğun doğru bir şekilde nasıl ölçüleceği ve yaşlanmayla birlikte lobüller arasında mikrovaskül...