1. Host cell transfection
<ol>
	<li>Seed 2 x 106 CHO-DXB11 cells in T75 Corning cell culture flask in 15 ml growth medium (MEMa with nucleotides and nucleosides (Gibco, catalog number 12571) supplemented with 10% &gamma;-irradiated characterized fetal bovine serum (cFBS) (HyClone, catalog number SH30071.03) and 10 mL/L of 45% glucose solution (Sigma, catalog number G8769)) one day before transfection.</li>
	<li>At the time of transfection, prepare transfection complexes as follows:
		<ol class="lalpha">
			<li>Dilute 8 &mu;g DNA in 800 &mu;l of growth medium without serum in a sterile microcentrifuge tube. Mix gently.</li>
			<li>Dilute 40 &mu;l Lipofectamine (Invitrogen 18324012) in 800 &mu;l of growth medium without serum in a polystyrene tube. </li>
			<li>Add the diluted DNA to the diluted Lipofectamine. Mix gently and incubate for 30 minutes at room temperature. </li>
		</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Remove the growth medium from cells in T75 and replace with 6.4 ml of growth medium without serum. Add the 1.6 ml of transfection complexes to the flask. Mix gently by rocking the plate.</li>
	<li>Incubate cells at 37&deg;C in a CO2 incubator for 6 hours.</li>
	<li>Add 8 ml of growth medium to the flask and incubate at 37&deg;C in a CO2 incubator overnight.</li>
	<li>Remove medium by aspiration and add fresh growth medium to the flask. Incubate the cells at 37&deg;C in a CO2 incubator overnight.</li>
	<li>Replace the growth medium with selection medium (MEMa medium without nucleotides or nucleosides (Gibco, catalog number 12561) supplemented with 10% &gamma;-irradiated dialyzed fetal bovine serum (dFBS) (HyClone, catalog number SH30079.03) and 10 mL/L 45% glucose solution (Sigma, catalog number G8769)).</li>
	<li>Incubate the cells at 37&deg;C in a CO2 incubator for 2-3 weeks.</li>
</ol>
2. Cloning by Flow Cytometry Activated Cell sorting
<ol>
	<li>Dislodge cells from the flask and centrifuge at 800 rpm for 5 minutes at 4&deg;C.</li>
	<li>Resuspend the cells in selection medium supplemented with 2% bovine serum albumin and fluorescently labeled anti-human IgG antibody at 1:20 dilution.</li>
	<li>Incubate on ice for 15-30 minutes and then wash twice with cold PBS. Resuspend cells in 1x PBS in a polypropylene tube.</li>
	<li>Prepare for aseptic sort on a BD FACSAria. Prepare 96-well cell culture plate that contains 200 &mu;l selection medium in each well.</li>
	<li>Aseptically load the tube with cells and analyze on BD FACSAria, record the results for stained and unstained cells, respectively. </li>
	<li>Set the gates and settings to sort single cells of the desired fluorescence staining profile into 96-well plate(s). 
		<ol class="lalpha">
			<li>Transfected cells are first analyzed based on forward scatter versus side scatter. A gate for live cells is made based on forward scatter, which measures a cell's size, and side scatter, which measures a cell's complexity or granularity.</li>
			<li>The cells that fall within this gate are then examined for PE staining. PE negative gate is set for unstained transfected cells or stained host cells. As stained transfected cells are examined by FACS, the "High PE" gate is then delineated to encompass the top 5% of all cells that are positive for PE staining.</li>
		</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Incubate the plates in 37&deg;C incubator for two weeks.</li>
</ol>
3. Documentation of colony formation by CloneSelect Imager
Document colony formation in 96-well plates on CloneSelect Imager at day 0, day 3, day 7 and day 13 after FACS sorting. The image documentation will ensure selection of clones derived from a single cell. A critical step in this documentation is getting the focal plane adjusted correctly for the day 0 measurement, since there is only one cell in each well at that point. It is very important that the images of those single cells are in focus and attempting to adjust the focus on them can be misleading at best. The focal plane can vary significantly between brands of plates and possibly even from lot to lot of the same brand. Thus a pre-determined focal plane needs to be used. This can be accomplished by focusing on test micro-beads or high density cells deposited on plates from the same lot being used. Alternatively, fully grown plates from the same lot may be used for this purpose. After FACS sorting, it is also important to let the cells settle for a minimum of 2 hours prior to imaging, so that they will be 'fixed' in position on the plate.
4. Screening and selection of highly productive clones 
<ol>
	<li>Document sample position in the receiving 96-well assay plates.</li>
	<li>Transfer aliquots of 20 &mu;l supernatant (dilute if necessary) into 96-well assay plates by the TECAN Freedom EVO liquid handling system. This flexible and capable robotic platform has been adapted for this and other automated cell culture work. Special programs were written to best utilize and enhance the Freedom EVO robotic capabilities for cell line development. An example of this is setting the TECAN to interpret CloneSelect Imager data for sampling wells with single colonies. Other programs were required to perform additional cell culture tasks such as to make the appropriate dilutions of the samples taken, to interpret, catalog and sample manually marked plates if required, to scale up high producing clones, etc. Many of these programs can easily be applied to 384 well plates as well as the original 96 well format.</li>
	<li>Antibody production in the samples is analyzed by a sandwich human IgG detecting ELISA (Pierce, Rockford, IL) on the TECAN Freedom EVO liquid handling system.
		<ol>
			<li>Samples and standard (Human myeloma IgG1, kappa) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) were loaded on pre-coated Bio Coat Anti-Human IgG Assay Plates (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA).</li>
			<li>The plates were incubated at room temperature for two hours followed by three PBS washes.</li>
			<li>ImmunoPure Goat Anti-Human IgG, (Fc-gamma)-HRP (Pierce, Rockford, IL) was added to the plate at a 1:2000 dilution and incubated for one hour at room temperature. </li>
			<li>The plates were washed three times with PBS before adding ABTS substrate (Pierce, Rockford, IL) and were read on a plate reader using absorbance at 405 nm for detection.</li>
		</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Select highly productive clones and evaluate productivity in suspension culture. For fed-batch culture, cells were inoculated at 0.3X106 cells/mL in protein free medium JRH ImMEDIAte ADVANTAGE 65578 (SAFC Biosciences, Lenexa, KS) supplemented with 5 g/L soy hydrolysate (DMV International, catalog number SE50MAF-UF, lot number ) and incubated at 37&deg;C with 7.5% CO2. The culture continued and were supplemented with 2 g/L glucose (Sigma, catalog number G8769, lot number 098K2329) when glucose plus lactate concentration in the culture reached below 2 g/L, and fed 2 mM glutamine (Gibco, catalog number 25030, lot number 568177) when glutamine levels reached below 200 mg/L (metabolites measured by YSI Bioanalyzer). Fed-batch cultures were terminated on day 14 and antibody production was measured by reverse phase HPLC.</li>
	<li>Genetic characterization of candidate clones by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)5.</li>
</ol>
5. Representative Results:
An example of developing antibody producing clones with the high throughput method is shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Transfected cell pool was stained with fluorescently labeled anti-human IgG antibody (Figure 1A), analyzed and sorted on BD FACSAria (Figure 1B). Colony formation in 96-well plate was imaged on CloneSelect Imager (Figure 1C). Cell culture supernatant was sampled from wells that contain single colony and assayed by ELISA on the TECAN Freedom EVO liquid handling system (Figure 1D). Highly productive clones were found from cells that exhibited higher surface antibody level reflected by staining with fluorescent labeled anti-human IgG. When comparing clones generated from two populations of the initial transfected cell pool, a vast difference in productivity in fed-batch culture was observed (Figure 2). For the top two clones generated from the cell population with high surface antibody expression (PE high), the specific productivity ranged from 50-70 pg/cell/day. Whereas the antibody productivity was ~20 pg/cell/day for the top two clones generated from the cell population with low surface antibody expression (PE low). Furthermore, cell lines developed by FACS sorting are more stable with respect to antibody production than those that were cloned through manual liming dilution (Figure 3A). The specific productivity of the top clone, "Clone 1", generated by manual liming dilution dropped from ~30 pcd to ~10 pcd after culturing for 80 cell doublings. On the other hand, the top subclone generated by FACS sorting, "Clone 2", was able to maintain the specific productivity around 20 pcd for at least 100 cell doublings. By fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), we demonstrated Clone 1 showed as a mixed population of phenotype A (85%) and phenotype B (15%). In contrast, FACS sorted clone (clone 2) showed to be a more homogeneous population, with 99.5% of the cells proved to be phenotype A (Figure 3B).
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/3010/3010fig1.jpg" alt="Figure 1" /> 
Figure 1. Development of manufacturing cell lines for the production of monoclonal antibodies from CHO cells. A) Surface staining of initial transfected cell pool with fluorescently labeled anti-human IgG antibody. B) Sorting of cell population with high fluorescence intensity (PE high) and low fluorescence intensity (PE low) into 96-well plate. C) Documenting colony formation from day 0 to day 13 post seeding on CloneSelect Imager. D) Screening clones by ELISA. 
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/3010/3010fig2.jpg" alt="Figure 2" /> 
Figure 2. Surface associated antibody level correlates with antibody productivity of the cell. Clones with high and low fluorescent staining were both developed into cell lines and evaluated in fed-batch culture. Volumetric titer and specific productivity were compared between top 2 clones of each population.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/3010/3010fig3.jpg" alt="Figure 3" /> 
Figure 3. Clones generated from FACS sorting exhibit higher genetic homogeneity and clone stability. A) Antibody production stability in batch culture for ~80 cell doublings of culture elapse time. &Delta;, clone was generated through limiting dilution, where cells were seeded at 2000 cells/well, 1000 cells/well and 500 cells/well. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3010/3010triangle.jpg" alt="Black Triangle" />, clone was generated through FACS at 1 cell/well. B) Transgene integration site in CHO cell chromosome is identified by Fluorescent in situ hybridization.

<ol>
	<li>Hung, F., Deng, L., Ravnikar, P., Condon, R., Li, B., Do, L., Saha, D., Tsao, Y. S., Merchant, A., Liu, Z., Shi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mRNA+stability+and+antibody+production+in+CHO+cells:+improvement+through+gene+optimization.">mRNA stability and antibody production in CHO cells: improvement through gene optimization.</a> Biotechnol. J. 5, 393-401 (2010).</li><li>Brezinsky, S. C., Chiang, G. G., Szilvasi, A., Mohan, S., Shapiro, R. I., MacLean, A., Sisk, W., Thill, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+for+enriching+populations+of+transfected+CHO+cells+for+cells+of+higher+specific+productivity.">A simple method for enriching populations of transfected CHO cells for cells of higher specific productivity.</a> J. Immunol. Methods. 277, 141-155 (2003).</li><li>Kromenaker, S. J., Srienc, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stability+of+producer+hybridoma+cell+lines+after+cell+sorting:+a+case+study.">Stability of producer hybridoma cell lines after cell sorting: a case study.</a> Biotechnol. Prog. 10, 299-307 (1994).</li><li>Marder, P., Maciak, R. S., Fouts, R. L., Baker, R. S., Starling, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+cloning+of+hybridoma+cells+for+enhanced+immunoglobulin+production+using+flow+cytometric+cell+sorting+and+automated+laser+nephelometry.">Selective cloning of hybridoma cells for enhanced immunoglobulin production using flow cytometric cell sorting and automated laser nephelometry.</a> Cytometry. 11, 498-505 (1990).</li><li>Henegariu, O., Heerema, N., Wright, L. L., Bray-Ward, P., Ward, D. C., Vance, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improvements+in+cytogenetic+slide+preparation:+controlled+chromosome+spreading+chemical+aging+and+gradual+denaturing.">Improvements in cytogenetic slide preparation: controlled chromosome spreading chemical aging and gradual denaturing.</a> Cytomery. 43, 101-109 (2001).</li><li>Meng, Y. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grenn+fluorescent+protein+(GFP)+as+a+second+selectable+marker+for+selection+of+high+producing+clones+from+transfected+CHO+cells.">Grenn fluorescent protein (GFP) as a second selectable marker for selection of high producing clones from transfected CHO cells.</a> Gene. 242, 201-207 (2000).</li><li>DeMaria, C. T., Cairns, V., Schwarz, C., Zhang, J., Guerin, M., Zuena, E., Estes, S., Karey, K. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accelerated+clone+selection+for+recombinant+CHO+cells+using+a+FACS-based+high-throughput+screen.">Accelerated clone selection for recombinant CHO cells using a FACS-based high-throughput screen.</a> Biotechnol. Prog. 23, 465-472 (2007).</li><li>Weaver, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gel+microdrop+technology+for+rapid+isolation+of+rare+an+high+producer+cells.">Gel microdrop technology for rapid isolation of rare an high producer cells.</a> Nat. Med. 3, 583-585 (1997).</li></ol>

The authors of this article are employees of Merck &amp; Co., Inc., who use this method for large scale production of protein therapeutics from mammalian cell lines.

We presented an automated manufacturing cell line development platform that enables isolation of highly productive clones, and in the mean while ensures clonality and clone stability. The engagement of surface antibody staining followed by FACSAria cell sorting is the key to obtaining single clones with high antibody productivity. Our results and other reports2-4 suggest that the antibody level transiently displayed on cell surface correlated well with productivity of the cell. Thus, a fluorescein-conjugated antibody can be used to recognize the membrane associated product and aid the isolation of high producers. Alternatively, coexpression of reporter genes and gel microdrop technology have been used to facilitate the selection of high-producing clones by FACS6-8. In addition to isolating high producing clones via FACS, other technologies have evolved to achieve the same goal. These include Trellis Bioscience CellSpot technology that uses microspere antibody detection systems and laser screening technology to identify highly productive clones and eliminate unwanted cells, Genetix ClonePix FL and StemCell Technologies ClonaCell EasyPick platform that perform high throughput screening of production cell lines using a fluorescent antibody detection system. We chose to implement the FACS cloning method based on surface associated antibody level because it combines the ease of operation, selectivity on productivity and clonality.
The employment of TECAN Freedom EVO liquid handling system significantly increased screening throughput, which provide the opportunity to select for high yield clones from a much larger cell pool. Other instrumentation for assay such as HTRF, BioForte Octet, HPLC, etc, are all possible means of selecting high producers and screening out low producers. By tracking clone formation with CloneSelect Imager, we generated necessary documentation to prove clonality with digitized cell line history. Clonality is further confirmed by genetically characterize single transgene integration site on the chromosome. A subcloning step, which is usually taken to ensure clonality, may thus be eliminated. This will save 4-8 weeks of time for cell line development. In summary, the quality cell lines generated by the high-throughput automated platform showed high productivity, production stability and documented cell line history that should meet demand for large-scale production and current regulatory requirements.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name </td>
			<td>Company</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD FACS Aria&trade; Cell Sorter</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CloneSelect&trade; Imager</td>
			<td>Genetix </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TECAN Freedom EVO&reg; liquid handling system</td>
			<td>Tecan Group </td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a high-throughput automated platform for the development of manufacturing cell lines for protein therapeutics

The fast-growing biopharmaceutical industry demands speedy development of highly efficient and reliable production systems to meet the increasing requirement for drug supplies. The generation of production cell lines has traditionally involved manual operations that are labor-intensive, low-throughput and vulnerable to human errors. We report here an integrated high-throughput and automated platform for development of manufacturing cell lines for the production of protein therapeutics.
The combination of BD FACS Aria Cell Sorter, CloneSelect Imager and TECAN Freedom EVO liquid handling system has enabled a high-throughput and more efficient cell line development process. In this operation, production host cells are first transfected with an expression vector carrying the gene of interest 1, followed by the treatment with a selection agent. The stably-transfected cells are then stained with fluorescence-labeled anti-human IgG antibody, and are subsequently subject to flow cytometry analysis 2-4. Highly productive cells are selected based on fluorescence intensity and are isolated by single-cell sorting on a BD FACSAria. Colony formation from single-cell stage was detected microscopically and a series of time-laps digital images are taken by CloneSelect Imager for the documentation of cell line history. After single clones have formed, these clones were screened for productivity by ELISA performed on a TECAN Freedom EVO liquid handling system. Approximately 2,000 - 10,000 clones can be screened per operation cycle with the current system setup.
This integrated approach has been used to generate high producing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines for the production of therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) as well as their fusion proteins. With the aid of different types of detecting probes, the method can be used for developing other protein therapeutics or be applied to other production host systems. Comparing to the traditional manual procedure, this automated platform demonstrated advantages of significantly increased capacity, ensured clonality, traceability in cell line history with electronic documentation and much reduced opportunity in operator error.

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A High-throughput Automated Platform for the Development of Manufacturing Cell Lines for Protein Therapeutics

A high-throughput, automated platform of manufacturing cell line development for producing protein therapeutics is described. Implementation of BD FACS Aria Cell Sorter, CloneSelect Imager and TECAN Freedom EVO liquid handling system has demonstrated significantly increased processing capacity in cell line development with improved cell line quality and high reproducibility.

The fast-growing biopharmaceutical industry demands speedy development of highly efficient and reliable production systems to meet the increasing ...

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22.1K Views.  Merck & Co., Inc. A high-throughput, automated platform of manufacturing cell line development for producing protein therapeutics is described. Implementation of BD FACS Aria Cell Sorter, CloneSelect Imager and TECAN Freedom EVO liquid handling system has demonstrated significantly increased processing capacity in cell line development with improved cell line quality and high reproducibility.