This work was funded by Yale School of Medicine and Child Health Research Award from Charles Hood Foundation.

1. Reprogramming by Retrovirus Expressing Reprogramming Factors
<ol>
 <li>Human fibroblasts are cultured in fibroblast medium (10% FBS in DMEM with Pen/Strep).</li>
 <li>One day before infection, plate 1x105 human fibroblasts into one well of a 6-well plate.</li>
 <li>Aspirate medium to remove dead cells and add 2 ml of fresh fibroblast medium. Add protamine sulfate at a final concentration of 5 &mu;g/ml.</li>
 <li>Carefully add the appropriate amount of each GFP-expressing virus corresponding to a multiplicity of infection (MOI) 55.</li>
 <li>One day after infection, remove the viral supernatant, wash three times with 2 ml PBS, then add 2 ml fibroblast medium.</li>
 <li>Three days after infection, check the GFP fluorescence and replenish the well with 2 ml fibroblast medium.</li>
 <li>Four days after infection, plate 1x104 /cm2 of irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEFs) feeder cells in fibroblast medium onto a 10-cm Petri dish coated with 0.1% gelatin. Incubate at 37 &deg;C overnight.</li>
 <li>Five days after infection, detach infected human fibroblasts with 1 ml 0.05% typsin/EDTA for 5 minutes at 37 &deg;C, and centrifuge for 5 minutes at 200 g. Aspirate the medium and resuspend the cells with 10ml of fibroblast medium. Transfer the cells into a pre-coated 10-cm plate.</li>
 <li>After 24 hours, replace the medium with hESC culture medium (20% Knock-Out serum replacement, DMEM/F12, 0.1 ml Non-essential Amino Acids, 4 ng/ml bFGF, Pen/Strep/Glutamate, beta-merceptoethanol). Change the medium daily. ESC-like colonies will start to appear by day 20-27 after infection.</li>
</ol>
2. Isolation and Expansion of iPSCs
<ol>
 <li>Under a fluorescence microscope, check for the absence of GFP fluorescence in a colony that shows a similar morphology to hESCs.</li>
 <li>Using a 10 &mu;l pipette, pick individual iPSC colonies and place them into one well of a gelatin- and MEF-coated 12-well plate and supplemented with hESC medium. Change medium daily.</li>
 <li>For passaging, wash the plate with 1 ml of DMEM/F12, then add 0.5 ml of collagenase, and incubate for 10 minutes at 37 &deg;C.</li>
 <li>Wash the cells twice with DMEM/F12.</li>
 <li>Add 2 ml of fresh hESC medium. Using a cell lifter, break up the colonies into small pieces and detach remaining cells from the plate.</li>
 <li>Transfer the resuspended pieces of colonies into one well of a gelatin- and MEF- coated 6-well plate.</li>
</ol>
3. Immunofluorescence Analysis of Pluripotent Markers
<ol>
 <li>Wash the cells three times with PBS and fix with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min at room temperature.</li>
 <li>Gently wash the cells three times with PBS and permeabilize with 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS for 30 min.</li>
 <li>Block non-specific binding by incubating cells with 3% BSA in PBS for two hours.</li>
 <li>Incubate the cells with primary antibody overnight at 4 &deg;C.</li>
 <li>Wash the cells three times with PBS and incubate the cells with specific secondary antibody for one hour at room temperature, shielding from light.</li>
 <li>Wash the cells three times with PBS and add DAPI during the last wash followed by incubation at room temperature for 5 minutes.</li>
 <li>Detect the staining with a fluorescence microscope.</li>
</ol>
4. Quantitative Real-time PCR Assay for the Pluripotent Markers
<ol>
 <li>Isolate total RNA from the human iPSCs derived from human fibroblasts using Qiagen's RNeasy kit.</li>
 <li>Synthesize the first-strand cDNA using SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase.</li>
 <li>Perform qPCR to detect pluripotency genes using primers previously reported.6</li>
</ol>
5. Representative Results
<ol>
 <li>Morphological change during reprogramming 
 We infected human fibroblasts BJ1 and Detroit 551 with a cocktail of retroviruses carrying OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC, and were able to detect morphological changes during reprogramming (Figure 1). Twenty-one days after infection, we recognize small iPSC colonies by their hESC-like morphology. Furthermore, we recognize iPSCs by the GFP fluorescence. Pluripotent stem cells, such as ESCs and iPSCs, express the molecular machinery to repress the proviral gene expression7-9. Our unique retroviral vector expresses GFP together with reprogramming genes by retroviral LTR. Thus, cells continuously expressing GFP are considered to express transgenes without proviral gene silencing. Faithfully reprogrammed iPSC colonies that acquire the pluripotency molecular network show the absence of GFP expression (Figure 2)10. </li>
 <li>Characterization of pluripotency of human iPSCs 
 We analyzed colonies derived from Detroit-551 fibroblasts via immunohistochemistry with Tra-1-81, Tra-1-60, SSEA-4, SSEA-3, OCT4 and NANOG antibodies (Table 2). Successfully reprogrammed iPSCs express all of these markers (Figure 3A). We also analyzed gene expression via quantitative RT-PCR analysis. We observed that the expression of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYC and NANOG was significantly increased compared to the parental fibroblast cells but commensurate with that of H9 hESCs (Figure 3B).</li>
</ol>
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3804/3804fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Morphological changes of retrovirus-infected human fibroblasts. (A-D) Progressive morphological change in colonies from Detroit-551 fibroblasts infected with reprogramming factors. Day 5 (A), Day 10 (B), Day 14 (C), day 21 (D). Cells show the hESC-like morphology after 21 days.
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3804/3804fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2. Representative GFP fluorescent expression in cells undergoing reprogramming. BJ and Detroit 551 fibroblasts were infected with retrovirus expressing four reprogramming factors4, and incubated in hESC medium for four weeks. BJ fibroblasts (A, B) and Detroit 551 (C, D) show similar morphological. From day 21, GFP negative colonies start to form, which represent the bona fide iPSCs10. (E, F) show transformed Detroit 551 cells that have not undergone proper reprogramming. (A, C, E) colonies under phase contrast view. (B, D) properly reprogrammed cells that show the GFP silencing. (F) bright GFP expression from transformed colony.
<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3804/3804fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3. Characterization of the human induced pluripotent stem cells. (A) Human 551-iPS-K1 cell colonies express markers common to pluripotent cells. DAPI staining indicates the total cell content per field. (B) Quantitative real time-PCR (RT-qPCR) for expression of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYC in parental fibroblast, 551-iPS-K1 iPSCs, and H9 human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Data were normalized against &beta;-actin housekeeping gene and plotted relative to the expression level in the parental fibroblast cells4.

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We have nothing to disclose.

Expression of four transcription factors reprograms human fibroblasts to iPSCs. Many attempts were made to generate human iPSCs using non-integrating or non-genetic approaches to generate clinically safe iPSCs. So far, these methods show extremely low efficiency and require further optimization to improve the reproducibility11-14. Retro- or lentiviral methods are readily used to derive and apply iPSCs for human in vitro disease models, which are less dependent on the safety issues caused by viral inte...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Concentration</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue Number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">hESC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>80%</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11330057</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Knockout Serum Replacer</td>
			<td>20%</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10828-028</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine (200 mM)</td>
			<td>2 mM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonessential Amino Acids (10 mM)</td>
			<td>0.1 mM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&beta;-Mercaptoethanol (14.3 M) or MTG</td>
			<td>0.1 mM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>M-6250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bFGF-2 10 &mu;g/ml</td>
			<td>4 ng/ml</td>
			<td>GIBCO/BRL</td>
			<td>GF003AF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>1%</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Fiboblasts Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>90%</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11965118</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>10%</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10407028</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>1%</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1. Culture Medium
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Concentration</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue Number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT4</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>Ab19857</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SSEA3</td>
			<td>1:100</td>
			<td>Milipore</td>
			<td>MAB4303</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SSEA4</td>
			<td>1:100</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>BD560218</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tra-1-81</td>
			<td>1:100</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>BD560173</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tra-1-60</td>
			<td>1:100</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>BD560174</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NANOG</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>Ab21624</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa-Flur 488</td>
			<td>1:1000</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11008</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa-Flur 555</td>
			<td>1:1000</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21422</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>1:5000</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Plasmids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMIG-OCT4</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>17225</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMIG-SOX2</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>17226</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMIG-KLF4</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>17227</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMIG-MYC</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>18119</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Other Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase type IV</td>
			<td>1mg/ml</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17104019</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin, Porcine</td>
			<td>0.1%</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G 1890</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton</td>
			<td>0.2%</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>X100-500ML</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>4%</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>47608</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>3%</td>
			<td>American Bioanalytical</td>
			<td>AB01800</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEF feeder cells</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>PMEF-N</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Lifter</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3008</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Fluorescent microscopy: inverted microscope with GFP filter</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 2. Reagents and equipment.

reprogramming human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs) using retroviral vector with gfp

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent and an invaluable cellular sources for in vitro disease modeling and regenerative medicine1. It has been previously shown that human somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency by ectopic expression of four transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc) and become induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)2-4 . Like hESCs, human iPSCs are pluripotent and a potential source for autologous cells. Here we describe the protocol to reprogram human fibroblast cells with the four reprogramming factors cloned into GFP-containing retroviral backbone4. Using the following protocol, we generate human iPSCs in 3-4 weeks under human ESC culture condition. Human iPSC colonies closely resemble hESCs in morphology and display the loss of GFP fluorescence as a result of retroviral transgene silencing. iPSC colonies isolated mechanically under a fluorescence microscope behave in a similar fashion as hESCs. In these cells, we detect the expression of multiple pluripotency genes and surface markers.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs Using Retroviral Vector with GFP at JoVE.com

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

A method to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via retrovirus-mediated ectopic expression of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC is described. A practical way to identify human iPSC colonies based on GFP expression is also discussed.

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent and an invaluable cellular sources for in vitro disease modeling and regenerative medicine1. It has ...

reprogramming-human-somatic-cells-into-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells

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20.4K Views.  Yale School of Medicine. A method to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via retrovirus-mediated ectopic expression of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC is described. A practical way to identify human iPSC colonies based on GFP expression is also discussed.

Video: Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with a Four Transcription Factor, Doxycycline Inducible Lentiviral Transduction System

Using a defined set of transcription factors and cell culture conditions, Yamanaka and colleagues demonstrated that retrovirus-mediated delivery and expression of Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 is capable of inducing pluripotency in mouse fibroblasts.1 Subsequent reports have demonstrated the utility of the doxycycline (DOX) inducible lentiviral delivery system for the generation of both primary and secondary iPS cells from a variety of other adult mouse somatic cell types.2,3
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are similar to embryonic stem (ES) cells in morphology, proliferation and ability to induce teratoma formation. Both types of cell can be used as the pluripotent starting material for the generation of differentiated cells or tissues in regenerative medicine.4-6 iPS cells also have a distinct advantage over ES cells as they exhibit key properties of ES cells without the ethical dilemma of embryo destruction.
Here we demonstrate the protocol for reprogramming mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells with the Stemgent DOX Inducible Mouse TF Lentivirus Set. We also demonstrate that the Stemgent DOX Inducible Mouse TF Lentivirus Set is capable of expressing each of the four transcription factors upon transduction into MEFs thereby inducing a pluripotent stem cell state that displays the pluripotency markers characteristic of ES cells.

The Stemgent Dox Inducible Mouse TF Lentivirus Set can reprogram mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Here we demonstrate the protocol for DOX-inducible expression of mouse reprogramming transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc to generate iPS colonies that express common mES pluripotency markers.

Using a defined set of transcription factors and cell culture conditions, Yamanaka and colleagues demonstrated that retrovirus-mediated delivery and ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Human Fibroblasts with the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set

In 2006, Yamanaka and colleagues first demonstrated that retrovirus-mediated delivery and expression of Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 is capable of inducing the pluripotent state in mouse fibroblasts.1 The same group also reported the successful reprogramming of human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using human versions of the same transcription factors delivered by retroviral vectors.2 Additionally, James Thomson et al. reported that the lentivirus-mediated co-expression of another set of factors (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28) was capable of reprogramming human somatic cells into iPS cells.3
iPS cells are similar to ES cells in morphology, proliferation and the ability to differentiate into all tissue types of the body. Human iPS cells have a distinct advantage over ES cells as they exhibit key properties of ES cells without the ethical dilemma of embryo destruction. The generation of patient-specific iPS cells circumvents an important roadblock to personalized regenerative medicine therapies by eliminating the potential for immune rejection of non-autologous transplanted cells.
Here we demonstrate the protocol for reprogramming human fibroblast cells using the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set. We also show that cells reprogrammed with this set begin to show iPS morphology four days post-transduction. Using the Stemolecule Y27632, we selected for iPS cells and observed correct morphology after three sequential rounds of colony picking and passaging. We also demonstrate that after reprogramming cells displayed the pluripotency marker AP, surface markers TRA-1-81, TRA-1-60, SSEA-4, and SSEA-3, and nuclear markers Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog.

We demonstrate the protocol for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human somatic cells using lentivirus-mediated delivery of the human factors Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28. Pluripotency was confirmed by morphology and the presence of embryonic stem (ES) cell-specific markers.

In 2006, Yamanaka and colleagues first demonstrated that retrovirus-mediated delivery and expression of Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 is capable of inducing ...

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs)1. While improvements in several gene delivery methods have been described2-9, transfection remains a capricious process for HESCs, and has not yet been reported in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this video, we demonstrate how our lab routinely transfects and nucleofects human iPSCs using plasmid with an enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) reporter. Human iPSCs are adapted and maintained as feeder-free cultures to eliminate the possibility of feeder cell transfection and to allow efficient selection of stable transgenic iPSC clones following transfection. For nucleofection, human iPSCs are pre-treated with ROCK inhibitor11, trypsinized into small clumps of cells, nucleofected and replated on feeders in feeder cell-conditioned medium to enhance cell recovery. Transgene-expressing human iPSCs can be obtained after 6 hours. Antibiotic selection is applied after 24 hours and stable transgenic lines appear within 1 week. Our protocol is robust and reproducible for human iPSC lines without altering pluripotency of these cells.

Despite recent advancements in genetic modification, transfection of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) remains a capricious process. To our knowledge, systematic and efficient methods to transfect human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not been reported. Here, we describe robust protocols to efficiently transfect and nucleofect human iPSCs.

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood Using the STEMCCA Lentiviral Vector

Through the ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc, human somatic cells can be converted to a pluripotent state, generating so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)1-4. Patient-specific iPSCs lack the ethical concerns that surround embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and would bypass possible immune rejection. Thus, iPSCs have attracted considerable attention for disease modeling studies, the screening of pharmacological compounds, and regenerative therapies5.
We have shown the generation of transgene-free human iPSCs from patients with different lung diseases using a single excisable polycistronic lentiviral Stem Cell Cassette (STEMCCA) encoding the Yamanaka factors6. These iPSC lines were generated from skin fibroblasts, the most common cell type used for reprogramming. Normally, obtaining fibroblasts requires a skin punch biopsy followed by expansion of the cells in culture for a few passages. Importantly, a number of groups have reported the reprogramming of human peripheral blood cells into iPSCs7-9. In one study, a Tet inducible version of the STEMCCA vector was employed9, which required the blood cells to be simultaneously infected with a constitutively active lentivirus encoding the reverse tetracycline transactivator. In contrast to fibroblasts, peripheral blood cells can be collected via minimally invasive procedures, greatly reducing the discomfort and distress of the patient. A simple and effective protocol for reprogramming blood cells using a constitutive single excisable vector may accelerate the application of iPSC technology by making it accessible to a broader research community. Furthermore, reprogramming of peripheral blood cells allows for the generation of iPSCs from individuals in which skin biopsies should be avoided (i.e. aberrant scarring) or due to pre-existing disease conditions preventing access to punch biopsies.
Here we demonstrate a protocol for the generation of human iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using a single floxed-excisable lentiviral vector constitutively expressing the 4 factors. Freshly collected or thawed PBMCs are expanded for 9 days as described10,11 in medium containing ascorbic acid, SCF, IGF-1, IL-3 and EPO before being transduced with the STEMCCA lentivirus. Cells are then plated onto MEFs and ESC-like colonies can be visualized two weeks after infection. Finally, selected clones are expanded and tested for the expression of the pluripotency markers SSEA-4, Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81. This protocol is simple, robust and highly consistent, providing a reliable methodology for the generation of human iPSCs from readily accessible 4 ml of blood.

Here we show a simple and effective protocol for the generation of human iPSCs from 3-4 ml of peripheral blood using a single lentiviral reprogramming vector. Reprogramming of readily available blood cells promises to accelerate the utilization of iPSC technology by making it accessible to a broader research community.

Through the ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc, human somatic cells can be converted to a pluripotent state, ...

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that result from the reprogramming of somatic cells to a pluripotent state by forced expression of defined factors are offering new opportunities for regenerative medicine. Such clinical applications of iPS cells have been limited so far, mainly due to the poor efficiency of the existing reprogramming methodologies and the risk of the generated iPS cells to form tumors upon implantation.
We hypothesized that the reprogramming of somatic cells towards pluripotency could be achieved in vivo by gene transfer of reprogramming factors. In order to efficiently reprogram cells in vivo, high levels of the Yamanaka (OKSM) transcription factors need to be expressed at the target tissue. This can be achieved by using different viral or nonviral gene vectors depending on the target tissue. In this particular study, hydrodynamic tail-vein (HTV) injection of plasmid DNA was used to deliver the OKSM factors to mouse hepatocytes. This provided proof-of-evidence of in vivo reprogramming of adult, somatic cells towards a pluripotent state with high efficiency and fast kinetics. Furthermore no tumor or teratoma formation was observed in situ.
It can be concluded that reprogramming somatic cells in vivo may offer a potential approach to induce enhanced pluripotency rapidly, efficiently, and safely compared to in vitro performed protocols and can be applied to different tissue types in the future.

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

This study demonstrates the reprogramming of somatic cells towards pluripotency in vivo without the generation of teratomas. We used hydrodynamic tail vein injection of plasmid DNA encoding the Yamanka factors to induce the in vivo reprogramming of adult hepatocytes into cells of enhanced pluripotency.

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that result from the reprogramming of somatic cells to a pluripotent state by forced expression of defined factors ...

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs include modeling pathogenesis of human genetic diseases, autologous cell therapy after gene correction, and personalized drug screening by providing a source of patient-specific and symptom relevant cells. However, there are several hurdles to overcome, such as eliminating the remaining reprogramming factor transgene expression after human iPSCs production. More importantly, residual transgene expression in undifferentiated human iPSCs could hamper proper differentiations and misguide the interpretation of disease-relevant in vitro phenotypes. With this reason, integration-free and/or transgene-free human iPSCs have been developed using several methods, such as adenovirus, the piggyBac system, minicircle vector, episomal vectors, direct protein delivery and synthesized mRNA. However, efficiency of reprogramming using integration-free methods is quite low in most cases.
Here, we present a method to isolate human iPSCs by using Sendai-virus (RNA virus) based reprogramming system. This reprogramming method shows consistent results and high efficiency in cost-effective manner.

Here, we present our established method to reprogram human somatic cells into transgene-free human iPSCs with Sendai virus, which shows consistent outcome and enhanced efficiency.

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs ...

Episomal Reprogramming of Dermal Fibroblasts to Generate Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSCs)

Episomal Reprogramming of Dermal Fibroblasts to Generate Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (HiPSCs)  

Generation and Maintenance of Primate Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from Urine

Cross-species approaches studying primate pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives are crucial to better understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of disease, development, and evolution. To make primate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) more accessible, this paper presents a non-invasive method to generate human and non-human primate iPSCs from urine-derived cells, and their maintenance using a feeder-free culturing method.
The urine can be sampled from a non-sterile environment (e.g., the cage of the animal) and treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail during primary cell culture to reduce contamination efficiently. After propagation of the urine-derived cells, iPSCs are generated by a modified transduction method of a commercially available Sendai virus vector system. First&#160;iPSC colonies may already be visible after 5 days, and can be picked after 10 days at the earliest. Routine clump passaging with enzyme-free dissociation buffer supports pluripotency of the generated iPSCs for more than 50 passages.

The present protocol describes a method to isolate, expand, and reprogram human and non-human primate urine-derived cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), as well as instructions for feeder-free maintenance of the newly generated iPSCs.

Cross-species approaches studying primate pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives are crucial to better understand the molecular and cellular ...

Characterizing Surface Antigens and Proliferation Ability in hiPSC-Driving MSCs

Comparison of Two Representative Methods for Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult pluripotent stem cells which have been widely used in regenerative medicine. As somatic tissue-derived MSCs are restricted by limited donation, quality variations, and biosafety, the past 10 years have seen a great rise in efforts to generate MSCs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Past and recent efforts in the differentiation of hiPSCs into MSCs have been centered around two culture methodologies: (1) the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs) and (2) the use of monolayer culture. This protocol describes these two representative methods in deriving MSC from hiPSCs. Each method presents its advantages and disadvantages, including time, cost, cell proliferation ability, the expression of MSC markers, and their capability of differentiation in vitro. This protocol demonstrates that both methods can derive mature and functional MSCs from hiPSCs. The monolayer method is characterized by lower cost, simpler operation, and easier osteogenic differentiation, while the EB method is characterized by lower time consumption.

Author Spotlight: Advancements in iPSCs and Genetic Disease Research 

This protocol describes and compares two representative methods for differentiating hiPSCs into mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). The monolayer method is characterized by lower cost, simpler operation, and easier osteogenic differentiation. The embryoid bodies (EBs) method is characterized by lower time consumption.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult pluripotent stem cells which have been widely used in regenerative medicine. As somatic tissue-derived MSCs are ...