This project was supported by grant 1R03MH08127-01 and 7R03MH08127-02 from NIH to Q. Li, and by the IMPACT funds from Department of Medicine at UAB to Q. Li. Support from the Molette Fund and Auburn University is appreciated. We also thank the technical assistances from Ms. Pulin Che and Mr. Volodymyr Musiienko during the course of the work.

1. Cells, Virus and the Antiviral Compounds
<ol>
	<li>Maintain BSR cells, a derivative of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells10, in Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle&#39;s medium (DMEM) containing 5% fetal calf serum (FCS), 100U/ml penicillin and 100 &#956;g/ml streptomycin.</li>
	<li>For all three assays, plate cells in DMEM with 1% FCS, 100U/ml penicillin and 100 &#956;g/ml streptomycin, as optimized previously5. This medium is referred as assay medium for all three assays.</li>
	<li>Incubate all cells ...

<ol>
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Med. 87, 55-63 (2008).</li><li>Szmaragd, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mortality+and+case+fatality+during+the+recurrence+of+BTV-8+in+northern+Europe+in+2007.">Mortality and case fatality during the recurrence of BTV-8 in northern Europe in 2007.</a> Vet. Rec. 161, 571-572 (2007).</li><li>Li, Q., Maddox, C., Rasmussen, L., Hobrath, J. V., White, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assay+development+and+high+throughput+antiviral+drug+screening+against+Bluetongue+virus.">Assay development and high throughput antiviral drug screening against Bluetongue virus.</a> Antiviral Research. 83, 267-273 (2009).</li><li>Noah, J. 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Virol. 73, 251-259 (1999).</li><li>Phillips, T., Jenkinson, L., McCrae, C., Thong, B., Unitt, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+high-throughput+human+rhinovirus+infectivity+cell-based+assay+for+identifying+antiviral+compounds.">Development of a high-throughput human rhinovirus infectivity cell-based assay for identifying antiviral compounds.</a> J. Virol. Methods. 173, 182-188 (2011).</li><li>Harvey, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetracycline-inducible+packaging+cell+line+for+production+of+flavivirus+replicon+particles.">Tetracycline-inducible packaging cell line for production of flavivirus replicon particles.</a> J. Virol. 78, 531-538 (2004).</li><li>Puig-Basagoiti, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+assays+using+a+luciferase-expressing+replicon,+virus-like+particles,+and+full-length+virus+for+West+Nile+virus+drug+discovery.">High-throughput assays using a luciferase-expressing replicon, virus-like particles, and full-length virus for West Nile virus drug discovery.</a> Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 49, 4980-4988 (2005).</li><li>Puig-Basagoiti, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Triaryl+pyrazoline+compound+inhibits+flavivirus+RNA+replication.">Triaryl pyrazoline compound inhibits flavivirus RNA replication.</a> Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50, 1320-1329 (2006).</li><li>Duan, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+and+in+vivo+protection+against+the+highly+pathogenic+H5N1+influenza+virus+by+an+antisense+phosphorothioate+oligonucleotide.">In vitro and in vivo protection against the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus by an antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide.</a> Antivir. Ther. 13, 109-114 (2008).</li><li>Ray, D., Shi, P. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+flavivirus+antiviral+drug+discovery+and+vaccine+development.">Recent advances in flavivirus antiviral drug discovery and vaccine development.</a> Recent Pat. Antiinfect. Drug Discov. 1, 45-55 (2006).</li><li>Severson, W. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+screening+of+a+100,000-compound+library+for+inhibitors+of+influenza+A+virus+(H3N2).">High-throughput screening of a 100,000-compound library for inhibitors of influenza A virus (H3N2).</a> J. Biomol. Screen. 13, 879-887 (2008).</li><li>Severson, W. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+validation+of+a+high-throughput+screen+for+inhibitors+of+SARS+CoV+and+its+application+in+screening+of+a+100,000-compound+library.">Development and validation of a high-throughput screen for inhibitors of SARS CoV and its application in screening of a 100,000-compound library.</a> J. Biomol. Screen. 12, 33-40 (2007).</li><li>Bolken, T. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+characterization+of+potent+small+molecule+inhibitor+of+hemorrhagic+fever+New+World+arenaviruses.">Identification and characterization of potent small molecule inhibitor of hemorrhagic fever New World arenaviruses.</a> Antivir. Res. 69, 86-97 (2006).</li><li>Van Loock, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+high-throughput+cellular+screening+assay+for+the+discovery+of+HIV-1+integrase+inhibitors.">A novel high-throughput cellular screening assay for the discovery of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.</a> J. Virol. Methods. 179, 396-401 (2012).</li><li>Kampmann, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+silico+screening+of+small+molecule+libraries+using+the+dengue+virus+envelope+E+protein+has+identified+compounds+with+antiviral+activity+against+multiple+flaviviruses.">In silico screening of small molecule libraries using the dengue virus envelope E protein has identified compounds with antiviral activity against multiple flaviviruses.</a> Antiviral Res. 84, 234-241 (2009).</li><li>Kirchmair, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+anti-viral+agents+using+molecular+modeling+and+virtual+screening+techniques.">Development of anti-viral agents using molecular modeling and virtual screening techniques.</a> Infect. Disord. Drug Targets. 11, 64-93 (2011).</li></ol>

For the initial identification of antiviral hits, one of the key steps for antiviral drug discovery and development is to develop robust assays, which includes selecting a quantifiable marker, developing a simple protocol, obtaining sufficient signals and less than 10% CV. Most biochemical or cell-based screens are designed to provide a chemical starting point based upon the most robust, simple and inexpensive assay, due to the required reproducibility in the screening process and the potentially large number of molecule...

BTV is a prototype double-stranded RNA virus in the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. BTV is one of the most important diseases of domestic livestock, including sheep, goat, cattle and other domestic animals, with $3 billion/year loss worldwide1,2. The exotic BTV serotype is an important animal pathogen listed in the &#34;USDA High Consequence Livestock Pathogens.&#34; Recently, the re-emerging of BTV has caused a major outbreak of disease in cattle and sheep in several countries across Northern Europe3,4. As a result of its economic significance and as a model system, BTV has been the subject of extensive molecular, genetic and structural studies, and several vaccines have been developed. However, due to the lack of proper assays for antiviral drug discovery, there are no antivirals available against BTV.
In a recent high throughput screening (HTS) campaign using BTV as the model system, we developed, optimized and validated a CPE-based assay to identify potential broad-spectrum antivirals against arboviruses5. CPE-based assay is a well-recognized assay that has been used in antiviral drug discovery against a number of viruses that induced rapid and observable CPE/apoptosis5-7. In our system, post BTV infection, CPE is evident in vertebrate cells, including HeLa, BSR, and HEK 293T8. BTV-induced CPE could be monitored and quantified using various cell viability detection methods, including the CellTiter Glo cell viability reagent kit (CTG kit)9. This kit determines the number of viable cells in culture based on quantitation of cellular ATP presented, which signals the presence of metabolically active living cells. Under optimized conditions, the CPE-based assay presented here showed its feasibility with the &#34;mix and measure&#34; one step protocol, and flexibility with stable luminescent signals. Meanwhile, toxic compounds reducing cell viability will be excluded in this CPE-based assay. The CPE-based assay showed its robustness and reliability for antiviral drug discovery against BTV, and has been used to screen the NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository (MLSMR), which leads to the identification of six novel cluster of potential antiviral lead compound(s)5.
When a potential antiviral compound has been identified using the CPE-based assay, it will need to be subjected to the ten-concentration dose-response assay to determine the range of antiviral efficacy and cytotoxicity2. The antiviral efficacy, represented as the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) or the 50% effective concentration (EC50), is the concentration of a drug which inhibits virus-induced CPE halfway between the baseline and maximum. The cytotoxicity of the antivirals, i.e.&#160;the 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC50), is the concentration of a drug inducing 50% of cytotoxicity between the baseline and maximum. The selective index (SI), denoted as 50% SI (SI50) is calculated from CC50/IC50 which determines the specificity of the antiviral against virus-induced CPE. The IC50 (or EC50), CC50 and SI50 values are critical measures to determine whether an antiviral compound is potent and selective for further drug development.
When an antiviral showed no overt toxicity in vitro, yet prevented virus induced CPE and the productive viral life-cycle, it is important to characterize its MoA2. We initiated such characterization by carrying out ToA assay to determine the possible step(s) of viral life-cycle that is affected by the antiviral. Generally, antiviral compound were added to cells at different times pre- or post-virus infection. If the antivirals were added to the infected cells post to its target step during the course of infection, it would result in lower activity when compared to the one which was added prior to the step. Thus, ToA study is critical for determining the antiviral efficacy of a compound, and its potential target, either on the viral life-cycle or the host machinery involved in the viral life-cycle.
For all three assays, cell viability was determined using the CTG kit following manufacturer&#39;s instruction5. This detection system outputs adequate luminescence signals that could be analyzed using various in-house software. Each assay was validated and performed at least in triplicate with eight replicas. For all the obtained data, three parameters, including mean value (AVE), standard deviation (STDEV), and co-efficient variation (CV) were analyzed to determine the robustness of the assay. Once the robustness of the assay has been determined, the data will be further analyzed and plotted using various biostatics and graphic tools2.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>1134218</td>
			<td>For cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>16000044</td>
			<td>For cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.05% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>1000185</td>
			<td>For cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Gbico</td>
			<td>1049769</td>
			<td>For cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellTiter-Glo (CTG) kit</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>TB288</td>
			<td>For cell viability measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethanol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S25309B</td>
			<td>Diluted from 95%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antiviral huashilcompounds</td>
			<td>NIH MLSMR and de novo synthesis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BTV-10</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>VR-187</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSR cell</td>
			<td>Developed in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Synergy-II multi-mode microplate reader</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For luminescent signal reading</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MicroFlo select dispenser</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Adding cells, virus, and reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>384-well flat-bottom microplate</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>28908031</td>
			<td>For cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gen. 5 software</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For analysis of reading outputs from Synergy-II multi-mode microplate reader</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GraphPad Prism 5</td>
			<td>GraphPad</td>
			<td>Version 5</td>
			<td>For biostatic analysis and plot</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assays for the identification of novel antivirals against bluetongue virus

To identify potential antivirals against BTV, we have developed, optimized and validated three assays presented here. The CPE-based assay was the first assay developed to evaluate whether a compound showed any antiviral efficacy and have been used to screen large compound library. Meanwhile, cytotoxicity of antivirals could also be evaluated using the CPE-based assay. The dose-response assay was designed to determine the range of efficacy for the selected antiviral, i.e. 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) or effective concentration (EC50), as well as its range of cytotoxicity (CC50). The ToA assay was employed for the initial MoA study to determine the underlying mechanism of the novel antivirals during BTV viral lifecycle or the possible effect on host cellular machinery. These assays are vital for the evaluation of antiviral efficacy in cell culture system, and have been used for our recent researches leading to the identification of a number of novel antivirals against BTV.

1. Antiviral efficacy of compound
The cell-based CPE assay was developed, optimized and validated in vitro using the luminescent-based CTG kit to identify novel antivirals against BTV as described previously2,5. The ten-dose response assay was employed to reflect the antiviral efficacy and cytotoxicity of an identified lead compound by measuring the number of metabolically viable cells in culture based on quantitation of cellular ATP presented in the living cells5,11</sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus at JoVE.com

Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus

Three assays, including the cytopathic effect (CPE)-based assay, dose-response assay and Time-of-Addition (ToA) assay have been developed, optimized, validated and utilized to identify novel antivirals against Bluetongue virus (BTV), as well as to determine the possible Mechanism-of-Action (MoA) for newly identified antivirals.

To identify potential antivirals against BTV, we have  developed, optimized and validated three assays presented here. The CPE-based  assay was the first ...

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13.9K Views.  University of Alabama at Birmingham. Three assays, including the cytopathic effect (CPE)-based assay, dose-response assay and Time-of-Addition (ToA) assay have been developed, optimized, validated and utilized to identify novel antivirals against Bluetongue virus (BTV), as well as to determine the possible Mechanism-of-Action (MoA) for newly identified antivirals.