We thank Dr. John Greaves and Ms. Soroosh Sorooshian, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine Mass Spectrometry Facility, for mass spectrometric analyses. We also thank Mr. Jacob Buchanan for helpful discussions, as well as Miss Stephanie J. Conn, Mrs. Shannon M. Huffman (Vreeland), and Miss Alexandra N. Wexler for early stage work on this project. Partial funding was provided by the Central Washington University (CWU) School of Graduate Studies (C.E.M), the CWU Seed Grant Program, and the CWU Faculty Research Program.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to declare.

Initial efforts to prepare clavatadine A enlisted a traditional, indirect approach to guanidinylation from a suitable amine precursor, which in this case was a terminal azide. Central to this effort was the union of the two halves of the molecule to construct the carbamate moiety. Unfortunately, all attempts to realize an azide reduction in anticipation of a planned late-stage guanidinylation were unsuccessful.25,26 These setbacks inspired the pursuit of compound 7, which could be prepared in ...

The objective of this video is to show how using a direct and early guanidinylation method to make a terminal guanidine structure is more practical, rapid, and efficient than traditional guanidinylation methods in organic synthesis. The guanidine functional group, found on the amino acid arginine, is a key structural element in many complex natural products and pharmaceuticals. The discovery and design of new guanidine containing natural products and small molecules establish the need for a more efficient guanidinylation method. The commonly used circuitous approach features the introduction of a latent guanidine precursor that is unmasked at a late stage in the synthesis. In contrast, a straightforward tactic installs a protected guanidine onto a primary amine early in a synthetic route.
The reactive nature of guanidines generally precludes them from routine use without an appropriate protecting group strategy. Traditionally, methods to add a guanidine functional group involved an indirect approach that involved multiple protection steps followed by adding the guanidine at the end of the synthesis. Two recent syntheses illustrate the drawbacks inherent to indirect guanidinylation1,2. The direct method reported herein involves reacting a protected guanidine reagent with a primary amine early on in the synthesis of a given molecule and then deprotecting it at the end of the synthesis. This strategy was deployed successfully in recent total synthesis of biologically active marine alkaloids clavatadine A and phidianidine A and B3,4.
While this direct guanidinylation method does have its advantages over traditional methods of guanidinylation it still has its drawbacks. The chemical conditions that the protected guanidine can survive will depend on the protecting group employed. Despite these potential drawbacks, the direct guanidinylation method is an enabling strategy to add terminal guanidines to primary amines for use in the synthesis of complex organic molecules.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Chloroform-d</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>612200-100G</td><td>99.8% D, 0.05% v/v tetramethylsilane; Caution: toxic</td></tr><tr><td>Dimethylsulfoxide-d&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td></td><td>185965-50G</td><td>99.9% D, 1% v/v tetramethylsilane</td></tr><tr><td>sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S8503-2.5KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium sulfate, anhydrous</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>238597-2.5KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>silica gel</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S825-25</td><td>Merck, Grade 60, 230-400 mesh</td></tr><tr><td>washed sea sand</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>274739-5KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>hexane</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>178918-20L</td><td>Caution: flammable</td></tr><tr><td>ethyl acetate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>319902-4L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>methylene chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D65100-4L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S9888-10KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium bicarbonate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S6014-2.5KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>acetic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>695092-2.5L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>hydrochloric acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>258248-2.5L</td><td>Caution: Corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>bromine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>470864-50G</td><td>&gt;99.99% trace metals basis; Caution: Corrosive, causes severe burns</td></tr><tr><td>hydrobromic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>244260-500ML</td><td>48% aqueous; Caution: Corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>2,5-dimethoxyphenylacetic acid</td><td>ChemImpex</td><td>26909</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>chloroform</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>132950-4L</td><td>Caution: Toxic</td></tr><tr><td>tetrahydrofuran</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>360589-4x4L</td><td>Caution: highly flammable</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;N,N&lt;/em&gt;-diisopropylethylamine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D125806-500ML</td><td>Caution: Corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>triethylamine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T0886-1L</td><td>Caution: Corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>3 Angstrom molecular sieves</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>208574-1KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>calcium hydride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>213268-100G</td><td>Caution: Corrosive, reacts violently with water</td></tr><tr><td>ammonium molybdate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>431346-50G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phosphomolybdic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>221856-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cerium(IV) sulfate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>359009-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-butanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>537993-1L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1,4-butanediamine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D13208-100G</td><td>Caution: Corrosive / warm in hot water bath to melt prior to use</td></tr><tr><td>triphosgene</td><td>VWR</td><td>200015-064</td><td>Caution: Highly Toxic</td></tr><tr><td>methanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>646377-4X4L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium acetate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>241245-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethylsulfoxide-d&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>570672-50G</td><td>Anhydrous, 99.9% D</td></tr><tr><td>sodium hydroxide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>221465-500G</td><td>Caution: Corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>guanidine hydrochloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G4505-25G</td><td>Caution: Toxic, Corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>di-tert-butyl dicarbonate</td><td>VWR</td><td>200002-018%</td><td>Caution: Toxic / may warm in hot water bath to melt prior to use</td></tr><tr><td>trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>50-206-771</td><td>98%, anhydrous; Caution: toxic, corrosive, extremely moisture sensitive</td></tr></tbody></table>

a direct, early stage guanidinylation protocol for the synthesis of complex aminoguanidine-containing natural products

The guanidine functional group, displayed most prominently in the amino acid arginine, one of the fundamental building blocks of life, is an important structural element found in many complex natural products and pharmaceuticals. Owing to the continual discovery of new guanidine-containing natural products and designed small molecules, rapid and efficient guanidinylation methods are of keen interest to synthetic and medicinal organic chemists. Because the nucleophilicity and basicity of guanidines can affect subsequent chemical transformations, traditional, indirect guanidinylation is typically pursued. Indirect methods commonly employ multiple protection steps involving a latent amine precursor, such as an azide, phthalimide, or carbamate. By circumventing these circuitous methods and employing a direct guanidinylation reaction early in the synthetic sequence, it was possible to forge the linear terminal guanidine containing backbone of clavatadine A to realize a short and streamlined synthesis of this potent factor XIa inhibitor. In practice, guanidine hydrochloride is elaborated with a carefully constructed protecting array that is optimized to survive the synthetic steps to come. In the preparation of clavatadine A, direct guanidinylation of a commercially available diamine eliminated two unnecessary steps from its synthesis. Coupled with the wide variety of known guanidine protecting groups, direct guanidinylation evinces a succinct and efficient practicality inherent to methods that find a home in a synthetic chemist&#39;s toolbox.

Direct guanidinylation of a commercially available &#945;,&#969;-diamine, followed by reaction with triphosgene, afforded the reactive isocyanate 8 as the linear portion of clavatadine A (Figure 1b). Yields of this two-step reaction sequence are invariably high, 95% or greater. Guanidinylation reagent 6 was prepared exactly as described by Goodman.11,24
When isocyanat...

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A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

Here, we present a protocol for direct, early stage guanidinylation that enables rapid total synthesis of aminoguanidine-containing small organic molecules. An advanced synthetic intermediate used in the synthesis of a blood coagulation factor XIa inhibitor was prepared using this protocol.

The guanidine functional group, displayed most prominently in the amino acid arginine, one of the fundamental building blocks of life, is an important ...

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10.5K Views.  Central Washington University. Here, we present a protocol for direct, early stage guanidinylation that enables rapid total synthesis of aminoguanidine-containing small organic molecules. An advanced synthetic intermediate used in the synthesis of a blood coagulation factor XIa inhibitor was prepared using this protocol. 

Video: A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

The involvement of free radicals in life sciences has constantly increased with time and has been connected to several physiological and pathological processes. This subject embraces diverse scientific areas, spanning from physical, biological and bioorganic chemistry to biology and medicine, with applications to the amelioration of quality of life, health and aging. Multidisciplinary skills are required for the full investigation of the many facets of radical processes in the biological environment and chemical knowledge plays a crucial role in unveiling basic processes and mechanisms. We developed a chemical biology approach able to connect free radical chemical reactivity with biological processes, providing information on the mechanistic pathways and products. The core of this approach is the design of biomimetic models to study biomolecule behavior (lipids, nucleic acids and proteins) in aqueous systems, obtaining insights of the reaction pathways as well as building up molecular libraries of the free radical reaction products. This context can be successfully used for biomarker discovery and examples are provided with two classes of compounds: mono-trans isomers of cholesteryl esters, which are synthesized and used as references for detection in human plasma, and purine 5',8-cyclo-2'-deoxyribonucleosides, prepared and used as reference in the protocol for detection of such lesions in DNA samples, after ionizing radiations or obtained from different health conditions.

Radical-based biomimetic chemistry has been applied to building-up libraries necessary for biomarker development.

The involvement of free radicals in life sciences has constantly increased with time and has been connected to several physiological and pathological ...

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a method for the identification of an enzyme of interest in a complex proteome through the use of a chemical probe that targets the enzyme&#39;s active sites. A reporter tag introduced into the probe allows for the detection of the labeled enzyme by in-gel fluorescence scanning, protein blot, fluorescence microscopy, or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Here, we describe the preparation and use of the compound ARN14686, a click chemistry activity-based probe (CC-ABP) that selectively recognizes the enzyme N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA). NAAA is a cysteine hydrolase that promotes inflammation by deactivating endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha agonists such as palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA). NAAA is synthesized as an inactive full-length proenzyme, which is activated by autoproteolysis in the acidic pH of the lysosome. Localization studies have shown that NAAA is predominantly expressed in macrophages and other monocyte-derived cells, as well as in B-lymphocytes. We provide examples of how ARN14686 can be used to detect and quantify active NAAA ex vivo in rodent tissues by protein blot and fluorescence microscopy.

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Here, we describe the preparation and use of an activity-based probe (ARN14686, undec-10-ynyl-N-[(3S)-2-oxoazetidin-3-yl]carbamate) that allows for the detection and quantification of the active form of the proinflammatory enzyme N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA), both in vitro and ex vivo.

Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a method for the identification of an enzyme of interest in a complex proteome through the use of a chemical ...

Biochemistry

An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Peptoids with Mixed Lysine-type/Arginine-type Monomers and Evaluation of Their Anti-leishmanial Activity

This protocol describes the manual solid-phase synthesis of linear peptoids that contain two differently functionalized cationic monomers. In this procedure amino functionalized 'lysine' and guanido functionalized 'arginine' peptoid monomers can be included within the same peptoid sequence. This procedure uses on-resin (N-(1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexylidene)ethyl) or Dde protection, orthogonal conditions to the Boc protection of lysine monomers. Subsequent deprotection allows an efficient on-resin guanidinylation reaction to form the arginine residues. The procedure is compatible with the commonly used submonomer method of peptoid synthesis, allowing simple peptoids to be made using common laboratory equipment and commercially available reagents. The representative synthesis, purification and characterization of two mixed peptoids is described. The evaluation of these compounds as potential anti-infectives in screening assays against Leishmania mexicana is also described. The protozoan parasite L. mexicana is a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease that affects up to 12 million people worldwide.

A protocol to synthesize peptoids with mixed cationic functionality in the same sequence is presented (lysine- and arginine-type monomers). Subsequent testing of these compounds against Leishmania mexicana, the protozoan parasites that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis, is also described.

This protocol describes the manual solid-phase synthesis of linear peptoids that contain two differently functionalized cationic monomers. In this ...

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

The guanidine group is one of the most important pharmacophoric groups in medicinal chemistry. The only amino acid carrying a guanidine group is arginine. In this article, an easy method for the modification of the guanidine group in peptidic ligands is provided, with an example of RGD-binding integrin ligands. It was recently demonstrated that the distinct modification of the guanidine group in these ligands allows for the selective modulation of the subtype (e.g., between the subtypes &#945;v and &#945;5). Moreover, a formerly unknown strategy for the functionalization via the guanidine group was demonstrated, and the synthetic approach is reviewed in this document. The modifications described here involve terminally (N&#969;) alkylated and acetylated guanidine groups. For the synthesis, tailor-made precursor molecules are synthesized, which are then subjected to a reaction with an orthogonally deprotected amine to transfer the pre-modified guanidine group. For the synthesis of alkylated guanidines, precursors based on N,N&#8242;-Di-Boc-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamidine are used to synthesize acylated compounds, the precursor of choice being a correspondingly acylated derivative of N-Boc-S-methylisothiourea, which can be obtained in one- and two-step reactions.

A protocol for the synthesis of alkyl-modified guanidines based on the use of the corresponding precursors is presented.

The guanidine group is one of the most important pharmacophoric groups in medicinal chemistry. The only amino acid carrying a guanidine group is arginine. ...

Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid phase by using combinatorial chemistry. One of the most well studied classes of peptidomimetics is peptoids. Peptoids are easy to synthesize and have been shown to be proteolysis-resistant and cell-permeable. Over the past decade, many useful protein ligands have been identified through screening of peptoid libraries. However, most of the ligands identified from peptoid libraries do not display high affinity, with rare exceptions. This may be due, in part, to the lack of chiral centers and conformational constraints in peptoid molecules. Recently, we described a new synthetic route to access peptide tertiary amides (PTAs). PTAs are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. With side chains on both &#945;-carbon and main chain nitrogen atoms, the conformation of these molecules are greatly constrained by sterical hindrance and allylic 1,3 strain. (Figure 1) Our study suggests that these PTA molecules are highly structured in solution and can be used to identify protein ligands. We believe that these molecules can be a future source of high-affinity protein ligands. Here we describe the synthetic method combining the power of both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a sample one-bead one-compound (OBOC) library of PTAs.

Peptide tertiary amides (PTAs) are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. Here we describe a synthetic method which combines&#160;both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a one-bead one-compound library of PTAs.

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid ...

Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups

Unnatural amino acids, amino acids containing side-chain functionalities not commonly seen in nature, are increasingly found in synthetic peptide sequences. Synthesis of some unnatural amino acids often includes the use of a precursor consisting of a Schiff-base stabilized by a nickel cation. Unnatural side-chains can be installed on an amino acid backbone found in this Schiff-base complex. The resulting unnatural amino acid can then be isolated from this complex using hydrolysis of the Schiff-base, typically by employing reflux in strongly acidic solution. These highly acidic conditions may remove acid-labile side-chain protecting groups necessary for the unnatural amino acids to be used in microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis. In this work, we present an efficient hydrolysis and subsequent Fmoc protection of an amino acid isolated from a Ni-Schiff base complex. Hydrolysis conditions presented in this work are suitable for retention of acid-labile side-chain protecting groups and may be adaptable to a variety of unnatural amino acid substrates.

Here, we present an efficient hydrolysis and subsequent Fmoc protection of an amino acid isolated from a Ni-Schiff-base complex. Hydrolysis conditions presented here are suitable for use when retention of acid-labile side-chain protecting groups is required. This technique may be adaptable to a variety of unnatural amino acid substrates.

Unnatural amino acids, amino acids containing side-chain functionalities not commonly seen in nature, are increasingly found in synthetic peptide ...

Facile Protocol for the Synthesis of Self-assembling Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles (PPAs) and Related Biomaterials

Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles (PPAs) are a new class of self-assembling amphiphilic biomaterials-related to the peptide amphiphiles (PAs). Traditional PAs possess charged amino acids as solubilizing groups (lysine, arginine), which are directly connected to a lipid segment or can contain a linker region made of neutral amino acids. Tuning the peptide sequence of PAs can yield diverse morphologies. Similarly, PPAs possess a hydrophobic segment and neutral amino acids, but also contain polyamine molecules as water solubilizing (hydrophilic) groups. As is the case with PAs, PPAs can also self-assemble into diverse morphologies, including small rods, twisted nano-ribbons, and fused nano-sheets, when dissolved in water. However, the presence of both primary and secondary amines on a single polyamine molecule poses a significant challenge when synthesizing PPAs. In this paper, we show a simple protocol, based on literature precedents, to achieve a facile synthesis of PPAs using solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). This protocol can be extended to the synthesis of PAs and other similar systems. We also illustrate the steps that are needed for cleavage from the resin, identification, and purification.

Facile Protocol for the Synthesis of Self-assembling Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles PPAs and Related Biomaterials

The synthesis of polyamine-based peptide amphiphiles (PPAs) is a significant challenge due to the presence of multiple amine nitrogens, which requires judicious use of protecting groups to mask these reactive functionalities. In this paper, we describe a facile method for the preparation of these new class of self-assembling molecules.

Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles (PPAs) are a new class of self-assembling amphiphilic biomaterials-related to the peptide amphiphiles (PAs). ...

The Synthesis of RGD-functionalized Hydrogels as a Tool for Therapeutic Applications

The use of polymers as biomaterials has provided significant advantages in therapeutic applications. In particular, the possibility to modify and functionalize polymer chains with compounds that are able to improve biocompatibility, mechanical properties, or cell viability allows the design of novel materials to meet new challenges in the biomedical field. With the polymer functionalization strategies, click chemistry is a powerful tool to improve cell-compatibility and drug delivery properties of polymeric devices. Similarly, the fundamental need of biomedicine to use sterile tools to avoid potential adverse-side effects, such as toxicity or contamination of the biological environment, gives rise to increasing interest in the microwave-assisted strategy.
The combination of click chemistry and the microwave-assisted method is suitable to produce biocompatible hydrogels with desired functionalities and improved performances in biomedical applications. This work aims to synthesize RGD-functionalized hydrogels. RGD (arginylglycylaspartic acid) is a tripeptide that can mimic cell adhesion proteins and bind to cell-surface receptors, creating a hospitable microenvironment for cells within the 3D polymeric network of the hydrogels. RGD functionalization occurs through Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Some PAA carboxyl groups are modified with an alkyne moiety, whereas RGD is functionalized with azido acid as the terminal residue of the peptide sequence. Finally, both products are used in a copper catalyzed click reaction to permanently link the peptide to PAA. This modified polymer is used with carbomer, agarose and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to synthesize a hydrogel matrix. The 3D structure is formed due to an esterification reaction involving carboxyl groups from PAA and carbomer and hydroxyl groups from agarose and PEG through microwave-assisted polycondensation. The efficiency of the gelation mechanism ensures a high degree of RGD functionalization. In addition, the procedure to load therapeutic compounds or biological tools within this functionalized network is very simple and reproducible.

We present a protocol for the synthesis of RGD-functionalized hydrogels as devices for cell and drug delivery. The procedure involves copper catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) between alkyne-modified polyacrylic acid (PAA) and a RGD-azide derivative. The hydrogels are formed using microwave-assisted polycondensation and their physicochemical properties are investigated.

The use of polymers as biomaterials has provided significant advantages in therapeutic applications. In particular, the possibility to modify and ...

Bioengineering

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Nitrogen-containing heterocycle aziridines are synthetically very valuable for the preparation of azacyclic and acyclic molecules. However, it is very difficult and laborious to make aziridines in optically pure forms on a large scale to apply asymmetric synthesis of aza compounds. Fortunately, we successfully achieved both enantiomers (2R)- and (2S)-aziridine-2-carboxylates with the electron-donating &#945;-methylbenzyl group at the ring nitrogen as non-activated aziridines. These starting aziridines have two distinct functional groups-highly reactive three-membered ring and versatile carboxylate. They are applicable in ring-opening or ring-transformation with aziridine and in functional group transformation to others from carboxylate. Both of these enantiomers were utilized in the preparation of biologically important amino acyclic and/or aza-heterocyclic compounds in an asymmetric manner. Specifically, this report describes the first expedient asymmetric synthesis of both enantiomers of 5, 6-dihydrouracil-type marine natural products biemamide B and D as potential TGF-&#946; inhibitors. This synthesis consisted of regio- and the stereoselective ring-opening reaction of aziridine-2-carboxylate and subsequent formation of 4-aminoteterahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione. One more example in this protocol dealt a highly stereoselective Mukaiyama reaction of aziridine-2-carboxylate and silyl enol ether, following intramolecular aziridine ring-opening to provide easy and facile access to (-)-epiallo-isomuscarine.

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

In this study, we prepare both enantiomers of aziridine-2-carboxylate, which are used in the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids, including biemamide B and D, and (-)-epiallo-isomuscarine.

Nitrogen-containing heterocycle aziridines are synthetically very valuable for the preparation of azacyclic and acyclic molecules. However, it is very ...

Preparation of 1&deg; Amines: Azide Synthesis

Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide synthesis method can be used.
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum hydride, or by catalytic hydrogenation to primary amines. The driving force for such reactions is the elimination of nitrogen gas.
Azide synthesis also works with other electrophiles like epoxides to produce amino alcohols through stereoselective ring-opening reactions. Alkyl azides have an explosive nature and must be carefully handled.

Preparation of 1&amp;deg; Amines: Azide Synthesis

Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide ...

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

Summary

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Chapters in this video

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Peptoids with Mixed Lysine-type/Arginine-type Monomers and Evaluation of Their Anti-leishmanial Activity

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library

Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups

Facile Protocol for the Synthesis of Self-assembling Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles (PPAs) and Related Biomaterials

The Synthesis of RGD-functionalized Hydrogels as a Tool for Therapeutic Applications

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis