Name: a tandem liquid chromatography&#8211;mass spectrometry-based approach for metabolite analysis of staphylococcus aureus
Uploaded: 2017-03-28T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Tandem Liquid ChromatographyÃ¢â‚¬â€œMass Spectrometry-based Approach for Metabolite Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus at JoVE.com

This work was funded in part by an NIH Pathway to Independence Award (grant GM 099893) and faculty startup funds to SRB, as well as a Research Project Grant (grant GM 042219). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.

1. Preparation of Buffer Solutions
<ol>
	<li>Prepare phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) by diluting a stock solution of 10x PBS to a final concentration of 1x with ultrapure (distilled and deionized) water.</li>
	<li>Prepare quenching solution by combining 2 mL of acetonitrile, 2 mL of methanol, 1 mL of ultrapure H2O, and 19 &#181;L (0.1 mM final concentration) of formic acid.</li>
	<li>Prepare LC-MS solvent A by adding formic acid (0.2% [v/v] final concentration) to ultrapure water.</li>
	<li>Prepare L...

All small-molecule metabolites are connected to one another through their common origins in central metabolic pathways. During exponential growth, bacterial cells are at biological and metabolic steady state, providing a snapshot of the physiological state under specific conditions. CodY monitors nutrient sufficiency by responding to ILV and GTP. As ILV and GTP pools drop, CodY activity is likely progressively reduced, adjusting the expression of its target genes to adapt to increasing nutrient depletion<sup class="xref"...

Bacterial pathogens must contend with many challenges within the host environment. In addition to direct attack by immune cells, the host also sequesters nutrients essential for bacterial survival and replication, generating nutritional immunity1,2. To survive these hostile environments, bacterial pathogens deploy virulence factors. Some of these factors allow the bacteria to evade the immune response; other factors include secreted digestive enzymes, such as hyaluronidase, thermonuclease, and lipase, which may enable the bacteria to replenish missing nutrients by consuming tissue-derived constituents3,4,5. Indeed, bacteria have evolved regulatory systems that tie the physiological state of the cell to the production of virulence factors6,7,8,9,10.
A growing body of evidence points to CodY as a critical regulator linking metabolism and virulence. Although first discovered in Bacillus subtilis as a repressor of the dipeptide permease (dpp) gene11, CodY is now known to be produced by nearly all the low G+C Gram-positive bacteria12,13 and regulates dozens of genes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism14,15,16,17,18,19. In pathogenic species, CodY also controls the expression of some of the most important virulence genes20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27. CodY is activated as a DNA-binding protein by two classes of ligands: branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; isoleucine, leucine, and valine [ILV]) and GTP. When these nutrients are abundant, CodY represses (or in some cases, stimulates) transcription. As these nutrients become limited, CodY activity is progressively reduced, resulting in a graded transcriptional response that re-routes precursors through various metabolic pathways connected to central metabolism28,29,30. 
Tandem liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a powerful technique that can accurately identify and quantify small-molecule intracellular metabolites31. When paired with transcriptome analysis (e.g., RNA-Seq), this analytical workflow can provide insight into the physiological changes that occur in response to environmental or nutritional stress. Here, we present a method for metabolite extraction from Staphylococcus aureus cells and subsequent analysis via LC-MS. This approach has been used to demonstrate the pleiotropic effects of CodY on S. aureus physiology.

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			<td style="width:163px;">G1330B&#160;</td>
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			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:363px;">Tryptic Soy Broth</td>
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			<td style="width:167px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">214530</td>
			<td>Solid media contains 1.5% [w/v] agar</td>
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			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:363px;">Phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) 10X</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">AM9624</td>
			<td>Dilute fresh to 1X with ultra-pure water</td>
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			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:363px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">A955-500</td>
			<td>Optima LC-MS</td>
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			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:363px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">A456-500</td>
			<td>Optima LC-MS; toxic</td>
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			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:363px;">Formic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">94318</td>
			<td>For mass spectrometry, 98%</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:363px;">Software</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:363px;">MassHunter</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">G3337AA</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:363px;">Bacterial Strain</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Species</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Strain</td>
			<td>Genotype</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:363px;">SRB 337</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Staphylococcus aureus</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">USA200 MSSA UAMS-1</td>
			<td>wild type</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:363px;">SRB 372</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Staphylococcus aureus</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">USA200 MSSA UAMS-1</td>
			<td>&#916;codY::erm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:933px;">aChemicals and materials listed are specific to the method described and do not include standard laboratory chemicals or supplies.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a tandem liquid chromatography&#8211;mass spectrometry-based approach for metabolite analysis of staphylococcus aureus

In an effort to thwart bacterial pathogens, hosts often limit the availability of nutrients at the site of infection. This limitation can alter the abundances of key metabolites to which regulatory factors respond, adjusting cellular metabolism. In recent years, a number of proteins and RNA have emerged as important regulators of virulence gene expression. For example, the CodY protein responds to levels of branched-chain amino acids and GTP and is widely conserved in low G+C Gram-positive bacteria. As a global regulator in Staphylococcus aureus, CodY controls the expression of dozens of virulence and metabolic genes. We hypothesize that S. aureus uses CodY, in part, to alter its metabolic state in an effort to adapt to nutrient-limiting conditions potentially encountered in the host environment. This manuscript describes a method for extracting and analyzing metabolites from S. aureus using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, a protocol that was developed to test this hypothesis. The method also highlights best practices that will ensure rigor and reproducibility, such as maintaining biological steady state and constant aeration without the use of continuous chemostat cultures. Relative to the USA200 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus isolate UAMS-1 parental strain, the isogenic codY mutant exhibited significant increases in amino acids derived from aspartate (e.g., threonine and isoleucine) and decreases in their precursors (e.g., aspartate and O-acetylhomoserine). These findings correlate well with transcriptional data obtained with RNA-seq analysis: genes in these pathways were up-regulated between 10- and 800-fold in the codY null mutant. Coupling global analyses of the transcriptome and the metabolome can reveal how bacteria alter their metabolism when faced with environmental or nutritional stress, providing potential insight into the physiological changes associated with nutrient depletion experienced during infection. Such discoveries may pave the way for the development of novel anti-infectives and therapeutics.

We have analyzed intracellular metabolite pools in S. aureus during in vitro growth in a rich, complex medium. As proof of principle, we compared metabolite profiles between the methicillin-susceptible S. aureus osteomyelitis isolate UAMS-1 (wild-type [WT]) and an isogenic strain lacking the global transcriptional regulator CodY (&#916;codY)26. Steady-state, exponential cultures of the WT and codY strains were establishe...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Tandem Liquid ChromatographyÃ¢â‚¬â€œMass Spectrometry-based Approach for Metabolite Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus at JoVE.com

A Tandem Liquid ChromatographyÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚Â¬ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œMass Spectrometry-based Approach for Metabolite Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus

Here we describe a protocol for the extraction of metabolites from Staphylococcus aureus and their subsequent analysis via liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.

A Tandem Liquid Chromatography&#8211;Mass Spectrometry-based Approach for Metabolite Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus

In an effort to thwart bacterial pathogens, hosts often limit the availability of nutrients at the site of infection. This limitation can alter the ...

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