Name: high-resolution imaging and analysis of individual astral microtubule dynamics in budding yeast
Uploaded: 2017-04-20T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-resolution Imaging and Analysis of Individual Astral Microtubule Dynamics in Budding Yeast at JoVE.com

We thank Kerry Bloom (University of North Carolina), Kyung Lee (NCI), Steven Markus (Colorado State University), and Elmar Schiebel (Universit&#228;t Heidelberg) for sharing various FP-TUB1 plasmids. We are grateful to Melissa Gardner (University of Minnesota) for training us in the slide chamber preparation method. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant R01GM112893-01A1 (to J.K.M.) and T32GM008730 (to C.E.).

1. Preparing -LEU Dropout Plates
<ol>
	<li>Add 800 mL of sterile, deionized water (DiH2O) to a 2 L flask. Add 26.71 g of dropout base (DOB) powder, 0.69 g of CSM-Leu, and 20 g of agar. Mix with a magnetic stir bar. Bring to 1 L with DiH2O.</li>
	<li>Autoclave at 121 &#176;C and 19 psi for 30 min.</li>
	<li>Remove the flask from the autoclave and allow it to cool to ~65 &#176;C with gentle stirring.</li>
	<li>Pour 30 mL/plate into 100 mm diameter plates. Let these sit at room temperature for 36-48 ...

<ol>
	<li>Zanic, M., Widlund, P. O., Hyman, A. A., Howard, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergy+between+XMAP215+and+EB1+increases+microtubule+growth+rates+to+physiological+levels.">Synergy between XMAP215 and EB1 increases microtubule growth rates to physiological levels.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 15 (6), 688-693 (2013).</li><li>Mimori-Kiyosue, Y., Shiina, N., Tsukita, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dynamic+behavior+of+the+APC-binding+protein+EB1+on+the+distal+ends+of+microtubules.">The dynamic behavior of the APC-binding protein EB1 on the distal ends of microtubules.</a> Curr Biol. 10 (14), 865-868 (2000).</li><li>Byers, B., Goetsch, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavior+of+spindles+and+spindle+plaques+in+the+cell+cycle+and+conjugation+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Behavior of spindles and spindle plaques in the cell cycle and conjugation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> J Bacteriol. 124 (1), 511-523 (1975).</li><li>Marschall, L. G., Jeng, R. L., Mulholland, J., Stearns, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Tub4p,+a+yeast+gamma-tubulin-like+protein:+implications+for+microtubule-organizing+center+function.">Analysis of Tub4p, a yeast gamma-tubulin-like protein: implications for microtubule-organizing center function.</a> J Cell Biol. 134 (2), 443-454 (1996).</li><li>Spang, A., Geissler, S., Grein, K., Schiebel, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=gamma-Tubulin-like+Tub4p+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+is+associated+with+the+spindle+pole+body+substructures+that+organize+microtubules+and+is+required+for+mitotic+spindle+formation.">gamma-Tubulin-like Tub4p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is associated with the spindle pole body substructures that organize microtubules and is required for mitotic spindle formation.</a> J Cell Biol. 134 (2), 429-441 (1996).</li><li>Winey, M., Bloom, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitotic+spindle+form+and+function.">Mitotic spindle form and function.</a> Genetics. 190 (4), 1197-1224 (2012).</li><li>Gupta, M. L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=beta-Tubulin+C354+mutations+that+severely+decrease+microtubule+dynamics+do+not+prevent+nuclear+migration+in+yeast.">beta-Tubulin C354 mutations that severely decrease microtubule dynamics do not prevent nuclear migration in yeast.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 13 (8), 2919-2932 (2002).</li><li>Moore, J. K., Cooper, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordinating+mitosis+with+cell+polarity:+Molecular+motors+at+the+cell+cortex.">Coordinating mitosis with cell polarity: Molecular motors at the cell cortex.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 21 (3), 283-289 (2010).</li><li>Gartz Hanson, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+alpha-tubulin+mutation+disrupts+neural+development+and+tubulin+proteostasis.">Novel alpha-tubulin mutation disrupts neural development and tubulin proteostasis.</a> Dev Biol. 409 (2), 406-419 (2016).</li><li>Fees, C. P., Aiken, J., O'Toole, E. T., Giddings, T. H. J., Moore, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+negatively+charged+carboxy-terminal+tail+of+beta-tubulin+promotes+proper+chromosome+segregation.">The negatively charged carboxy-terminal tail of beta-tubulin promotes proper chromosome segregation.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 27 (11), 1786-1796 (2016).</li><li>Song, S., Lee, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+function+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+CDC5+in+cytokinesis.">A novel function of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC5 in cytokinesis.</a> J Cell Biol. 152 (3), 451-469 (2001).</li><li>Knop, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epitope+tagging+of+yeast+genes+using+a+PCR-based+strategy:+more+tags+and+improved+practical+routines.">Epitope tagging of yeast genes using a PCR-based strategy: more tags and improved practical routines.</a> Yeast. 15 (10B), 963-972 (1999).</li><li>Kosco, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+microtubule+dynamics+by+Stu2p+is+essential+for+spindle+orientation+and+metaphase+chromosome+alignment+in+yeast.">Control of microtubule dynamics by Stu2p is essential for spindle orientation and metaphase chromosome alignment in yeast.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 12 (9), 2870-2880 (2001).</li><li>Toso, R. J., Jordan, M. A., Farrell, K. W., Matsumoto, B., Wilson, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+stabilization+of+microtubule+dynamic+instability+in+vitro+by+vinblastine.">Kinetic stabilization of microtubule dynamic instability in vitro by vinblastine.</a> Biochemistry. 32 (5), 1285-1293 (1993).</li><li>Aiken, J., Sept, D., Costanzo, M., Boone, C., Cooper, J. A., Moore, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+analysis+reveals+novel+and+discrete+functions+for+tubulin+carboxy-terminal+tails.">Genome-wide analysis reveals novel and discrete functions for tubulin carboxy-terminal tails.</a> Curr Biol. 24 (12), 1295-1303 (2014).</li><li>Straight, A. F., Marshall, W. F., Sedat, J. W., Murray, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitosis+in+living+budding+yeast:+anaphase+A+but+no+metaphase+plate.">Mitosis in living budding yeast: anaphase A but no metaphase plate.</a> Science. 277 (5325), 574-578 (1997).</li><li>Khmelinskii, A., Lawrence, C., Roostalu, J., Schiebel, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cdc14-regulated+midzone+assembly+controls+anaphase+B.">Cdc14-regulated midzone assembly controls anaphase B.</a> J Cell Biol. 177 (6), 981-993 (2007).</li><li>Markus, S. M., Omer, S., Baranowski, K., Lee, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+Plasmids+for+Fluorescent+Protein+Tagging+of+Microtubules+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Improved Plasmids for Fluorescent Protein Tagging of Microtubules in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Traffic. 16 (7), 773-786 (2015).</li></ol>

The budding yeast model offers major advantages for gathering high-resolution measurements of microtubule dynamics in an in vivo setting, including the ability to image single microtubules over time and the ability to manipulate tubulins and microtubule regulators using the tools of yeast genetics.
The Concanavalin A-coated chambers provide a number of advantages over previously described apparatuses, including molten agar pads. Slides with chambers can be pre-made and stored long ter...

Microtubules are cytoskeletal polymers made of &#945;&#946;-tubulin protein subunits and are used in a wide variety of cellular contexts, including intracellular transport, cell division, morphogenesis, and motility. To build microtubule networks for these diverse roles, cells must carefully regulate where and when microtubules form. This regulation is accomplished by controlling the reactions that either assemble &#945;&#946;-tubulin subunits into microtubule polymers or disassemble microtubules into free subunits; this is known as microtubule dynamics.
A major goal of the microtubule field is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that regulate microtubule dynamics, including studies of the &#945;&#946;-tubulin subunits and extrinsic regulators that bind to tubulin and/or to microtubules. A well-established experimental approach is to reconstitute this system in vitro using purified &#945;&#946;-tubulin protein, often in combination with purified extrinsic regulators. Although this is a useful approach, it is clear that microtubule dynamics in reconstituted systems differs strongly from that observed in living cells. For example, microtubules grow faster and shrink slower in vivo than in vitro. These differences may be attributed to the availability of known extrinsic regulators1, as well as to yet-undefined factors in cells. Therefore, it is critical to determine the activities of microtubule regulators and mutants that disrupt dynamics in a native cellular context.
Although metazoan models have proven to be the prevailing systems for investigating microtubule function and higher-order organization, several practical concerns severely limit the utility of these models for the precise measurement of microtubule dynamics. First, the high number of microtubules, ranging from dozens to thousands per cell, makes it difficult to confidently track individual microtubules over time. Many studies address this challenge by imaging proteins that selectively localize to microtubule ends, such as proteins in the end-binding (EB) family. However, these proteins are known to only localize to the ends of growing microtubules in metazoans2. Therefore, the utility of these proteins is limited to directly measuring growth rates, while only indirectly measuring other aspects of dynamics, such as frequency of catastrophe. Second, despite advances in genome editing technology, creating cells that stably express fluorescently labeled tubulin or introducing mutations to selectively manipulate tubulin or microtubule regulators remains a significant challenge. Moreover, the presence of many tubulin isotypes in metazoans confounds the study of how mutations impact individual tubulin genes.
The budding yeast system provides several important advantages for measuring in vivo microtubule dynamics. Yeast has a simplified microtubule network that permits the visualization of individual microtubules. In yeast, microtubules emanate from organizing centers known as spindle pole bodies (SPBs), which are embedded in the nuclear envelope3. The SPBs serve as scaffolds for &#947;-tubulin small complexes that nucleate microtubules4,5. SPBs nucleate two classes of microtubules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules. Spindle microtubules project into the nucleoplasm and are important for attaching to chromosomes via kinetochore microtubules and for stabilizing the spindle via overlapping interpolar microtubules6. In contrast, astral microtubules project outwards into the cytosol and are relatively rare compared to the dense network of spindle microtubules. During mitosis, pre-anaphase cells have only 1-2 astral microtubules emanating from either SPB; these exist as individual microtubules rather than as bundles7. The role of astral microtubules during mitosis is to move the nucleus and spindle into the junction between the mother and bud compartments, known as the bud neck. This movement involves well-defined pathways that generate force on astral microtubules, pulling the nucleus and spindle toward and eventually into the bud neck8.
Another advantage of the yeast system is the utility of its genetics, which can be used to investigate microtubule regulators and tubulin subunits with unparalleled precision. Yeast also possess a simplified repertoire of tubulin isotypes: a single &#946;-tubulin gene (TUB2) and two &#945;-tubulin genes (TUB1 and TUB3). Mutations can be readily introduced into these genes and thereby studied in a homogenous tubulin population9,10. There are a number of widely available constructs for labeling microtubules, and these can be targeted for integration at chromosomal loci for stable expression (see the Discussion).
The overall goal of this method is to image single microtubules in living yeast cells in four dimensions (X, Y, Z, and T) for high-resolution measurements of microtubule dynamics. Methods for integrating constructs for the constitutive, low-level expression of fluorescently labeled tubulin in yeast cells are described. Prior to imaging, living cells are mounted into slide chambers coated with the lectin Concanavalin A to stabilize the cells for long-term imaging. The optimal parameters for image acquisition, as well as a workflow for data analysis, are also described.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DOB (dropout bases)</td>
			<td>Sunrise science&#160;</td>
			<td>1650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CSM-Leu</td>
			<td>Sunrise science&#160;</td>
			<td>1005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Ameresco</td>
			<td>N833</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100mm polystyrene plates</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB0875713</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ssDNA (Samon Sperm)&#160; in sterile DiH2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;D7656</td>
			<td>resuspend at 10 mg/mL in DiH2O. Store aliquots at -20 &#186;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Synthetic Complete Media&#160;</td>
			<td>Sunrise science&#160;</td>
			<td>1459-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Concanavalin A</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>L7647</td>
			<td>resuspend at 2 mg/mL in DiH2O. Store aliquots at -20 &#186;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-544-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Coverslips</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-541-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-374-12</td>
			<td>paraffin film</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VALAP (Equal parts of Vaseline, lanolin and paraffin)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>melt at 75 &#186;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>forceps&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>16-100-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>202444</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ti E inverted Perfect Focus microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments</td>
			<td>MEA53100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.45 NA 100x CFI Plan Apo objective</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments</td>
			<td>MRD01905</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Piezo electric stage&#160;</td>
			<td>Physik Instrumente</td>
			<td>P-736</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spinning disk scanner</td>
			<td>Yokogawa</td>
			<td>CSU10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser combiner module</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>MCL400B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMCCD camera</td>
			<td>Andor Technology</td>
			<td>iXon Ultra 897&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS Elements software</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments</td>
			<td>MQS31100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Excel software</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB software</td>
			<td>MathWorks, Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ64</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Rasband, W.S., ImageJ, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/, 1997-2016.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio-Formats Importer plug-in</td>
			<td>Open Microscopy Environment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmids</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pUC19-LEU2::GFP-TUB1</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>pSK1050</td>
			<td>reference: Song, S. and Lee, K. S. A novel function of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC5 in cytokinesis. J Cell Biol. 152 (3), 451-469 (2001)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-resolution imaging and analysis of individual astral microtubule dynamics in budding yeast

Dynamic microtubules are fundamental to many cellular processes, and accurate measurements of microtubule dynamics can provide insight into how cells regulate these processes and how genetic mutations impact regulation. The quantification of microtubule dynamics in metazoan models has a number of associated challenges, including a high microtubule density and limitations on genetic manipulations. In contrast, the budding yeast model offers advantages that overcome these challenges. This protocol describes a method to measure the dynamics of single microtubules in living yeast cells. Cells expressing fluorescently tagged tubulin are adhered to assembled slide chambers, allowing for stable time-lapse image acquisition. A detailed guide for high-speed, four-dimensional image acquisition is also provided, as well as a protocol for quantifying the properties of dynamic microtubules in confocal image stacks. This method, combined with conventional yeast genetics, provides an approach that is uniquely suited for quantitatively assessing the effects of microtubule regulators or mutations that alter the activity of tubulin subunits.

Measuring microtubule dynamics in living yeast cells provides a compelling tool to assess how mutations in genes encoding microtubule regulators or tubulin subunits impact polymerization and depolymerization rates, as well as the frequency of transition between these states. Figure 1 displays a time series of astral microtubule dynamics in a wild-type cell and a mutant cell with a mutation in &#946;-tubulin (tub2-430&#916;). Microtubules are labeled with GFP-tagg...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-resolution Imaging and Analysis of Individual Astral Microtubule Dynamics in Budding Yeast at JoVE.com

High-resolution Imaging and Analysis of Individual Astral Microtubule Dynamics in Budding Yeast

Budding yeast is an advantageous model for studying microtubule dynamics in vivo due to its powerful genetics and the simplicity of its microtubule cytoskeleton. The following protocol describes how to transform and culture yeast cells, acquire confocal microscopy images, and quantitatively analyze microtubule dynamics in living yeast cells.

Dynamic microtubules are fundamental to many cellular processes, and accurate measurements of microtubule dynamics can provide insight into how cells ...

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