Name: quantitative immunofluorescence to measure global localized translation
Uploaded: 2017-08-22T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation at JoVE.com

We thank Dr. Rachid Mazroui (Universit&#233; Laval, Qu&#233;bec, Canada) for the critical reading of the manuscript. We thank the Cell Imaging Unit of the Research Center for their technical assistance. M.-&#201;. Huot is a Junior 1 Research Scholar of the Fonds de Recherche du Qu&#233;bec-Sant&#233; (FRQ-S). This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant number CIHR, MOP-286437 to M.-&#201;. Huot).

1. Determination of Puromycilation Conditions
NOTE: This technique describes the method used to assess localized translation during the MRC-5 cell adhesion process5. As puromycilation can be done in any cell, it is important to optimize the puromycilation conditions for the specific cell lines to be used, because the treatment conditions are not identical for each cell line in terms of the puromycin concentration and the desired incubation time. To show how these conditio...

<ol>
	<li>Yan, X., Hoek, T. A., Vale, R. D., Tanenbaum, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+Translation+of+Single+mRNA+Molecules+In+Vivo.">Dynamics of Translation of Single mRNA Molecules In Vivo.</a> Cell. 165, 976-989 (2016).</li><li>Morisaki, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+quantification+of+single+RNA+translation+dynamics+in+living+cells.">Real-time quantification of single RNA translation dynamics in living cells.</a> Science. 352, 1425-1429 (2016).</li><li>Wu, B., Eliscovich, C., Yoon, Y. J., Singer, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translation+dynamics+of+single+mRNAs+in+live+cells+and+neurons.">Translation dynamics of single mRNAs in live cells and neurons.</a> Science. 352, 1430-1435 (2016).</li><li>Halstead, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TRICK:+A+Single-Molecule+Method+for+Imaging+the+First+Round+of+Translation+in+Living+Cells+and+Animals.">TRICK: A Single-Molecule Method for Imaging the First Round of Translation in Living Cells and Animals.</a> Methods Enzymol. 572, 123-157 (2016).</li><li>Bergeman, J., Caillier, A., Houle, F., Gagne, L. M., Huot, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localized+translation+regulates+cell+adhesion+and+transendothelial+migration.">Localized translation regulates cell adhesion and transendothelial migration.</a> J Cell Sci. 129, 4105-4117 (2016).</li><li>El Fatimy, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracking+the+Fragile+X+Mental+Retardation+Protein+in+a+Highly+Ordered+Neuronal+RiboNucleoParticles+Population:+A+Link+between+Stalled+Polyribosomes+and+RNA+Granules.">Tracking the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in a Highly Ordered Neuronal RiboNucleoParticles Population: A Link between Stalled Polyribosomes and RNA Granules.</a> PLoS Genet. 12, e1006192 (2016).</li><li>Adjibade, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sorafenib,+a+multikinase+inhibitor,+induces+formation+of+stress+granules+in+hepatocarcinoma+cells.">Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, induces formation of stress granules in hepatocarcinoma cells.</a> Oncotarget. 6, 43927-43943 (2015).</li><li>Paronetto, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sam68+regulates+translation+of+target+mRNAs+in+male+germ+cells,+necessary+for+mouse+spermatogenesis.">Sam68 regulates translation of target mRNAs in male germ cells, necessary for mouse spermatogenesis.</a> J Cell Biol. 185, 235-249 (2009).</li><li>Schmidt, E. K., Clavarino, G., Ceppi, M., Pierre, P. S. U. n. S. E. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SUnSET,+a+nonradioactive+method+to+monitor+protein+synthesis.">SUnSET, a nonradioactive method to monitor protein synthesis.</a> Nat Methods. 6, 275-277 (2009).</li><li>Azzam, M. E., Algranati, I. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+puromycin+action:+fate+of+ribosomes+after+release+of+nascent+protein+chains+from+polysomes.">Mechanism of puromycin action: fate of ribosomes after release of nascent protein chains from polysomes.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 70, 3866-3869 (1973).</li><li>Goodman, C. A., Hornberger, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+protein+synthesis+with+SUnSET:+a+valid+alternative+to+traditional+techniques.">Measuring protein synthesis with SUnSET: a valid alternative to traditional techniques.</a> Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 41, 107-115 (2013).</li><li>David, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+translation+visualized+by+ribosome-bound+nascent+chain+puromycylation.">Nuclear translation visualized by ribosome-bound nascent chain puromycylation.</a> J Cell Biol. 197, 45-57 (2012).</li><li>Fallini, C., Bassell, G. J., Rossoll, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+muscular+atrophy:+the+role+of+SMN+in+axonal+mRNA+regulation.">Spinal muscular atrophy: the role of SMN in axonal mRNA regulation.</a> Brain Res. 1462, 81-92 (2012).</li><li>Costa-Mattioli, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+control+of+hippocampal+synaptic+plasticity+and+memory+by+the+eIF2alpha+kinase+GCN2.">Translational control of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory by the eIF2alpha kinase GCN2.</a> Nature. 436, 1166-1173 (2005).</li><li>Costa-Mattioli, M., Sossin, W. S., Klann, E., Sonenberg, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+control+of+long-lasting+synaptic+plasticity+and+memory.">Translational control of long-lasting synaptic plasticity and memory.</a> Neuron. 61, 10-26 (2009).</li><li>Du, T. G., Schmid, M., Jansen, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Why+cells+move+messages:+the+biological+functions+of+mRNA+localization.">Why cells move messages: the biological functions of mRNA localization.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 18, 171-177 (2007).</li><li>Ephrussi, A., St Johnston, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seeing+is+believing:+the+bicoid+morphogen+gradient+matures.">Seeing is believing: the bicoid morphogen gradient matures.</a> Cell. 116, 143-152 (2004).</li><li>Mardakheh, F. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+Analysis+of+mRNA,+Translation,+and+Protein+Localization:+Local+Translation+Is+a+Key+Regulator+of+Cell+Protrusions.">Global Analysis of mRNA, Translation, and Protein Localization: Local Translation Is a Key Regulator of Cell Protrusions.</a> Dev Cell. 35, 344-357 (2015).</li><li>Lacsina, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Premature+translational+termination+products+are+rapidly+degraded+substrates+for+MHC+class+I+presentation.">Premature translational termination products are rapidly degraded substrates for MHC class I presentation.</a> PLoS One. 7, e51968 (2012).</li><li>Schneider-Poetsch, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+eukaryotic+translation+elongation+by+cycloheximide+and+lactimidomycin.">Inhibition of eukaryotic translation elongation by cycloheximide and lactimidomycin.</a> Nat Chem Biol. 6, 209-217 (2010).</li><li>Jacobs, J. P., Jones, C. M., Baille, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristics+of+a+human+diploid+cell+designated+MRC-5.">Characteristics of a human diploid cell designated MRC-5.</a> Nature. 227, 168-170 (1970).</li><li>Gandin, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polysome+fractionation+and+analysis+of+mammalian+translatomes+on+a+genome-wide+scale.">Polysome fractionation and analysis of mammalian translatomes on a genome-wide scale.</a> J Vis Exp. (87), (2014).</li></ol>

Recent technological advances have allowed for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in translational upregulation or the repression of specific mRNAs in biological processes, such as neuronal development, drug response, and metastasis. The cost-effective methodology described here allows translation events to be visualized in cells to study how RNA-binding proteins regulate metastatic processes, such as cellular adhesion, migration, and invasion.
Although numerous methods to asses...

The regulation of translation by different cellular functions has prompted many research teams to develop new tools and methods to determine the subcellular localization of mRNA translation and regulated protein synthesis1,2,3,4. These recent technological advances allow for an improved understanding of the mechanisms involving translation upregulation or the repression of specific mRNAs during biological processes, such as neuronal development, drug response, and metastasis5,6,7,8. However, most of these methods require expensive or hazardous reagents and specific equipment that might not be available to most laboratories. As such, a cost-effective method to allow for the rapid assessment of translation events was developed to specifically circumvent these potential issues. This method detects acute translational modulations that occur during specific cellular processes and also allows for the localization of translation using confocal microscopy.
The methods described here were used to monitor localized translation within subcellular compartments called spreading initiation centers (SIC)5. SICs are transient structures found in seeded cells that are localized on top of nascent adhesion complexes. Although SICs and adhesion complexes are distinct, their fates are closely linked. Indeed, SICs are known to gradually disappear upon focal adhesion complex maturation into an adhesion site during the initial phase of adhesion. We found that RNA-binding proteins known to specifically control mRNA translation (e.g., Sam68, FMRP, and G3BP1) and polyadenylated RNAs were enriched within these structures5. Using the methods described here, we showed that the regulation of SIC-associated mRNA translation acts as a checkpoint allowing seeded cells to consolidate cell adhesion. This method, based on puromycin incorporation, could be considered an adapted version of the surface sensing of translation assay (SunSET). Originally developed to measure global protein synthesis rates using a non-radioactively labeled amino acid, protein puromycilation offers an efficient way to visualize de novo protein synthesis9. This method relies on the intrinsic behavior of puromycin, an antibiotic that blocks translation through premature chain termination in the ribosome10. Indeed, puromycin is structurally analogous to tyrosyl-tRNA, which allows for incorporation into elongating peptide chains via the formation of a peptide bond. However, puromycin binding to a growing peptide chain prevents a new peptide bond from being formed with the next aminoacyl-tRNA, since puromycin has a non-hydrolysable amide bond instead of the hydrolysable ester bond found in tRNAs. Thus, the incorporation of puromycin into elongating polypeptides results in the premature release of numerous truncated puromycilated polypeptides corresponding to actively translated mRNA9,11,12.
Using this method, it was possible to assess active translation within a short time widow (e.g., 5 min) during cellular adhesion using a specific antibody directed against puromycin on cells that were supplemented with the antibiotic for 5-min periods at different time points during the cell adhesion process5. The precision of this assay relies on highly specific antibodies directed against the puromycilated moiety. Immunofluorescent detection of the puromycilated polypeptide provides a general subcellular repartition of the newly translated mRNA, which can also be quantified with great accuracy using confocal imaging systems.
Hence, this method offers a relevant option for a large number of laboratories studying translational regulatory mechanisms involved in processes such as neuronal granulation6,13,14,15, morphogen mRNA localization, and translation during development16,17. It is also well suited to studying localized or compartmentalized translation during rapid biological events, such as cell migration, adhesion, or invasion, or to simply assess drug treatments that might induce translational changes5,7,18. Overall, this method allows for the visualization of localized or controlled translation events in a rapid, precise, and cost-effective way.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>wisent</td>
			<td>319-005-CL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsine</td>
			<td>wisent</td>
			<td>325-043 EL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12483020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puroycin antibody 12D10</td>
			<td>EMD millipore</td>
			<td>MABE343</td>
			<td>western blot dilution 1:25000 
			Immunofluoresence dilution 1:10000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse IgG, HRP-linked Antibody</td>
			<td>cell signaling technology</td>
			<td>7076</td>
			<td>western blot dilution 1:8000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Western Lightning Plus-ECL</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>NEL104001EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse IgG (H+L), F(ab&#39;)2 Fragment (Alexa Fluor 488 Conjugate)</td>
			<td>cell signaling technology</td>
			<td>4408</td>
			<td>immunofluoresecence dilution 1:400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CF568 Phalloidin</td>
			<td>biotium</td>
			<td>00044</td>
			<td>immunofluoresecence dilution 1:400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyclohexmide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C1988-1G</td>
			<td>50&#181;g/ml final concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI (4&#39;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td>final concentration 1&#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puromycin</td>
			<td>bio-Basic</td>
			<td>PJ593</td>
			<td>2.5&#181;g/ml to 10&#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ibidi &#181;-Dish 35 mm, high, ibiTreat</td>
			<td>Ibidi</td>
			<td>81156</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MRC-5 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-171</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HeLa cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Huh-7 cells</td>
			<td colspan="2">from Dr. Mazroui (Universit&#233; Laval)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fv1000</td>
			<td>olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>confocal imaging system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiji software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://fiji.sc</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (Phosphate BuffeRed Saline)</td>
			<td>bio-Basic</td>
			<td>PD8117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde 37% Solution</td>
			<td>bio-Basic</td>
			<td>C5300-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>bio-Basic</td>
			<td>TB0198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Fisher Bioreagents</td>
			<td>BP9702-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween20</td>
			<td>Fisher Bioreagents</td>
			<td>BP337-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantitative immunofluorescence to measure global localized translation

The mechanisms regulating mRNA translation are involved in various biological processes, such as germ line development, cell differentiation, and organogenesis, as well as in multiple diseases. Numerous publications have convincingly shown that specific mechanisms tightly regulate mRNA translation. Increased interest in the translation-induced regulation of protein expression has led to the development of novel methods to study and follow de novo protein synthesis in cellulo. However, most of these methods are complex, making them costly and often limiting the number of mRNA targets that can be studied. This manuscript proposes a method that requires only basic reagents and a confocal fluorescence imaging system to measure and visualize the changes in mRNA translation that occur in any cell line under various conditions. This method was recently used to show localized translation in the subcellular structures of adherent cells over a short period of time, thus offering the possibility of visualizing de novo translation for a short period during a variety of biological processes or of validating changes in translational activity in response to specific stimuli.

To accurately observe translation events using puromycin incorporation, it is critical to determine the optimal conditions for each cell line because each shows different puromycin incorporation kinetics (Figure 1)9,11,12,18. Hence, to validate puromycin incorporation, it is necessary to treat the desired cell line with a standardiz...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation at JoVE.com

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

This manuscript describes a method to visualize and quantify localized translation events in subcellular compartments. The approach proposed in this manuscript requires a basic confocal imaging system and reagents and is rapid and cost-effective.

The mechanisms regulating mRNA translation are involved in various biological processes, such as germ line development, cell differentiation, and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling

Translation of mRNA into proteins is a complex process involving several layers of regulation. It is often assumed that changes in mRNA transcription ...

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis and represents a key point at which cells regulate their protein output. Regulation ...

Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy to Measure Intracellular Zinc Pools in Mammalian Cells

Transition metals are essential micronutrients for organisms but can be toxic to cells at high concentrations by competing with physiological metals in ...

Use of Microscale Thermophoresis to Measure Protein-Lipid Interactions

The ability to determine the binding affinity of lipids to proteins is an essential part of understanding protein-lipid interactions in membrane ...

Ubiquitin Chain Analysis by Parallel Reaction Monitoring

Assessment of the global profile of ubiquitin chain topologies within a proteome is of interest to answer a wide range of biological questions. The ...

Nonradioactive Assay to Measure Polynucleotide Phosphorylation of Small Nucleotide Substrates

Polynucleotide kinases (PNKs) are enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of the 5&#39; hydroxyl end of DNA and RNA oligonucleotides. The activity of ...

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

RNA adopts diverse structural folds, which are essential for its functions and thereby can impact diverse processes in the cell. In addition, the ...

Dual-Color Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy to Study Protein-Protein Interaction and Protein Dynamics in Live Cells

We present a protocol and workflow to perform live cell dual-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) combined with F&#246;rster Resonance ...

Single-Molecule Imaging of EWS-FLI1 Condensates Assembling on DNA

The fusion genes resulting from chromosomal translocation have been found in many solid tumors or leukemia. EWS-FLI1, which belongs to the FUS/EWS/TAF15 ...

A Robust Single-Particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM) Processing Workflow with cryoSPARC, RELION, and Scipion

A Robust Single-Particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy cryo-EM Processing Workflow with cryoSPARC, RELION, and Scipion

Recent advances in both instrumentation and image processing software have made single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) the preferred method ...