Name: isolation and quantitative immunocytochemical characterization of primary myogenic cells and fibroblasts from human skeletal muscle
Uploaded: 2015-01-12T13:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Quantitative Immunocytochemical Characterization of Primary Myogenic Cells and Fibroblasts from Human Skeletal Muscle at JoVE.com

The authors wish to thank Carl Hobbs and Lindsey Majoram for their technical assistance, and Professor Pat Doherty for use of microscopy facilities. Dr. Agley was supported by a studentship from King&#8217;s College London. Funding from the Spurrell Trust is also acknowledged.

NOTE: For the studies performed in our lab all subjects gave their written, informed consent to participate and all experiments were performed with UK National Health Service Ethics Committee approval (London Research Ethics Committee; reference: 10/H0718/10) and in accordance with the Human Tissue Act and Declaration of Helsinki.
1. Initial Preparation Prior to Muscle Biopsy (15 min)
<ol>
	<li>Make human skeletal muscle growth medium. To a graduated sterile 50 ml conical tube add 2.5 ml of ...

<ol>
	<li>Mauro, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Satellite+cell+of+skeletal+muscle+fibres.">Satellite cell of skeletal muscle fibres.</a> J. Cell Biol. 9, 493-495 (1961).</li><li>Hawke, T. J., Garry, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myogenic+satellite+cells:+physiology+to+molecular+biology.">Myogenic satellite cells: physiology to molecular biology.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 534-551 (2001).</li><li>Yin, H., Price, F., Rudnicki, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Satellite+Cells+and+the+Muscle+Stem+Cell+Niche.">Satellite Cells and the Muscle Stem Cell Niche.</a> Physiol. Rev. 93, 23-67 (2013).</li><li>Alsharidah, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+human+muscle+precursor+cells+obtained+from+young+and+old+donors+produce+similar+proliferative,+differentiation+and+senescent+profiles+in+culture.">Primary human muscle precursor cells obtained from young and old donors produce similar proliferative, differentiation and senescent profiles in culture.</a> Aging Cell. 12, 333-344 (2013).</li><li>Agley, C. C., Rowlerson, A. M., Velloso, C. P., Lazarus, N. R., Harridge, S. D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+skeletal+muscle+fibroblasts,+but+not+myogenic+cells,+readily+undergo+adipogenic+differentiation.">Human skeletal muscle fibroblasts, but not myogenic cells, readily undergo adipogenic differentiation.</a> J. Cell Sci. 126, 5610-5625 (2013).</li><li>Murphy, M. M., Lawson, J. A., Mathew, S. J., Hutcheson, D. A., Kardon, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Satellite+cells,+connective+tissue+fibroblasts+and+their+interactions+are+crucial+for+muscle+regeneration.">Satellite cells, connective tissue fibroblasts and their interactions are crucial for muscle regeneration.</a> Development. 138, 3625-3637 (2011).</li><li>Webster, C., Pavlath, G. K., Parks, D. R., Walsh, F. S., Blau, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+human+myoblasts+with+the+fluorescence-activated+cell+sorter.">Isolation of human myoblasts with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter.</a> Exp. Cell Res. 174, 252-265 (1988).</li><li>Pasut, A., Jones, A. E., Rudnicki, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+Culture+of+Individual+Myofibers+and+their+Satellite+Cells+from+Adult+Skeletal+Muscle.">Isolation and Culture of Individual Myofibers and their Satellite Cells from Adult Skeletal Muscle.</a> J. Vis Exp. , e50074 (2013).</li><li>Kuang, S., Kuroda, K., Le Grand, F., Rudnicki, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymmetric+Self-Renewal+and+Commitment+of+Satellite+Stem+Cells+in+Muscle.">Asymmetric Self-Renewal and Commitment of Satellite Stem Cells in Muscle.</a> Cell. 129, 999-1010 (2007).</li><li>Mackey, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+satellite+cell+number+and+activity+status+in+human+skeletal+muscle+biopsies.">Assessment of satellite cell number and activity status in human skeletal muscle biopsies.</a> Muscle a d Nerve. 40, 455-465 (2009).</li><li>Stewart, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+proliferating+human+skeletal+muscle-derived+cells+in+vitro:+Differential+modulation+of+myoblast+markers+by+TGF-&#946;2.">Characterization of proliferating human skeletal muscle-derived cells in vitro: Differential modulation of myoblast markers by TGF-&#946;2.</a> J. Cell. Physiol. 196, 70-78 (2003).</li><li>Miltenyi, S., M&#252;ller, W., Weichel, W., Radbruch, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+gradient+magnetic+cell+separation+with+MACS.">High gradient magnetic cell separation with MACS.</a> Cytometry. 11, 231-238 (1990).</li><li>Clarke, C., Davies, S., Brooks, S. A., Schumacher, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+2.+Methods+in+Molecular+Medicine.">Ch. 2. Methods in Molecular Medicine.</a> Metastasis Research Protocols. 58, 17-23 (2001).</li><li>Gr&#252;tzkau, A., Radbruch, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+but+mighty:+How+the+MACS-technology+based+on+nanosized+superparamagnetic+particles+has+helped+to+analyze+the+immune+system+within+the+last+20+years.">Small but mighty: How the MACS-technology based on nanosized superparamagnetic particles has helped to analyze the immune system within the last 20 years.</a> Cytometry Part A. 77A, 643-647 (2010).</li><li>Tomlinson, M. J., Tomlinson, S., Yang, X. B., Kirkham, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+separation:+Terminology+and+practical+considerations.">Cell separation: Terminology and practical considerations.</a> Journal of Tissue Engineering. 4, (2013).</li><li>Agley, C. C., Velloso, C. P., Lazarus, N. R., Harridge, S. D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Image+Analysis+Method+for+the+Precise+Selection+and+Quantitation+of+Fluorescently+Labeled+Cellular+Constituents:+Application+to+the+Measurement+of+Human+Muscle+Cells+in+Culture.">An Image Analysis Method for the Precise Selection and Quantitation of Fluorescently Labeled Cellular Constituents: Application to the Measurement of Human Muscle Cells in Culture.</a> J. Histochem. Cytochem. 60, 428-438 (2012).</li><li>Danoviz, M., Yablonka-Reuveni, Z., DiMario, J. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+2.+Methods+in+Molecular+Biology.">Ch. 2. Methods in Molecular Biology.</a> Myogenesis. 798, 21-52 (2012).</li><li>Bergstr&#246;m, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle+electrolytes+in+man.+Determined+by+neutron+activation+analysis+on+needle+biopsy+specimens.+A+study+on+normal+subjects,+kidney+patients,+and+patients+with+chronic+diarrhoea.">Muscle electrolytes in man. Determined by neutron activation analysis on needle biopsy specimens. A study on normal subjects, kidney patients, and patients with chronic diarrhoea.</a> Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 14, 7-100 (1962).</li><li>Chazaud, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Satellite+cells+attract+monocytes+and+use+macrophages+as+a+support+to+escape+apoptosis+and+enhance+muscle+growth.">Satellite cells attract monocytes and use macrophages as a support to escape apoptosis and enhance muscle growth.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 163, 1133-1143 (2003).</li><li>Abou-Khalil, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autocrine+and+Paracrine+Angiopoietin+1/Tie-2+Signaling+Promotes+Muscle+Satellite+Cell+Self-Renewal.">Autocrine and Paracrine Angiopoietin 1/Tie-2 Signaling Promotes Muscle Satellite Cell Self-Renewal.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 5, 298-309 (2009).</li><li>Timpl, R., Kvonder Mark, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+laminin+and+fibronectin+in+selecting+myogenic+versus+fibrogenic+cells+from+skeletal+muscle+cells+in.">Role of laminin and fibronectin in selecting myogenic versus fibrogenic cells from skeletal muscle cells in.</a> 117, 628-635 (1986).</li><li>Lichtman, J. W., Conchello, J. -. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+microscopy.">Fluorescence microscopy.</a> Nat Meth. 2, 910-919 (2005).</li><li>Koopman, R., Schaart, G., Hesselink, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimisation+of+oil+red+O+staining+permits+combination+with+immunofluorescence+and+automated+quantification+of+lipids.">Optimisation of oil red O staining permits combination with immunofluorescence and automated quantification of lipids.</a> Histochem. Cell Biol. 116, 63-68 (2001).</li><li>Rossner, M., Yamada, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What's+in+a+picture?+The+temptation+of+image+manipulation.">What's in a picture? The temptation of image manipulation.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 166, 11-15 (2004).</li><li>Zinchuk, V., Grossenbacher-Zinchuk, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+quantitative+colocalization+analysis:+Focus+on+neuroscience.">Recent advances in quantitative colocalization analysis: Focus on neuroscience.</a> Prog. Histochem. Cytochem. 44, 125-172 (2009).</li><li>Johnson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Not+seeing+is+not+believing:+improving+the+visibility+of+your+fluorescence+images.">Not seeing is not believing: improving the visibility of your fluorescence images.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 23, 754-757 (2012).</li><li>Waters, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+and+precision+in+quantitative+fluorescence+microscopy.">Accuracy and precision in quantitative fluorescence microscopy.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 185, 1135-1148 (2009).</li><li>Pawley, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+39+steps:+A+cautionary+tale+of+quantitative+3-D+fluorescence+microscopy.">The 39 steps: A cautionary tale of quantitative 3-D fluorescence microscopy.</a> Biotechniques. 28, 884-887 (2000).</li><li>Bolte, S., Cordeli&#232;res, F. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+guided+tour+into+subcellular+colocalization+analysis+in+light+microscopy.">A guided tour into subcellular colocalization analysis in light microscopy.</a> J. Microsc. 224, 213-232 (2006).</li><li>Brown, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+microscopy+-+avoiding+the+pitfalls.">Fluorescence microscopy - avoiding the pitfalls.</a> J. Cell Sci. 120, 1703-1705 (2007).</li><li>Bareja, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+and+Mouse+Skeletal+Muscle+Stem+Cells:+Convergent+and+Divergent+Mechanisms+of+Myogenesis.">Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells: Convergent and Divergent Mechanisms of Myogenesis.</a> PLoS ONE. 9, e90398 (2014).</li><li>Castiglioni, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+Progenitors+that+Exhibit+Myogenic/Osteogenic+Bipotency+In+by+Fluorescence-Activated+Cell+Sorting+from+Human+Fetal+Muscle.">Isolation of Progenitors that Exhibit Myogenic/Osteogenic Bipotency In by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting from Human Fetal Muscle.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 2, 560 (2014).</li><li>Fukada, S. -. i., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD90-positive+cells,+an+additional+cell+population,+produce+laminin+&#945;2+upon+transplantation+to+dy3k/dy3k+mice.">CD90-positive cells, an additional cell population, produce laminin &#945;2 upon transplantation to dy3k/dy3k mice.</a> Exp. Cell Res. 314, 193-203 (2008).</li><li>Stickland, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle+development+in+the+human+fetus+as+exemplified+by+m.+sartorius:+a+quantitative+study.">Muscle development in the human fetus as exemplified by m. sartorius: a quantitative study.</a> J. Anat. 132, 557-579 (1981).</li></ol>

We have described an immunomagentic sorting procedure for the selective enrichment of human muscle-derived precursors from small samples of muscle biopsy material. This technique has been invaluable in our lab for overcoming the loss of human muscle-derived cultures to fibroblasts, but also for understanding the unique behavior of distinct populations of muscle-derived progenitors. Once purified myogenic cells can be investigated for changes in protein and/or gene expression, or used for downstream experiments.
<p cl...

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells1, the myogenic stem cells2,3. In vivo these cells exist in a reversibly quiescent state located between the sarcolemma and basal lamina of every myofibre, but become activated to proliferate, fuse and differentiate as muscle tissue is damaged, repaired and regenerated3. Satellite cells can be isolated from young and elderly human muscle biopsy samples using enzymatic digestion4 and their myogenic properties can subsequently be studied in primary culture5. The efficiency of this isolation process in regard to both yield and purity of cell population depends on the methods used and can vary from sample to sample. The two main adherent cell types obtained from enzymatic digestion are the satellite cells (now termed myogenic cells or muscle precursor cells), identified initially as CD56+/desmin cells, and muscle-derived fibroblasts, identified as CD56&#8211; and TE7+ cells5. Fibroblasts have a rapid proliferative rate and do not undergo irreversible growth arrest and terminal differentiation upon cell-cell contact like myogenic cells; thus in mixed populations, fibroblasts may overrun myogenic cells to dominate the culture.
Fibroblasts have often been viewed as an irritation for muscle biologists, however, there is now a growing interest in fibroblasts as cells worthy of study in their own right, particularly as they have been shown to have a cooperative role with myogenic cells during muscle repair6. The isolation and purification of different cell types from human muscle is thus an important methodological consideration when trying to investigate the innate behavior of both cell types in culture. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a method by which cells can be sorted for further study and/or counted and analyzed. FACS has been shown to reliably enrich human myogenic cells, but the yield of cells for subsequent culture has thus far not been high7. Given the limited replication potential of somatic cells such as satellite cell-derived myogenic cells and the very poor proliferation and differentiation associated with senescence4, more gentle approaches are required. Single muscle fiber cultures offer another, less aggressive, means of obtaining murine satellite cells still resident in their sublaminal niche and after their activation in culture8,9. However, this is often not possible from human muscle biopsy material (because fibres can rarely be obtained from tendon to tendon) meaning that this technique may not be accessible to many research labs interested in studying human muscle-derived cells. Moreover, the single fiber technique only provides very limited cell numbers.
Here we describe a system of sorting based on the gentle enzymatic digestion of cells using collagenase and dispase followed by two successive rounds of magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) which gives both a high purity (&#62;95% myogenic cells) and yield (~2.8 x 106 &#177; 8.87 x 105 cells/g tissue) for experiments in culture. CD56 is considered the gold standard surface marker for the identification of human satellite cells in situ10 and in vitro11 and provides the ideal surface marker candidate for bead attachment. In this approach CD56 antibodies conjugated to iron oxide and polysaccharide-containing superparamagnetic beads are bound to cells and passed through a high gradient magnetic cell separation column placed in a strong magnetic field12,13. The separation columns are filled with a matrix of ferromagnetic steel wool or iron spheres which serve to focus magnetic field lines towards their surface generating strong magnetic field gradients (~4tesla)14. In these columns even slightly magnetic cells are attracted and adsorbed to their surface14. Unbound (CD56&#8210;) cells pass through the column whereas CD56+ cells labeled with magnetic microbeads are retained until removal from the magnetic field12,15.
Cell suspensions from any stage of the sorting process can be plated at the desired density for further experimentation. Following a given intervention the cellular constituents can be identified using immunocytochemistry, imaged using wide-field or confocal fluorescence microscopy and analyzed quantitatively using an image analysis approach that allows rapid objective measurement of all labeled cells in any given image. In our laboratory we have used this double immunomagnetic sorting approach followed by image analysis16 to demonstrate that CD56&#8211; human fibroblasts readily transdifferentiate into adipocytes, whilst myogenic cells of satellite origin are highly resistant to this adipogenic conversion5.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">Collagenase&#160; D</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Roche&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">11088866001</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:169px;">Dispase II</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">D4693-1G</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Must be filter sterilized before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">(Gibco) Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">15400-054</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">100 micron cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">352360</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:169px;">Collagen solution ( 3 mg/ml in 0.1% acetic acid)</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma, Dorset, UK</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">C8919&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:169px;">Minisart SRP15 syringe filter (0.2 micron)</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sartorius</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">17573ACK</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="55">
			<td height="55" style="height:55px;width:169px;">CD56 human Microbeads</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">130-050-401</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Be aware of the limited shelf life of microbeads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:169px;">Anti- fibroblast Microbeads, human</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">130-050-601</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">40 &#956;m Pre-separation filters</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">130-041-407</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="129">
			<td height="129" style="height:129px;width:169px;">Large Cell Collumns</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">130-042-202</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">These columns come with a flow resistor. Use of the flow resistor is not necessary to obtain the high myogenic purities described here.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">LS columns&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">130-042-401</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="55">
			<td height="55" style="height:55px;width:169px;">MiniMacs Seperator</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">130-042-102</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">This separator fits the large cell column but not the LS column.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">MidiMACS</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi Biotech&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">130-042-302</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">MACS multistand</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">130-042-303</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:169px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:89px;"></td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Must be filter sterilized before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">Oil Red O</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">O0625</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">Triethyl phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">538728</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="166">
			<td height="166" style="height:166px;width:169px;">Whatman Paper</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">Z241121-1PAK</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">No. 42, Ashless. To prepare the filter fold the circular filter paper to make a semi circle, then fold the semi-circle in half again to form a cone shape. Fit the cone into a funnel for filtering.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:89px;"></td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="74">
			<td height="74" style="height:74px;width:169px;">ProLong Gold Antifade Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Molecular Probes, Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">P36930</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">This can be purchased with or without DAPI and does not quench initial fluorescence.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="55">
			<td height="55" style="height:55px;width:169px;">AxioVision</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">Contact Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:169px;">Adobe Photoshop CS5 Extended</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Adobe (purchased from Pugh Computers)</td>
			<td>ADPH16982*&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and quantitative immunocytochemical characterization of primary myogenic cells and fibroblasts from human skeletal muscle

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated from human muscle biopsy samples using enzymatic digestion and their myogenic properties studied in culture. Quantitatively, the two main adherent cell types obtained from enzymatic digestion are: (i) the satellite cells (termed myogenic cells or muscle precursor cells), identified initially as CD56+ and later as CD56+/desmin+ cells and (ii) muscle-derived fibroblasts, identified as CD56&#8211; and TE-7+. Fibroblasts proliferate very efficiently in culture and in mixed cell populations these cells may overrun myogenic cells to dominate the culture. The isolation and purification of different cell types from human muscle is thus an important methodological consideration when trying to investigate the innate behavior of either cell type in culture. Here we describe a system of sorting based on the gentle enzymatic digestion of cells using collagenase and dispase followed by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) which gives both a high purity (&#62;95% myogenic cells) and good yield (~2.8 x 106 &#177; 8.87 x 105 cells/g tissue after 7 days in vitro) for experiments in culture. This approach is based on incubating the mixed muscle-derived cell population with magnetic microbeads beads conjugated to an antibody against CD56 and then passing cells though a magnetic field. CD56+ cells bound to microbeads are retained by the field whereas CD56&#8211; cells pass unimpeded through the column. Cell suspensions from any stage of the sorting process can be plated and cultured. Following a given intervention, cell morphology, and the expression and localization of proteins including nuclear transcription factors can be quantified using immunofluorescent labeling with specific antibodies and an image processing and analysis package.

Purified myogenic cells and fibroblasts can be cultured in adipogenic differentiation medium for three days followed by adipogenic nutrition medium from anywhere between 7-30 days to assess their potential for adipogenesis. Using the purified cell populations, Oil Red O staining in combination with immunostaining for adipogenic and myogenic lineage markers showed that only the fibroblast fraction was capable of adipogenic differentiation (Figure 2). The massive accumulation of fat by the fibroblasts is v...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Quantitative Immunocytochemical Characterization of Primary Myogenic Cells and Fibroblasts from Human Skeletal Muscle at JoVE.com

Isolation and Quantitative Immunocytochemical Characterization of Primary Myogenic Cells and Fibroblasts from Human Skeletal Muscle

The main adherent cell types derived from human muscle are myogenic cells and fibroblasts. Here, cell populations are enriched using magnetic-activated cell sorting based on the CD56 antigen. Subsequent immunolabelling with specific antibodies and use of image analysis techniques allows quantification of cytoplasmic and nuclear characteristics in individual cells.

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Using Isolated Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements

Skeletal muscle mitochondria play a specific role in many disease pathologies. As such, the measurement of oxygen consumption as an indicator of ...

Isolation and Characterization of Single Cells from Zebrafish Embryos

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been ...

Establishment of Proliferative Tetraploid Cells from Nontransformed Human Fibroblasts

Polyploid (mostly tetraploid) cells are often observed in preneoplastic lesions of human tissues and their chromosomal instability has been considered to ...

Preparation and Culture of Myogenic Precursor Cells/Primary Myoblasts from Skeletal Muscle of Adult and Aged Humans

Skeletal muscle homeostasis depends on muscle growth (hypertrophy), atrophy and regeneration. During ageing and in several diseases, muscle wasting ...

Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly ...

Identification of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells by Immunofluorescence with Pax7 and Laminin Antibodies

Immunofluorescence is an effective method that helps to identify different cell types on tissue sections. In order to study the desired cell population, ...

The Isolation and Culture of Primary Epicardial Cells Derived from Human Adult and Fetal Heart Specimens

The epicardium, an epithelial cell layer covering the myocardium, has an essential role during cardiac development, as well as in the repair response of ...

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have proven to be a valuable tool to study human development and disease. Further advancing iPSCs as a regenerative ...

Isolation and Characterization of Human Umbilical Cord-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Preterm and Term Infants

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have considerable therapeutic potential and attract increasing interest in the biomedical field. MSCs are originally ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...