Agradecemos o Dr. Naojiro Minami (Kyoto University) para fornecer os ratos Oog1pro3.9 . Esta pesquisa foi apoiada pelos JSPS (KAKENHI # JP15H06275) e a Fundação Nitto.

Ratos foram alojados em um quarto do ambiente controlado a 23 ± 1 ° C, com um ciclo escuro h luz/12 de 12 h. Protocolos de cuidados com animais e experimentos foram conduzidos em conformidade com as orientações para a experimentação Animal da universidade médica de Aichi e foram aprovados pelo Comitê de uso e cuidado Animal incumbente.
1. preparação do meio de cultura e pratos
<ol><li>Para preparar o meio de cultura básico, adicionar soro fetal bovino (FBS, 5% v/v), FSH (100 MUI/mL), LH (10 mU/mL) e a penicilina-estreptomicina (penicilina, 100 U/mL; estreptomicina, 100 mg/mL) para alfa média essencial mínima (MEM-alfa) e mistura em tubos de 50 mL. Nota: Volumes totais dos necessários meios de cultura variam entre experiências, mas 1 mL de meio de cultura é geralmente suficiente para pratos de cultura de vidro-fundo de 3,5 cm.</li>
	<li>Despeje a alíquotas de 1 mL de meio de cultura mista em pratos de cultura de vidro-fundo de 3,5 cm e definir lugar 30 mm celular cultura inserções em pratos. Pré-aquecer pratos em uma incubadora (5% de CO2 e 37 ° C) e mídia.</li>
</ol>2. preparação do tecido ovariano
<ol><li>Tampão de pre-quente fosfato salino (PBS) (−) e alfa-MEM contendo 5% FBS, 100 U/mL penicilina e estreptomicina 100 mg/mL em uma incubadora (5% de CO2 e 37 ° C). Nota: Cerca de 3 mL de PBS (−) de alíquotas por ovário são suficientes para uso durante as dissecções de ovário, e alíquotas de 1 mL de MEM-Alfa são suficientes para armazenamento temporário de um único ovário em pratos de 3,5 cm.</li>
	<li>
Impostos especiais de consumo ovários dos 4 semana de idade ratos fêmeas do ICR (nomeado após o Instituto de pesquisa do câncer) e aparar os tecidos ao redor do ovário usando uma tesoura e pinça sob um microscópio estereoscópico. Reservar os ovários removidos em meio de cultura (ver passo 2.1) até o uso.
	<ol>
<li>Lugar único ovários em papel de filtro umedecidos com pré aquecido PBS (−) (consulte a etapa 2.1) e fatia em 4 pedaços, usando uma lâmina de micrótomo sob um microscópio estereoscópico. Nota: Os ovários de camundongos 4 semana de idade do ICR são cerca de 2 mm de diâmetro. O número de peças depende do tamanho do ovário; no entanto, cerca de 500 µm e espessura peças permitem observações de folículo adequada (em pedaços mais grossos do que 500 mm, a transparência do tecido é diminuída; em pedaços mais finos do que 500 mm, muitos folículos antrais são quebrados e perdidos).</li>
		<li>Após a dissecação, coloque os espécimes de ovário fatiado no meio de cultura previamente aquecido em pratos de 3,5 cm (consulte a etapa 2.1).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. ovário cultura de tecidos
<ol><li>Deixar aproximadamente 0,5 µ l de meio de cultura por fatias finas de tecido ovariano na inserção da cultura de pilha onde o tecido será definida usando uma micropipeta.</li>
	<li>Coloque cada espécime fatiado em uma gota de meio de cultura sobre as inserções de cultura de células usando uma pinça.</li>
	<li>Cultura de tecidos de ovário em 5% CO2 a 37 ° C.</li>
	<li>Substitua o meio de cultura fresco médio pré-aquecido em 2 dias. Nota: A agenda de mudanças médias para a cultura de seções de ovário de ratos 4 semana de idade do ICR é apresentada na Figura 1.<ol>
<li>Para reproduzir o aumento de LH, trate culturas ovários de camundongos ICR 4 semana de idade, com o meio contendo 100 mU/mL FSH e LH por 12 h a cada 4 dias (Figura 1).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. microscópio imagens de ovários culturas
<ol><li>Iniciar os ovários culturas de imagem após o dia 1, quando os tecidos tenham aderido sobre as inserções de cultura de células e realizar análises de microscópio confocal ou invertido em intervalos de 24 h para permitir o crescimento de folículos suficientes entre os pontos de tempo. Nota: A microscopia Confocal é superior à microscopia invertida para a observação de folículos nos ovários toda cultos.</li>
</ol>5. imagem Time-Lapse de ovários culturas
<ol><li>
Otimize as condições de imagem lapso de tempo, incluindo a intensidade do laser e tempos de exposição, para o sistema da imagem latente (tabela 1).
	<ol>
<li>Selecione amostras emparelhadas ovário de ratos único para uso como grupos tratamento e controle. Varie a intensidade do laser e tempo de exposição para conseguir as melhores imagens (tabela 1).</li>
		<li>Compare o crescimento do folículo sob cada condição de cultura medindo áreas folículo em imagens de amostras de controle em intervalos de 24 h e em Time-Lapse amostras de imagem (consulte a etapa 6). Simultaneamente, contar o número de oócitos ovulados em cada conjunto de ovário e escolher as condições óptimas de lapso de tempo da imagem latente.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Capture imagens em intervalos de 30 min, usando o sistema de imagens lapso de tempo, sob determinadas condições (tabela 1).</li>
</ol>6. análise de crescimento do folículo
<ol><li>
Para analisar o desenvolvimento do folículo, medir as áreas do folículo em imagens capturadas utilizando software ImageJ (http://resbweb.nih.gov/ij/).
	<ol>
<li>Inicialmente, defina a escala da imagem clicando em "Como definir a escala" sob "Analisar" na barra de ferramentas. Insira os comprimentos do lado da imagem capturada e os números correspondentes de pixels nos campos em branco de "Distância conhecida" e "Distância em pixels", respectivamente.</li>
		<li>Clique em "Mão livre" na barra de ferramenta e delinear os folículos nas imagens capturadas de campo brilhante.</li>
		<li>Clique em "Medida" em "Analisar" na barra de ferramentas. Nota: Se outros dados de medição são desejados, clique em "Definir medição" sob "Analisar" na barra de ferramenta e marque as caixas apropriadas na lista.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>7. análise do desenvolvimento folicular usando ratos transgénicos
<ol><li>Colete os ovários de fatia pós-natal dias 0 e 4 (P0 e P4) feminino de ratos transgênicos contendo os transgenes Oog1pro3.9 e R26-H2B-mCherre cultura em inserções conforme descrito em etapas 1.1 – 3.2, exceto não o P0 e ovários P4.</li>
	<li>Substitua o meio de cultura com meio fresco, previamente aquecido em pratos de 3,5 cm na incubadora, contendo 5% CO2 a 37 ° C a cada 2 dias. Nota: A concentração de LH no meio de cultura de ovários P0 e P4 pode permanecer constante porque não ocorrem picos de LH em camundongos P0 e P4.</li>
	<li>Defina o microscópio para visualizar apenas folículos primários AcGFP1 positivo em culta P4 ovários (tabela 1). Nota: Apenas primordiais e primários folículos estão presentes em ovários de fêmeas de rato de P4.</li>
	<li>Capturar imagens de culto P0 Oog1pro3.9/ ovários de camundongos transgênicosR26-H2B-mCherry em intervalos de 30 min usando as configurações usadas para ovários P4 (ver passo 5.2).</li>
	<li>Rastrear e analisar o desenvolvimento folicular usando sinais AcGFP1 e H2B-mCHerry.</li>
</ol>

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	<li>Myers, M., Britt, K. L., Wreford, N. G., Ebling, F. J., Kerr, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+quantifying+follicular+numbers+within+the+mouse+ovary.">Methods for quantifying follicular numbers within the mouse ovary.</a> Reproduction. 127 (5), 569-580 (2004).</li><li>Adams, G. P., Jaiswal, R., Singh, J., Malhi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+in+understanding+ovarian+follicular+dynamics+in+cattle.">Progress in understanding ovarian follicular dynamics in cattle.</a> Theriogenology. 69 (1), 72-80 (2008).</li><li>Palma, G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biology+and+biotechnology+of+follicle+development.">Biology and biotechnology of follicle development.</a> Sci World J. , (2012).</li><li>Knight, P. G., Glister, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TGF-beta+superfamily+members+and+ovarian+follicle+development.">TGF-beta superfamily members and ovarian follicle development.</a> Reproduction. 132 (2), 191-206 (2006).</li><li>Picton, H. M., Harris, S. E., Muruvi, W., Chambers, E. 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E., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+differentiation+factor-9+stimulates+progression+of+early+primary+but+not+primordial+rat+ovarian+follicle+development.">Growth and differentiation factor-9 stimulates progression of early primary but not primordial rat ovarian follicle development.</a> Biol Reprod. 67 (3), 1018-1024 (2002).</li><li>Nilsson, E. E., Kezele, P., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leukemia+inhibitory+factor+(LIF)+promotes+the+primordial+to+primary+follicle+transition+in+rat+ovaries.">Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promotes the primordial to primary follicle transition in rat ovaries.</a> Mol Cell Endocrinol. 188 (1-2), 65-73 (2002).</li><li>Nilsson, E. E., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+morphogenetic+protein-4+acts+as+an+ovarian+follicle+survival+factor+and+promotes+primordial+follicle+development.">Bone morphogenetic protein-4 acts as an ovarian follicle survival factor and promotes primordial follicle development.</a> Biol Reprod. 69 (4), 1265-1272 (2003).</li><li>Nilsson, E. E., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kit+ligand+and+basic+fibroblast+growth+factor+interactions+in+the+induction+of+ovarian+primordial+to+primary+follicle+transition.">Kit ligand and basic fibroblast growth factor interactions in the induction of ovarian primordial to primary follicle transition.</a> Mol Cell Endocrinol. 214 (1-2), 19-25 (2004).</li><li>Abe, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+conditional+reporter+mouse+lines+at+ROSA26+locus+for+live+cell+imaging.">Establishment of conditional reporter mouse lines at ROSA26 locus for live cell imaging.</a> Genesis. 49 (7), 579-590 (2011).</li><li>Lan, Z. J., Xu, X., Cooney, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+oocyte-specific+expression+of+Cre+recombinase+activity+in+GDF-9-iCre,+Zp3cre,+and+Msx2Cre+transgenic+mice.">Differential oocyte-specific expression of Cre recombinase activity in GDF-9-iCre, Zp3cre, and Msx2Cre transgenic mice.</a> Biol Reprod. 71 (5), 1469-1474 (2004).</li><li>Payer, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+stella-GFP+transgenic+mice:+a+novel+tool+to+study+germ+cell+development.">Generation of stella-GFP transgenic mice: a novel tool to study germ cell development.</a> Genesis. 44 (2), 75-83 (2006).</li><li>Ohinata, Y., Sano, M., Shigeta, M., Yamanaka, K., Saitou, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comprehensive,+non-invasive+visualization+of+primordial+germ+cell+development+in+mice+by+the+Prdm1-mVenus+and+Dppa3-ECFP+double+transgenic+reporter.">A comprehensive, non-invasive visualization of primordial germ cell development in mice by the Prdm1-mVenus and Dppa3-ECFP double transgenic reporter.</a> Reproduction. 136 (4), 503-514 (2008).</li></ol>

Os autores não têm nada para divulgar.

Neste estudo, desenvolvemos dois novos métodos para o estudo do desenvolvimento folicular em ovários de rato. O primeiro método envolve a cultura de tecidos de ratos adultos ovário fatiado seguido por análises do desenvolvimento folicular, e o segundo envolve o uso de time-lapse de imagem para visualizar o início do desenvolvimento folicular durante a fase independente de gonadotrofinas. Anteriormente, usamos o presente método de cultura de tecido do ovário para avaliar o efeito de fator inibitório de leucemia e...

Ovários de rato fêmea contenham vários milhares de folículos1e ovulação periódica amadurece aproximadamente dez ovócitos em cada ciclo de cio. Os folículos são classificados em vários estádios de desenvolvimento: primordial, primária, secundária, antral e folículos de Graaf, dependendo da forma da camada granulosa celular ao redor de cada oócito. A maioria dos folículos primordiais são dormentes, e alguns deles são ativados e crescem em folículos primários em cada ciclo de cio2. Após a fase folicular secundária, desenvolvimento folicular é principalmente regulado por gonadotrofinas, foliculares estimulante hormônio (FSH) e hormônio luteinizante (LH). No entanto, desenvolvimento do folículo primário e primordial é independente de gonadotrofinas, e os mecanismos de regulação que regem esses estágios permanecem mal inderstood3,4,5. Além de hormônios e fatores de crescimento, o folículo primário e primordial é regulado pelas interações entre folículos6,7. Portanto, realizamos análises de dinâmica de folículo nos tecidos do ovário de rato e investigou os mecanismos de regulação associados usando culturas de tecido ovariano8,9,10.
Neste documento, apresentamos dois métodos de modelo de cultura de tecido ovariano. O primeiro é usado para analisar o desenvolvimento do folículo por medição de superfícies foliculares, e a segunda é usada para estudar o mecanismo regulatório durante o início do desenvolvimento folicular de primordial para a fase de folículo secundário com ratos transgénicos. Para análise do desenvolvimento do folículo, utilizado principalmente ovários de camundongos fêmeas 4 semana de idade porque permitem fácil visualização dos folículos. Para induzir a ovulação periódica e o desenvolvimento de modelos em vivo do folículo, nós reproduzido o aumento de LH e ovulação observada, atresia do folículo e secreção de estradiol em condições de cultura de tecidos. Imagens dos ovários cultivadas foram capturadas, e os processos de desenvolvimento do folículo foram analisados por mudanças de rastreamento na área folicular. No entanto, nas análises de microscopia de campo claro, a distinção entre folículos primários primordiais e no início era clara. Assim, desenvolvemos um método para detectar pequenos folículos e distinguir entre o primordial, primário, e culta de folículo secundário em tecidos ovarianos usando Oogenesin1 (Oog1) pro3. 9 e ovários de camundongos transgênicos R26-H2B-mCherry nos dias 0 e 4 após nascimento11. Oog1 expressão é detectável em oócitos após a entrada em meiose e aumenta gradualmente com o desenvolvimento do folículo, permitindo a observação da transição do primordial de folículos primários usando imagens de lapso de tempo do tecido do ovário culta11 ,12. Embora métodos morfológicos foram usados para estudar os fatores que ativam dormente folículos primordiais13,14,15,16, desenvolvimento do folículo fisiológicas nos ovários é difícil de observar, e os efeitos dos vários fatores permanecem descaracterizados. Os métodos de cultura presente foram projetados para resolver esta escassez nas análises em tempo real dos fatores de alvo.
No presente estudo, nós controladas desenvolvimento folicular usando um método de imagem de lapso de tempo e caracteriza-se o processo de desenvolvimento do folículo. Nossos novos métodos para oferecer uma ferramenta sem precedentes para investigar a fisiologia dos ovários.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Follicle stimulating hormone from human pituitary</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>F4021</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lutenizing hormone from equine pituitary</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>L9773</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-streptomycin solution</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>168-23191</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MEM a, GlutaMax, no nucleotides</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>32561037</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass bottom dish</td><td>MatTek</td><td>P35G-0-10-C</td><td>35mm dish, No. 0 coverslip, 10mm glass diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Millicell cell culture insert</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>PICM0RG50</td><td>Diameter: 315 mm, pore size: 0.4 mm, material: hydrophilic PTTE</td></tr><tr><td>3.5cm cell culture dishes</td><td>greiner bio-one</td><td>627160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50ml / centrifuge tube with triple seal cap</td><td>IWAKI</td><td>2345-050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low-profile disposable blades 819</td><td>Leica</td><td>14035838925</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LSM 710</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td></td><td>Confocal microscope</td></tr><tr><td>CellVoyager, CV1000</td><td>Yokogawa Electric Corporation</td><td></td><td>Time-lapse imaging</td></tr><tr><td>BZ-X700</td><td>KEYENCE</td><td></td><td>Time-lapse imaging</td></tr></tbody></table>

ovarian tissue culture to visualize phenomena in mouse ovary

As fêmeas de mamíferos ovulam periodicamente um número quase constante de oócitos durante cada ciclo de cio. Para sustentar tal regularidade e periodicidade, regulamento ocorre no nível do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-gonadal e no desenvolvimento de folículos nos ovários. Apesar dos estudos ativos, mecanismos de desenvolvimento do folículo não são claros, devido as diversas etapas envolvidas desde a ativação do folículo primordial dormente a ovulação e devido a complexidade de regulamento que difere em cada fase folicular. Para investigar os mecanismos do desenvolvimento folicular e a dinâmica dos folículos durante todo o ciclo do estro, desenvolvemos um modelo de cultura de tecido ovariano de mouse que pode ser usado para observar o desenvolvimento folicular usando um microscópio. Desenvolvimento sistemático folicular, ovulação periódica e atresia do folículo podem ser reproduzidos no modelo do culto do ovário, e as condições de cultura podem ser moduladas experimentalmente. Aqui, vamos demonstrar a utilidade desse método no estudo dos mecanismos de regulação do desenvolvimento folicular e outros fenômenos no ovário.

A Figura 1 mostra o protocolo para mudanças nos meios de comunicação durante a cultura de tecido ovariana. Seguir este programa, os ovários de camundongos ICR 4 semanas de idade foram cultivadas e fotografada em intervalos de 24 horas usando microscopia confocal (Figura 2). Durante a cultura de tecidos de ovário durante 3 semanas, mais folículos antrais e secundários foram degenerou por atresia do folículo e alguns eram o...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary at JoVE.com

Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary

Cultura do tecido ovariano Visualizar fenômenos no ovário de Mouse

Culturas de tecido ovarianos podem ser usadas como modelos de atresia de folículo, ovulação e desenvolvimento do folículo e indicar mecanismos reguladores de processos dinâmicos de ovário.

Mammalian females periodically ovulate an almost constant number of oocytes during each estrus cycle. To sustain such regularity and periodicity, ...

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13.7K visualizações.  Aichi Medical University. Culturas de tecido ovarianos podem ser usadas como modelos de atresia de folículo, ovulação e desenvolvimento do folículo e indicar mecanismos reguladores de processos dinâmicos de ovário.

Vídeo: Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary

Culture and Co-Culture of Mouse Ovaries and Ovarian Follicles

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together within a basement membrane. A finite pool of follicles is laid down during embryonic development, when oocytes in meiotic arrest form a close association with flattened granulosa cells, forming primordial follicles. By or shortly after birth, mammalian ovaries contain their lifetime&#8217;s supply of primordial follicles, from which point onwards there is a steady release of follicles into the growing follicular pool.
The ovary is particularly amenable to development in vitro, with follicles growing in a highly physiological manner in culture. This work describes the culture of whole neonatal ovaries containing primordial follicles, and the culture of individual ovarian follicles, a method which can support the development of follicles from an immature through to the preovulatory stage, after which their oocytes are able to undergo fertilization in vitro. The work outlined here uses culture systems to determine how the ovary is affected by exposure to external compounds. We also describe a co-culture system, which allows investigation of the interactions that occur between growing follicles and the non-growing pool of primordial follicles.

This protocol describes the primary culture/co-culture of mouse ovarian tissue, using ovaries from neonatal mice and individual ovarian follicles from prepubertal mice. The culture techniques support development in a highly physiological manner, allowing investigation of the effect of extrinsic agents on the ovary, and of interactions between ovarian follicles.

Cultura e Co-Culture of Mouse ovários e folículos ovarianos

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Alginate Hydrogels for Three-Dimensional Organ Culture of Ovaries and Oviducts

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women and has a 63% mortality rate in the United States1. The cell type of origin for ovarian cancers is still in question and might be either the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) or the distal epithelium of the fallopian tube fimbriae2,3. Culturing the normal cells as a primary culture in vitro will enable scientists to model specific changes that might lead to ovarian cancer in the distinct epithelium, thereby definitively determining the cell type of origin. This will allow development of more accurate biomarkers, animal models with tissue-specific gene changes, and better prevention strategies targeted to this disease.
Maintaining normal cells in alginate hydrogels promotes short term in vitro culture of cells in their three-dimensional context and permits introduction of plasmid DNA, siRNA, and small molecules. By culturing organs in pieces that are derived from strategic cuts using a scalpel, several cultures from a single organ can be generated, increasing the number of experiments from a single animal. These cuts model aspects of ovulation leading to proliferation of the OSE, which is associated with ovarian cancer formation. Cell types such as the OSE that do not grow well on plastic surfaces can be cultured using this method and facilitate investigation into normal cellular processes or the earliest events in cancer formation4.
Alginate hydrogels can be used to support the growth of many types of tissues5. Alginate is a linear polysaccharide composed of repeating units of &beta;-D-mannuronic acid and &alpha;-L-guluronic acid that can be crosslinked with calcium ions, resulting in a gentle gelling action that does not damage tissues6,7. Like other three-dimensional cell culture matrices such as Matrigel, alginate provides mechanical support for tissues; however, proteins are not reactive with the alginate matrix, and therefore alginate functions as a synthetic extracellular matrix that does not initiate cell signaling5. The alginate hydrogel floats in standard cell culture medium and supports the architecture of the tissue growth in vitro.
A method is presented for the preparation, separation, and embedding of ovarian and oviductal organ pieces into alginate hydrogels, which can be maintained in culture for up to two weeks. The enzymatic release of cells for analysis of proteins and RNA samples from the organ culture is also described. Finally, the growth of primary cell types is possible without genetic immortalization from mice and permits investigators to use knockout and transgenic mice.

Culture of normal cells in their three-dimensional context represents an alternative method to study early events required for cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. This method is used to grow normal ovarian and oviductal cells to study early events in ovarian cancer formation.

Hidrogéis alginato para Tridimensional Cultura Órgão de ovários e tubas uterinas

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women and has a 63% mortality rate in the United States1. The cell type of origin for ...

Bioengenharia

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical and molecular methods provides information of potential target genes and signaling pathways. To further elucidate specific regulatory mechanisms requires a system allowing the manipulation of only a small number of cells of a specific tissue by either overexpression, ablation or re-introduction of specific genes and follow their fate during development. To achieve this ex utero electroporation of hippocampal structures, especially the dentate gyrus, followed by organotypic slice culture provides such a tool. Using this system to generate mosaic deletions allows determining whether the gene of interest regulates cell-autonomously developmental processes like progenitor cell proliferation or neuronal differentiation. Furthermore it facilitates the rescue of phenotypes by re-introducing the deleted gene or its target genes. In contrast to in utero electroporation the ex utero approach improves the rate of successfully targeting deeper layers of the brain like the dentate gyrus. Overall ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture provide a potent tool to study regulatory mechanisms in a semi-native environment mirroring endogenous conditions.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Here we present a protocol providing a tool to examine regulatory mechanisms of specific genes during hippocampal development. Employing ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture allows the up- and down-regulation of the expression of genes of interest in single cells and follow their fate during development.

Ex Utero Eletroporação e Organotípicas Cultura Slice of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical ...

Whole Mount Immunofluorescence and Follicle Quantification of Cultured Mouse Ovaries

Research in the field of mammalian reproductive biology often involves evaluating the overall health of ovaries and testes. Specifically, in females, ovarian fitness is often assessed by visualizing and quantifying follicles and oocytes. Because the ovary is an opaque three-dimensional tissue, traditional approaches require laboriously slicing the tissue into numerous serial sections in order to visualize cells throughout the entire organ. Furthermore, because quantification by this method typically entails scoring only a subset of the sections separated by the approximate diameter of an oocyte, it is prone to inaccuracy. Here, a protocol is described that instead utilizes whole organ tissue clearing and immunofluorescence staining of mouse ovaries to visualize follicles and oocytes. Compared to more traditional approaches, this protocol is advantageous for visualizing cells within the ovary for numerous reasons: 1) the ovary remains intact throughout sample preparation and processing; 2) small ovaries, which are difficult to section, can be examined with ease; 3) cellular quantification is more readily and accurately achieved; and 4) the whole organ imaged.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify follicles in cultured ovaries of young mice without serial sectioning. Using whole organ immunofluorescence and tissue clearing, physical sectioning is replaced with optical sectioning. This method of sample preparation and visualization maintains organ integrity and facilitates automated quantification of specific cells.

Toda montagem de imunofluorescência e quantificação de folículo de ovários Mouse culta

Research in the field of mammalian reproductive biology often involves evaluating the overall health of ovaries and testes. Specifically, in females, ...

Accurate Follicle Enumeration in Adult Mouse Ovaries

Sexually reproducing female mammals are born with their entire lifetime supply of oocytes. Immature, quiescent oocytes are found within primordial follicles, the storage unit of the female germline. They are non-renewable, thus their number at birth and subsequent rate of loss largely dictates the female fertile lifespan. Accurate quantification of primordial follicle numbers in women and animals is essential for determining the impact of medicines and toxicants on the ovarian reserve. It is also necessary for evaluating the need for, and success of, existing and emerging fertility preservation techniques. Currently, no methods exist to accurately measure the number of primordial follicles comprising the ovarian reserve in women. Furthermore, obtaining ovarian tissue from large animals or endangered species for experimentation is often not feasible. Thus, mice have become an essential model for such studies, and the ability to evaluate primordial follicle numbers in whole mouse ovaries is a critical tool. However, reports of absolute follicle numbers in mouse ovaries in the literature are highly variable, making it difficult to compare and/or replicate data. This is due to a number of factors including strain, age, treatment groups, as well as technical differences in the methods of counting employed. In this article, we provide a step-by-step instructional guide for preparing histological sections and counting primordial follicles in mouse ovaries using two different methods: [1] stereology, which relies on the fractionator/optical dissector technique; and [2] the direct count technique. Some of the key advantages and drawbacks of each method will be highlighted so that reproducibility can be improved in the field and to enable researchers to select the most appropriate method for their studies.

Here, we describe, compare, and contrast two different techniques for accurate follicle counting of fixed mouse ovarian tissues.

Enumeração de folículo preciso em ovários de rato adulto

Sexually reproducing female mammals are born with their entire lifetime supply of oocytes. Immature, quiescent oocytes are found within primordial ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

In vivo de imagens e tratamentos terapêuticos em um modelo de camundongo ortotópico de câncer de ovário

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Biologia

Whole Ovary Immunofluorescence, Clearing, and Multiphoton Microscopy for Quantitative 3D Analysis of the Developing Ovarian Reserve in Mouse

Female fertility and reproductive lifespan depend on the quality and quantity of the ovarian oocyte reserve. An estimated 80% of female germ cells entering meiotic prophase I are eliminated during Fetal Oocyte Attrition (FOA) and the first week of postnatal life. Three major mechanisms regulate the number of oocytes that survive during development and establish the ovarian reserve in females entering puberty. In the first wave of oocyte loss, 30-50% of the oocytes are eliminated during early FOA, a phenomenon that is attributed to high Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) expression. The second wave of oocyte loss is the elimination of oocytes with meiotic defects by a meiotic quality checkpoint. The third wave of oocyte loss occurs perinatally during primordial follicle formation when some oocytes fail to form follicles. It remains unclear what regulates each of these three waves of oocyte loss and how they shape the ovarian reserve in either mice or humans.
Immunofluorescence and 3D visualization have opened a new avenue to image and analyze oocyte development in the context of the whole ovary rather than in less informative 2D sections. This article provides a comprehensive protocol for whole ovary immunostaining and optical clearing, yielding preparations for imaging using multiphoton microscopy and 3D modeling using commercially available software. It shows how this method can be used to show the dynamics of oocyte attrition during ovarian development in C57BL/6J mice and quantify oocyte loss during the three waves of oocyte elimination. This protocol can be applied to prenatal and early postnatal ovaries for oocyte visualization and quantification, as well as other quantitative approaches. Importantly, the protocol was strategically developed to accommodate high-throughput, reliable, and repeatable processing that can meet the needs in toxicology, clinical diagnostics, and genomic assays of ovarian function.

Here, we present an optimized protocol for imaging entire ovaries for quantitative and qualitative analyses using whole-mount immunostaining, multiphoton microscopy, and 3D visualization and analysis. This protocol accommodates high-throughput, reliable, and repeatable processing that is applicable for toxicology, clinical diagnostics, and genomic assays of ovarian function.

Imunofluorescência total do ovário, compensação e microscopia multifotínica para análise quantitativa 3D da reserva ovariana em desenvolvimento em mouse

Female fertility and reproductive lifespan depend on the quality and quantity of the ovarian oocyte reserve. An estimated 80% of female germ cells ...

Three-dimensional Reconstruction of the Vascular Architecture of the Passive CLARITY-cleared Mouse Ovary

The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine system, but the complex structural relationships and three-dimensional (3D) vasculature architectures of the ovary are not well described. In order to visualize the 3D connections and architecture of blood vessels in the intact ovary, the first important step is to make the ovary optically clear. In order to avoid tissue shrinkage, we used the hydrogel fixation-based passive CLARITY (Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging/ Immunostaining/In situ-hybridization-compatible Tissue Hydrogel) protocol method to clear an intact ovary. Immunostaining, advanced multiphoton confocal microscopy, and 3D image-reconstructions were then used for the visualization of ovarian vessels and follicular capillaries. Using this approach, we showed a significant positive correlation (P &#60;0.01) between the length of the follicular capillaries and volume of the follicular wall.

Here we present an adaptation of the passive CLARITY and 3D reconstruction method for visualization of the ovarian vasculature and follicular capillaries in intact mouse ovaries.

Reconstrução tridimensional da arquitetura Vascular do ovário passiva Mouse clareza-limpo

The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine ...

Bovine Ovarian Cortex Tissue Culture

Follicle development from the primordial to antral stage is a dynamic process within the ovarian cortex, which includes endocrine and paracrine factors from somatic cells and cumulus cell-oocyte communication. Little is known about the ovarian microenvironment and how the cytokines and steroids produced in the surrounding milieu affect follicle progression or arrest. In vitro culture of ovarian cortex enables follicles to develop in a normalized environment that remains supported by adjacent stroma. Our objective was to determine the effect of nutritional Stair-Step diet on the ovarian microenvironment (follicle development, steroid, and cytokine production) through in vitro culture of bovine ovarian cortex. To accomplish this, ovarian cortical pieces were removed from heifers undergoing two different nutritionally developed schemes prior to puberty: Control (traditional nutrition development) and Stair-Step (feeding and restriction during development) that were cut into approximately 0.5-1 mm3 pieces. These pieces were subsequently passed through a series of washes and positioned on a tissue culture insert that is set into a well containing Waymouth&#39;s culture medium. Ovarian cortex was cultured for 7 days with daily culture media changes. Histological sectioning was performed to determine follicle stage changes before and after the culture to determine effects of nutrition and impact of culture without additional treatment. Cortex culture medium was pooled over days to measure steroids, steroid metabolites, and cytokines. There were tendencies for increased steroid hormones in ovarian microenvironment that allowed for follicle progression in the Stair-Step versus Control ovarian cortex cultures. The ovarian cortex culture technique allows for a better understanding of the ovarian microenvironment, and how alterations in endocrine secretion may affect follicle progression and growth from both in vivo and in vitro treatments. This culture method may also prove beneficial for testing potential therapeutics that may improve follicle progression in women to promote fertility.

In vitro culture of bovine ovarian cortex and the effect of nutritional Stair-step diet on ovarian microenvironment is presented. Ovarian cortex pieces were cultured for seven days and steroids, cytokines, and follicle stages were evaluated. The Stair-Step diet treatment had increased steroidogenesis resulting in follicle progression in culture.

Cultura do tecido do córtex ovariano bovino

Follicle development from the primordial to antral stage is a dynamic process within the ovarian cortex, which includes endocrine and paracrine factors ...

Orthotopic Inoculation of Ovarian Cancer Cells into Murine Ovary: A Procedure to Establish an Ovarian Cancer Mouse Model to Study Peritoneal Dissemination of Cells

To carry out orthotopic inoculation, after anesthetizing an eight-week-old female nude mouse according to the text protocol, perform a toe pinch to verify depth of the anesthesia. Place the anesthetized mouse on an operating stage, belly side down. Then, disinfect the surgical area with several washes using a chlorhexidine-based scrub and alcohol.
Next, make an approximately 2-centimeter vertical incision near the spine, between the right costal arch and the femur. Place a sterile surgical drape around the incision site. Then, fix the incised skin surfaces with clamps to maintain the opening.
Now, make a second 1-centimeter incision at the parietal peritoneum under the first incision to open the abdominal cavity. Then, clamp the incised abdominal surfaces. With a clamp, clip the fat tissue that surrounds the ipsilateral ovary and fallopian tube to remove the ovary from the abdominal cavity.
Then, carefully place the ovary and fallopian tube on gauze before placing the mouse, belly side down, under the dissecting microscope. Transfer the cell suspension to an insulin syringe. Then, immediately and carefully inject 1 to 2 microliters of the prepared cell suspension into the ovary.
For several seconds, keep the needle in the ovary to ensure that the hydrogel sets. After gelation, the injected tumor cells will remain in the ovary. Carefully, return the ovary into the body. With sterile medical silk, suture the second incision before using wound clips to seal the skin.

Inoculação ortotópica de células de câncer de ovário em ovário murino: um procedimento para estabelecer um modelo de camundongo com câncer de ovário para estudar a disseminação peritoneal de células