박사 Naojiro 미나미 (교토대학)는 Oog1pro3.9 마우스를 제공 하는 감사 합니다. 이 연구는 JSP (KAKENHI # JP15H06275)와 닛토 재단에 의해 지원 되었다.

마우스는 23 ± 1 ° C 12 h 빛/12 h 어두운 사이클 환경 제어 실에서 보관 되어 있었다. 동물 보호 프로토콜 및 실험 아이치 의과대학에서 동물 실험에 대 한 지침에 따라 실시 했다 고 현 동물 관리 및 사용 위원회에 의해 승인 했다.
1입니다. 배양 및 요리 준비
<ol><li>기본적인 문화 매체를 준비 하려면 추가 태아 둔감 한 혈 청 (FBS, 5 %v / v), FSH (100 mIU/mL), LH (10 mU/mL), 그리고 페니실린-스 (페니실린, 100 U/mL; 스, 100 mg/mL) 최소 필수 중간 알파 (MEM-알파)을 50 mL 튜브에 혼합. 참고: 필요한 문화 미디어의 총 볼륨 실험, 사이 다르지만 문화 매체의 1 mL는 3.5 c m 유리 하단 문화 요리에 일반적으로 충분 합니다.</li>
	<li>3.5 c m 유리 하단 문화 요리에 혼합된 문화 매체의 1 mL aliquots를 부 어 하 고 요리에 장소 30 mm 셀 문화 삽입을 설정 합니다. 미리 따뜻한 미디어와 인큐베이터 (5% CO2 와 37 ° C)에서 요리.</li>
</ol>2입니다. 난소 조직 준비
<ol><li>미리 따뜻한 인산 염 (PBS) (−) 및 메모리-알파 5 %FBS, 100 U/mL 페니실린 그리고 인큐베이터 (5% CO2 와 37 ° C)에서 100 mg/mL 스 버퍼링. 참고: 약 3 mL 난소 당 aliquots PBS (−)의 사용에 대 한 충분 한 난소 해 동안 되며 MEM-알파의 1 mL aliquots는 3.5 cm 요리에서 단일 난소의 일시적인 저장을 위해 충분 한.</li>
	<li>
4 주 오래 된 여성 (후 암 연구소 라는) ICR 마우스에서 난소를 소비 세와 손질가 위 핀셋 입체 현미경을 사용 하 여 난소를 둘러싼 조직. 예약 문화 매체의 제거 난소 (단계 2.1 참조) 사용까지.
	<ol>
<li>필터 종이에 단일 난소 적신 장소는 PBS (−)에 미리 예 열 (단계 2.1 참조)와 입체 현미경 톰 블레이드를 사용 하 여 4 조각으로 조각. 참고: 4 주 오래 된 ICR 생쥐의 난소는 지름 약 2 m m. 조각의 수; 난소 크기에 따라 달라 집니다. 그러나, 약 500 µ m 두꺼운 조각 적절 한 뿌리 관찰에 대 한 허용 (500 m m 보다 두꺼운 조각, 조직 투명도 감소; 500 m m 보다 얇은 조각, 많은 antral 낭은 깨진 손실).</li>
		<li>해 부, 후 슬라이스 난소 표본 3.5 cm 요리 (단계 2.1 참조) 미리 데워 진된 문화 매체에 놓습니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 난소 조직 문화
<ol><li>난소 조직에 셀 문화 삽입 슬라이스 난소 조직 될 것입니다 약 0.5 µ L 당 문화 매체의 삭제는 micropipette를 사용 하 여 설정.</li>
	<li>문화 매체 핀셋을 사용 하 여 셀 문화 삽입에의 한 방울으로 각 슬라이스 견본을 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>37 ° c.에 5% CO2 난소 조직 문화</li>
	<li>2 일 마다 신선한 미리 따뜻하게 매체와 문화 매체를 교체 합니다. 참고: 4 주 오래 된 ICR 마우스에서 난소 섹션의 문화에 대 한 중간 변경 내용에 대 한 일정은 그림 1에 표시 됩니다.<ol>
<li>LH 큰 파도 재현 하려면 (그림 1) 4 일 마다 100 mU/mL FSH 및 LH 12 h를 포함 하는 매체와 교양된 4 주 오래 된 ICR 마우스 난소를 취급 합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 현미경 이미지 교양된 난소의
<ol><li>교양된 난소 조직 세포 문화 삽입에 준수는 때 1 일 후 이미징 시작 하 고 시간 점 사이 충분 한 뿌리 성장 수 있도록 24 시간 간격 또는 거꾸로 confocal 현미경 분석을 수행. 참고: Confocal 현미경 검사 법은 거꾸로 현미경 관찰 전체 교양된 난소 여 포에 대 한 우수.</li>
</ol>5. 시간 경과 영상 교양된 난소의
<ol><li>
레이저 농도 및 노출 시간, 이미징 시스템 (표 1)를 포함 하 여 시간 경과 이미징 조건 최적화.
	<ol>
<li>치료 및 제어 그룹으로 사용 하기 위해 단일 마우스에서 쌍된 난소 견본을 선택 합니다. 레이저 농도 노출 시간 (표 1) 최고의 이미지를 달성 하기 위해 변화 한다.</li>
		<li>각 문화 조건 하에서 여 포 성장 뿌리 지역 24 시간 간격 제어 샘플의 이미지와 시간 경과 영상 샘플 (6 단계 참조)를 측정 하 여 비교 합니다. 동시에, 각 난소 세트에서 ovulated oocytes의 수를 계산 하 고 최적의 시간 경과 이미징 조건을 선택 합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>30 분 간격으로 결정된 조건 (표 1)에서 시간 경과 이미징 시스템을 사용 하 여 이미지를 캡처하십시오.</li>
</ol>6. 여 포 성장 분석
<ol><li>
여 포 개발 분석, ImageJ 소프트웨어 (http://resbweb.nih.gov/ij/)를 사용 하 여 캡처한 이미지에 뿌리 영역을 측정 합니다.
	<ol>
<li>처음에, 도구 모음에서 "분석" 아래 "비율 설정"을 클릭 하 여 이미지의 규모를 설정 합니다. "알려진 거리"와 "픽셀에서 거리"의 빈 필드에는 캡처된 이미지와 픽셀의 해당 번호의 측면 길이 각각 입력 합니다.</li>
		<li>도구 모음에서 "자유 재량"를 클릭 하 고 캡처된 밝은 필드 이미지에 낭 개요.</li>
		<li>도구 모음에서 "분석"에서 "측정"을 클릭 합니다. 참고: 다른 측정 데이터를 원하는 경우 "측정" "분석" 아래에서 설정 도구 모음을 클릭 하 고 목록에서 적절 한 확인란.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>7. 유전자 변형 쥐를 사용 하 여 여 포 개발의 분석
<ol><li>출생 후 일 0과 4 (P0, P4) 여성 유전자 변형 쥐를 포함 하는 transgenes Oog1pro3.9 및 R26-H2B-mCherr, 그리고 삽입에서 문화에 설명 된 대로 단계 1.1-3.2, 하지 않습니다 제외 하 고 슬라이스는 P0, P4 난소에서 난소를 수집 합니다.</li>
	<li>매 2 일 37 ° C에서 5% CO2 를 포함 하는 인큐베이터에서 3.5 cm 요리에 신선 하 고, 미리 데워 진 매체와 문화 매체를 교체 합니다. 참고: P0, P4 난소의 문화 매체에서 LH의 농도 수 일정 남아 있다 P0, P4 쥐에 LH 서 지 발생 하지 않기 때문에.</li>
	<li>교양된 P4 난소 (표 1)에 AcGFP1 양성 주 낭을 시각화 하기 위해 현미경을 설정 합니다. 참고:만 원시 및 기본 모 공은 P4 여성 마우스 난소에 존재 한다.</li>
	<li>교양된 P0 Oog1pro3.9의 이미지를 캡처 / 30 분 간격R26-H2B-mCherry 유전자 변형 쥐 난소 P4 난소 (단계 5.2 참조)에 사용 되는 설정을 사용 하 여.</li>
	<li>추적 하 고 분석 하는 AcGFP1 및 H2B mCHerry 신호를 사용 하 여 여 포 개발.</li>
</ol>

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<li>Baker, S. J., Srsen, V., Lapping, R., Spears, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Combined+effect+of+follicle-follicle+interactions+and+declining+follicle-stimulating+hormone+on+murine+follicle+health+in+vitro%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Biol+Reprod%22%5BJournal%5D)">Combined effect of follicle-follicle interactions and declining follicle-stimulating hormone on murine follicle health in vitro.</a> Biol Reprod. 65 (4), 1304-1310 (2001).</li>
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</ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

이 연구에서 우리는 마우스 난소의 여 포 개발을 공부 하는 두 가지 새로운 방법 개발. 첫 번째 방법은 포함 한다 여 포 개발의 분석 뒤 슬라이스 난소 성인 쥐 조직의 문화 그리고 생식 샘 자극 호르몬 독립 단계 초기 여 포 개발을 시각화 하 시간 경과 화상 진 찰의 사용을 포함 하는 두 번째. 이전에 우리 여 포 개발8,9, 백혈병 금지 요인 및 호르몬의 효?...

여성 마우스 난소 포함 몇 천 포1, 그리고 주기적인 배 란 각 발 정기 주기에서 약 10 oocytes를 성숙. 낭 여러 발달 단계로 분류 됩니다: 원시, 기본, 보조, antral, 및 각 oocyte 둘러싸고 granulosa 세포 층의 형태에 따라 Graafian 낭. 대부분 원시 낭은 휴면, 그들 중 일부는 활성화 하 고 각 발 정기 주기2주 낭으로 성장. 보조 소 낭 모양 단계 후 여 포 개발은 주로 gonadotropins, follicular 자극 호르몬 (FSH)과 황 호르몬 (LH)에 의해 규제 됩니다. 그러나, 원시 및 기본 모 근 개발 생식 샘 자극 호르몬, 독립적 이며 이러한 단계를 제어 하는 규제 메커니즘 남아 제대로 inderstood3,,45. 성장 인자와 호르몬, 원시 및 기본 여 포 여 포6,7간의 상호 작용에 의해 통제 된다. 따라서, 우리가 마우스 난소 조직, 뿌리 역동성의 분석을 수행 하 고 난소 조직 문화8,,910을 사용 하 여 관련된 규제 메커니즘을 조사 합니다.
여기, 두 개의 난소 조직 문화 모델 방법을 소개합니다. 첫 번째 follicular 분야의 측정에 의해 여 포 개발 분석 하 사용 되 고 두 번째는 유전자 변형 마우스 보조 뿌리 단계로 원시에서 초기 여 포 개발 하는 동안 규제 메커니즘을 연구 하는 데 사용 됩니다. 여 포 개발 분석, 우리가 주로 사용 4 주 오래 된 여성 쥐의 난소 낭의 쉽게 시각화를 허용 하기 때문에. 정기 배 란 및 모델 vivo에서 여 포 개발 유도, 우리 LH 서 지 및 관찰된 배 란, 여 포는이 폐쇄 증, 및 조직 배양 조건에서 estradiol의 분 비를 재현. 교양된 난소의 이미지 체포 되었다, 그리고 여 포 개발 프로세스 follicular 지역 변경 내용을 추적 하 여 분석 되었다. 그러나, 밝은 분야 현미경 검사 법 분석, 원시 및 초기 기본 모 공 사이의 구별 불분명 했다. 따라서, 우리 작은 낭을 감지 하 고 원시, 기본, 사이 구별 하는 방법을 개발 하 고 보조 뿌리에 배양 난소 조직을 사용 하 여 Oogenesin1 (Oog1) pro3. 9 그리고 0와 4 일 탄생11후 R26-H2B-mCherry 유전자 변형 쥐 난소. Oog1 식 oocytes에서 감지 감수 분열, 입국 후 고 주 낭 교양된 난소 조직의11 시간 경과 이미지를 사용 하 여 원시에서 전환의 관찰 수 있도록 뿌리 발달로 점차 증가 ,12. 형태학 상 방법을 휴면 원시 낭13,14,,1516활성화 요인 연구에 사용 되었습니다, 하지만 난소에 생리 여 포 개발은 관찰 하기 어려운 다양 한 요인의 효과 유지 새롭거나. 현재 문화 방법 실시간으로 분석 대상 요소의이 부족을 해결 하기 위해 설계 되었습니다.
현재 연구에서 우리가 follicular 개발 시간 경과 화상 진 찰 방법을 사용 하 여 추적 하 고 여 포 개발 과정 특징. 우리의 소설 메서드는 전례 없는 난소의 생리학을 조사 하기 위한 도구를 제공 합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Follicle stimulating hormone from human pituitary</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>F4021</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lutenizing hormone from equine pituitary</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>L9773</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-streptomycin solution</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>168-23191</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MEM a, GlutaMax, no nucleotides</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>32561037</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass bottom dish</td><td>MatTek</td><td>P35G-0-10-C</td><td>35mm dish, No. 0 coverslip, 10mm glass diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Millicell cell culture insert</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>PICM0RG50</td><td>Diameter: 315 mm, pore size: 0.4 mm, material: hydrophilic PTTE</td></tr><tr><td>3.5cm cell culture dishes</td><td>greiner bio-one</td><td>627160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50ml / centrifuge tube with triple seal cap</td><td>IWAKI</td><td>2345-050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low-profile disposable blades 819</td><td>Leica</td><td>14035838925</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LSM 710</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td></td><td>Confocal microscope</td></tr><tr><td>CellVoyager, CV1000</td><td>Yokogawa Electric Corporation</td><td></td><td>Time-lapse imaging</td></tr><tr><td>BZ-X700</td><td>KEYENCE</td><td></td><td>Time-lapse imaging</td></tr></tbody></table>

ovarian tissue culture to visualize phenomena in mouse ovary

포유류 암컷은 정기적으로 각 발 정기 주기 동안 oocytes의 거의 일정 한 수 배 란. 이러한 규칙과 주기 유지, 규정 hypothalamic-뇌 하 수 체-gonadal 축 수준 및 난소에서 난 포 개발에 발생 합니다. 활성 연구에도 불구 하 고 여러 단계 휴면 원시 여 포 활성화에서 배 란을 및 각 소 낭 모양 단계에서 다른 규제 복잡성 때문에 여 포 개발 메커니즘이 명확 하지 않다. 여 포 발달의 기계 장치 그리고 발 정기 주기 낭의 역학 조사, 우리는 관찰 하는 현미경을 사용 하 여 여 포 개발 하는 데 사용할 수 있는 마우스 난소 조직 문화 모델을 개발 했다. 체계적인 여 포 개발, 정기 배 란 및 여 포가 폐쇄 증 모두 재생 될 수 있다 경작된 난소 모델에 그리고 문화 조건을 실험적으로 변조 될 수 있습니다. 여기, 우리 여 포 개발의 규제 메커니즘 및 다른 난소 현상의 연구에서이 방법의 유용성을 보여 줍니다.

그림 1 난소 조직 문화 중 미디어에서 변경에 대 한 프로토콜을 보여 줍니다. 이 프로그램, 4 주 된 ICR 마우스 난소 배양 되었고 24 시간 간격으로 confocal 현미경 검사 법 (그림 2)를 사용 하 여 몇 군데. 3 주 동안 난소 조직의 문화, 동안 가장 antral 및 보조 모 공 여 포가 폐쇄 증으로 전락 했다 고 일부 ovulated (그림 2<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary at JoVE.com

Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary

난소 조직 문화 현상을 마우스 난소에서 시각화 하

난소 조직 문화 여 포 개발, 배 란, 그리고 여 포가 폐쇄 증의 모델로 사용할 수 있습니다 하 고 동적 난소 프로세스의 규제 메커니즘을 나타냅니다.

Mammalian females periodically ovulate an almost constant number of oocytes during each estrus cycle. To sustain such regularity and periodicity, ...

ovarian-tissue-culture-to-visualize-phenomena-in-mouse-ovary

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

13.7K 조회수.  Aichi Medical University. 난소 조직 문화 여 포 개발, 배 란, 그리고 여 포가 폐쇄 증의 모델로 사용할 수 있습니다 하 고 동적 난소 프로세스의 규제 메커니즘을 나타냅니다.

비디오: Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary

Culture and Co-Culture of Mouse Ovaries and Ovarian Follicles

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together within a basement membrane. A finite pool of follicles is laid down during embryonic development, when oocytes in meiotic arrest form a close association with flattened granulosa cells, forming primordial follicles. By or shortly after birth, mammalian ovaries contain their lifetime&#8217;s supply of primordial follicles, from which point onwards there is a steady release of follicles into the growing follicular pool.
The ovary is particularly amenable to development in vitro, with follicles growing in a highly physiological manner in culture. This work describes the culture of whole neonatal ovaries containing primordial follicles, and the culture of individual ovarian follicles, a method which can support the development of follicles from an immature through to the preovulatory stage, after which their oocytes are able to undergo fertilization in vitro. The work outlined here uses culture systems to determine how the ovary is affected by exposure to external compounds. We also describe a co-culture system, which allows investigation of the interactions that occur between growing follicles and the non-growing pool of primordial follicles.

This protocol describes the primary culture/co-culture of mouse ovarian tissue, using ovaries from neonatal mice and individual ovarian follicles from prepubertal mice. The culture techniques support development in a highly physiological manner, allowing investigation of the effect of extrinsic agents on the ovary, and of interactions between ovarian follicles.

문화 공동 문화 마우스의 난소와 난소

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together ...

연구

발생학

An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses

Background: Ovarian cancer is generally diagnosed at an advanced stage where the case/fatality ratio is high and thus remains the most lethal of all gynecologic malignancies among US women 1,2,3. Serous tumors are the most widespread forms of ovarian cancer and 4,5 the Tg-MISIIR-TAg transgenic represents the only mouse model that spontaneously develops this type of tumors. Tg-MISIIR-TAg mice express SV40 transforming region under control of the Mullerian Inhibitory Substance type II Receptor (MISIIR) gene promoter 6. Additional transgenic lines have been identified that express the SV40 TAg transgene, but do not develop ovarian tumors. Non-tumor prone mice exhibit typical lifespan for C57Bl/6 mice and are fertile. These mice can be used as syngeneic allograft recipients for tumor cells isolated from Tg-MISIIR-TAg-DR26 mice.
Objective: Although tumor imaging is possible 7, early detection of deep tumors is challenging in small living animals. To enable preclinical studies in an immunologically intact animal model for serous ovarian cancer, we describe a syngeneic mouse model for this type of ovarian cancer that permits in vivo imaging, studies of the tumor microenvironment and tumor immune responses.
Methods: We first derived a TAg+ mouse cancer cell line (MOV1) from a spontaneous ovarian tumor harvested in a 26 week-old DR26 Tg-MISIIR-TAg female. Then, we stably transduced MOV1 cells with TurboFP635 Lentivirus mammalian vector that encodes Katushka, a far-red mutant of the red fluorescent protein from sea anemone Entacmaea quadricolor with excitation/emission maxima at 588/635 nm 8,9,10. We orthotopically implanted MOV1Kat in the ovary 11,12,13,14 of non-tumor prone Tg-MISIIR-TAg female mice. Tumor progression was followed by in vivo optical imaging and tumor microenvironment was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.
Results: Orthotopically implanted MOV1Kat cells developed serous ovarian tumors. MOV1Kat tumors could be visualized by in vivo imaging up to three weeks after implantation (fig. 1) and were infiltrated with leukocytes, as observed in human ovarian cancers 15 (fig. 2).
Conclusions: We describe an orthotopic model of ovarian cancer suitable for in vivo imaging of early tumors due to the high pH-stability and photostability of Katushka in deep tissues. We propose the use of this novel syngeneic model of serous ovarian cancer for in vivo imaging studies and monitoring of tumor immune responses and immunotherapies.

An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses

To study in vivo tumor growth and tumor microenvironment, we used a syngeneic and orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer in immunocompetent animals. We transduced a mouse tumor cell line (MOV1) with Katushka fluorescent protein (MOV1KAT) and here we show its orthotopic implantation in ovary and in vivo imaging.

에 대한 면역 적격 마우스에 묽은 난소암의 Orthotopic 모델 생체내에</em종양 면역 응답> 종양 이미징 및 모니터링

Background: Ovarian cancer is generally diagnosed at an advanced stage where the case/fatality ratio is high and thus remains the most lethal of all ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Alginate Hydrogels for Three-Dimensional Organ Culture of Ovaries and Oviducts

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women and has a 63% mortality rate in the United States1. The cell type of origin for ovarian cancers is still in question and might be either the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) or the distal epithelium of the fallopian tube fimbriae2,3. Culturing the normal cells as a primary culture in vitro will enable scientists to model specific changes that might lead to ovarian cancer in the distinct epithelium, thereby definitively determining the cell type of origin. This will allow development of more accurate biomarkers, animal models with tissue-specific gene changes, and better prevention strategies targeted to this disease.
Maintaining normal cells in alginate hydrogels promotes short term in vitro culture of cells in their three-dimensional context and permits introduction of plasmid DNA, siRNA, and small molecules. By culturing organs in pieces that are derived from strategic cuts using a scalpel, several cultures from a single organ can be generated, increasing the number of experiments from a single animal. These cuts model aspects of ovulation leading to proliferation of the OSE, which is associated with ovarian cancer formation. Cell types such as the OSE that do not grow well on plastic surfaces can be cultured using this method and facilitate investigation into normal cellular processes or the earliest events in cancer formation4.
Alginate hydrogels can be used to support the growth of many types of tissues5. Alginate is a linear polysaccharide composed of repeating units of &beta;-D-mannuronic acid and &alpha;-L-guluronic acid that can be crosslinked with calcium ions, resulting in a gentle gelling action that does not damage tissues6,7. Like other three-dimensional cell culture matrices such as Matrigel, alginate provides mechanical support for tissues; however, proteins are not reactive with the alginate matrix, and therefore alginate functions as a synthetic extracellular matrix that does not initiate cell signaling5. The alginate hydrogel floats in standard cell culture medium and supports the architecture of the tissue growth in vitro.
A method is presented for the preparation, separation, and embedding of ovarian and oviductal organ pieces into alginate hydrogels, which can be maintained in culture for up to two weeks. The enzymatic release of cells for analysis of proteins and RNA samples from the organ culture is also described. Finally, the growth of primary cell types is possible without genetic immortalization from mice and permits investigators to use knockout and transgenic mice.

Culture of normal cells in their three-dimensional context represents an alternative method to study early events required for cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. This method is used to grow normal ovarian and oviductal cells to study early events in ovarian cancer formation.

난소와 Oviducts의 3 차원 조직 문화 알긴산의 Hydrogels

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women and has a 63% mortality rate in the United States1. The cell type of origin for ...

생체공학

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical and molecular methods provides information of potential target genes and signaling pathways. To further elucidate specific regulatory mechanisms requires a system allowing the manipulation of only a small number of cells of a specific tissue by either overexpression, ablation or re-introduction of specific genes and follow their fate during development. To achieve this ex utero electroporation of hippocampal structures, especially the dentate gyrus, followed by organotypic slice culture provides such a tool. Using this system to generate mosaic deletions allows determining whether the gene of interest regulates cell-autonomously developmental processes like progenitor cell proliferation or neuronal differentiation. Furthermore it facilitates the rescue of phenotypes by re-introducing the deleted gene or its target genes. In contrast to in utero electroporation the ex utero approach improves the rate of successfully targeting deeper layers of the brain like the dentate gyrus. Overall ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture provide a potent tool to study regulatory mechanisms in a semi-native environment mirroring endogenous conditions.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Here we present a protocol providing a tool to examine regulatory mechanisms of specific genes during hippocampal development. Employing ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture allows the up- and down-regulation of the expression of genes of interest in single cells and follow their fate during development.

마우스 해마 조직의 예 자궁 Electroporation에와 Organotypic 슬라이스 문화

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical ...

A Neural Network-Based Identification of Developmentally Competent or Incompetent Mouse Fully-Grown Oocytes

Infertility clinics would benefit from the ability to select developmentally competent vs. incompetent oocytes using non-invasive procedures, thus improving the overall pregnancy outcome. We recently developed a classification method based on microscopic live observations of mouse oocytes during their in vitro maturation from the germinal vesicle (GV) to the metaphase II stage, followed by the analysis of the cytoplasmic movements occurring during this time-lapse period. Here, we present detailed protocols of this procedure. Oocytes are isolated from fully-grown antral follicles and cultured for 15 h inside a microscope equipped for time-lapse analysis at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2. Pictures are taken at 8 min intervals. The images are analyzed using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method that calculates, for each oocyte, the profile of Cytoplasmic Movement Velocities (CMVs) occurring throughout the culture period. Finally, the CMVs of each single oocyte are fed through a mathematical classification tool (Feed-forward Artificial Neural Network, FANN), which predicts the probability of a gamete to be developmentally competent or incompetent with an accuracy of 91.03%. This protocol, set up for the mouse, could now be tested on oocytes of other species, including humans.

Here, we present a protocol for non-invasive assessment of oocyte developmental competence performed during their in vitro maturation from the germinal vesicle to the metaphase II stage. This method combines time-lapse imaging with particle image velocimetry (PIV) and neural network analyses.

발달 능력 또는 무능 한 마우스 가득 Oocytes의 신경 네트워크 기반 식별

Infertility clinics would benefit from the ability to select developmentally competent vs. incompetent oocytes using non-invasive procedures, thus ...

Whole Mount Immunofluorescence and Follicle Quantification of Cultured Mouse Ovaries

Research in the field of mammalian reproductive biology often involves evaluating the overall health of ovaries and testes. Specifically, in females, ovarian fitness is often assessed by visualizing and quantifying follicles and oocytes. Because the ovary is an opaque three-dimensional tissue, traditional approaches require laboriously slicing the tissue into numerous serial sections in order to visualize cells throughout the entire organ. Furthermore, because quantification by this method typically entails scoring only a subset of the sections separated by the approximate diameter of an oocyte, it is prone to inaccuracy. Here, a protocol is described that instead utilizes whole organ tissue clearing and immunofluorescence staining of mouse ovaries to visualize follicles and oocytes. Compared to more traditional approaches, this protocol is advantageous for visualizing cells within the ovary for numerous reasons: 1) the ovary remains intact throughout sample preparation and processing; 2) small ovaries, which are difficult to section, can be examined with ease; 3) cellular quantification is more readily and accurately achieved; and 4) the whole organ imaged.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify follicles in cultured ovaries of young mice without serial sectioning. Using whole organ immunofluorescence and tissue clearing, physical sectioning is replaced with optical sectioning. This method of sample preparation and visualization maintains organ integrity and facilitates automated quantification of specific cells.

전체 산 면역 형광 및 교양된 마우스 난소의 여 포 정량화

Research in the field of mammalian reproductive biology often involves evaluating the overall health of ovaries and testes. Specifically, in females, ...

Accurate Follicle Enumeration in Adult Mouse Ovaries

Sexually reproducing female mammals are born with their entire lifetime supply of oocytes. Immature, quiescent oocytes are found within primordial follicles, the storage unit of the female germline. They are non-renewable, thus their number at birth and subsequent rate of loss largely dictates the female fertile lifespan. Accurate quantification of primordial follicle numbers in women and animals is essential for determining the impact of medicines and toxicants on the ovarian reserve. It is also necessary for evaluating the need for, and success of, existing and emerging fertility preservation techniques. Currently, no methods exist to accurately measure the number of primordial follicles comprising the ovarian reserve in women. Furthermore, obtaining ovarian tissue from large animals or endangered species for experimentation is often not feasible. Thus, mice have become an essential model for such studies, and the ability to evaluate primordial follicle numbers in whole mouse ovaries is a critical tool. However, reports of absolute follicle numbers in mouse ovaries in the literature are highly variable, making it difficult to compare and/or replicate data. This is due to a number of factors including strain, age, treatment groups, as well as technical differences in the methods of counting employed. In this article, we provide a step-by-step instructional guide for preparing histological sections and counting primordial follicles in mouse ovaries using two different methods: [1] stereology, which relies on the fractionator/optical dissector technique; and [2] the direct count technique. Some of the key advantages and drawbacks of each method will be highlighted so that reproducibility can be improved in the field and to enable researchers to select the most appropriate method for their studies.

Here, we describe, compare, and contrast two different techniques for accurate follicle counting of fixed mouse ovarian tissues.

성인 마우스 난소의 정확한 여포 열거

Sexually reproducing female mammals are born with their entire lifetime supply of oocytes. Immature, quiescent oocytes are found within primordial ...

Whole Ovary Immunofluorescence, Clearing, and Multiphoton Microscopy for Quantitative 3D Analysis of the Developing Ovarian Reserve in Mouse

Female fertility and reproductive lifespan depend on the quality and quantity of the ovarian oocyte reserve. An estimated 80% of female germ cells entering meiotic prophase I are eliminated during Fetal Oocyte Attrition (FOA) and the first week of postnatal life. Three major mechanisms regulate the number of oocytes that survive during development and establish the ovarian reserve in females entering puberty. In the first wave of oocyte loss, 30-50% of the oocytes are eliminated during early FOA, a phenomenon that is attributed to high Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) expression. The second wave of oocyte loss is the elimination of oocytes with meiotic defects by a meiotic quality checkpoint. The third wave of oocyte loss occurs perinatally during primordial follicle formation when some oocytes fail to form follicles. It remains unclear what regulates each of these three waves of oocyte loss and how they shape the ovarian reserve in either mice or humans.
Immunofluorescence and 3D visualization have opened a new avenue to image and analyze oocyte development in the context of the whole ovary rather than in less informative 2D sections. This article provides a comprehensive protocol for whole ovary immunostaining and optical clearing, yielding preparations for imaging using multiphoton microscopy and 3D modeling using commercially available software. It shows how this method can be used to show the dynamics of oocyte attrition during ovarian development in C57BL/6J mice and quantify oocyte loss during the three waves of oocyte elimination. This protocol can be applied to prenatal and early postnatal ovaries for oocyte visualization and quantification, as well as other quantitative approaches. Importantly, the protocol was strategically developed to accommodate high-throughput, reliable, and repeatable processing that can meet the needs in toxicology, clinical diagnostics, and genomic assays of ovarian function.

Here, we present an optimized protocol for imaging entire ovaries for quantitative and qualitative analyses using whole-mount immunostaining, multiphoton microscopy, and 3D visualization and analysis. This protocol accommodates high-throughput, reliable, and repeatable processing that is applicable for toxicology, clinical diagnostics, and genomic assays of ovarian function.

Female fertility and reproductive lifespan depend on the quality and quantity of the ovarian oocyte reserve. An estimated 80% of female germ cells ...

Three-dimensional Reconstruction of the Vascular Architecture of the Passive CLARITY-cleared Mouse Ovary

The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine system, but the complex structural relationships and three-dimensional (3D) vasculature architectures of the ovary are not well described. In order to visualize the 3D connections and architecture of blood vessels in the intact ovary, the first important step is to make the ovary optically clear. In order to avoid tissue shrinkage, we used the hydrogel fixation-based passive CLARITY (Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging/ Immunostaining/In situ-hybridization-compatible Tissue Hydrogel) protocol method to clear an intact ovary. Immunostaining, advanced multiphoton confocal microscopy, and 3D image-reconstructions were then used for the visualization of ovarian vessels and follicular capillaries. Using this approach, we showed a significant positive correlation (P &#60;0.01) between the length of the follicular capillaries and volume of the follicular wall.

Here we present an adaptation of the passive CLARITY and 3D reconstruction method for visualization of the ovarian vasculature and follicular capillaries in intact mouse ovaries.

수동 선명도 삭제 마우스 난소의 혈관 구조의 3 차원 재구성

The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine ...

생물학

Orthotopic Inoculation of Ovarian Cancer Cells into Murine Ovary: A Procedure to Establish an Ovarian Cancer Mouse Model to Study Peritoneal Dissemination of Cells

To carry out orthotopic inoculation, after anesthetizing an eight-week-old female nude mouse according to the text protocol, perform a toe pinch to verify depth of the anesthesia. Place the anesthetized mouse on an operating stage, belly side down. Then, disinfect the surgical area with several washes using a chlorhexidine-based scrub and alcohol.
Next, make an approximately 2-centimeter vertical incision near the spine, between the right costal arch and the femur. Place a sterile surgical drape around the incision site. Then, fix the incised skin surfaces with clamps to maintain the opening.
Now, make a second 1-centimeter incision at the parietal peritoneum under the first incision to open the abdominal cavity. Then, clamp the incised abdominal surfaces. With a clamp, clip the fat tissue that surrounds the ipsilateral ovary and fallopian tube to remove the ovary from the abdominal cavity.
Then, carefully place the ovary and fallopian tube on gauze before placing the mouse, belly side down, under the dissecting microscope. Transfer the cell suspension to an insulin syringe. Then, immediately and carefully inject 1 to 2 microliters of the prepared cell suspension into the ovary.
For several seconds, keep the needle in the ovary to ensure that the hydrogel sets. After gelation, the injected tumor cells will remain in the ovary. Carefully, return the ovary into the body. With sterile medical silk, suture the second incision before using wound clips to seal the skin.