Name: optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits during monitoring sleep/wakefulness states in mice
Uploaded: 2019-06-19T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice at JoVE.com

This study was supported by the Merck Investigator Studies Program (#54843), a KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas, &#34;WillDynamics&#34; (16H06401) (T.S.), and a KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory Research on Innovative Areas (T.S.) (18H02595).

All experiments here were approved by the Animal Experiment and Use Committee of the University of Tsukuba, complying with NIH guidelines.
1. Animal Surgery, Virus Injection, Electrode for EEG/EMG, and Optical Fiber Implantation
CAUTION: Appropriate protection and handling techniques should be selected based on the biosafety level of the virus to be used. AAV should be used in an isolated P1A graded room for injection, and the tube carrying AA...

<ol>
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We here presented a method to evaluate the effect of optogenetic stimulation of neurons with particular chemical identities on state transitions of sleep/wakefulness and gave an example of manipulation of GABABNST neurons. Our data showed that optogenetic excitation of GABABNST neurons results in immediate transition from NREM sleep to wakefulness.
Various experimental designs are available because of the development of numerous types of optogenetic tools. It is possible ...

Sleep is essential for optimal cognitive function.Recent findings also suggest that disturbances in sleep are associated with a wide range of diseases1,2,3. Although the functions of sleep are as yet largely unresolved, substantial progress has been made recently in understanding the neural circuits and mechanisms that control sleep/wakefulness states4. In mammals, there are three states of vigilance: wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Wakefulness is characterized by fast EEG oscillations (5-12 Hz) of low amplitude with purposeful and sustained motor activity. NREM sleep is defined by slow oscillations (1-4 Hz) of high amplitude (delta waves), with lack of consciousness and purposeful motor activity. REM sleep is characterized by relatively fast oscillations (6-12 Hz) of low amplitude and almost complete bilateral muscle atonia5.
Borbely proposed a theory of sleep-wakefulness regulation known as the two process model6,7. A homeostatic process, also referred to as process S, represents sleep pressure that accumulates during wakefulness and dissipates during sleep. Another process, referred to as process C, is a circadian process, which explains why vigilance levels fluctuate in the 24 h cycle. In addition to these two processes, allostatic factors are also important for regulation of sleep/wakefulness8,9. Allostatic factors include nutritional states and emotion. Fear and anxiety are usually accompanied by an increase in arousal along with autonomic and neuroendocrine responses10,11,12. The limbic system is believed to play a role in regulation of fear and anxiety, and mechanisms underlying autonomic and neuroendocrine responses have been studied extensively, but the pathway by which the limbic system influences sleep/wakefulness states has not yet been revealed. A large number of recent studies using opto- and pharmacogenetics have suggested that neurons and neuronal circuits that regulate sleep/wakefulness states are distributed throughout the brain, including the cortices, basal forebrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, and brain stem. In particular, recent advances in optogenetics have allowed us to stimulate or inhibit specific neural circuits in vivo with high spatial and temporal resolutions. This technique will allow progress in our understanding of the neural substrates of sleep and wakefulness, and how sleep/wakefulness states are regulated by circadian processes, sleep pressure, and allostatic factors, including emotion. This paper aims to introduce how to use optogenetic manipulation combined with sleep/wake recording, which could have the potential to update our understanding of the connectomes and mechanisms in the brain that play a role in the regulation of NREM sleep, REM sleep, and wakefulness. Understanding of this mechanism by which the limbic system regulates sleep/wakefulness states is of paramount importance to health, because insomnia is usually associated with anxiety or fear of being unable to sleep (somniphobia).
The BNST is thought to play an essential role in anxiety and fear. GAD 67-expressing GABAergic neurons are a major population of the BNST12,13. We examined the effect of optogenetic manipulation of these neurons (GABABNST) on sleep/wakefulness states. One of the greatest advances in neuroscience in recent years has been methods that enable manipulation of neurons with particular chemical identities in vivo, with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Optogenetics is highly useful for demonstrating causal links between neural activity and specific behavioral responses14. We describe optogenetics as a method to examine the functional connectivity of defined neural circuits in the regulation of sleep/wakefulness states. By utilizing this technique, great progress has been achieved in understanding the neuronal circuits that regulate sleep/wakefulness states15,16,17,18,19. In many cases, opsins are specifically introduced in&#160;neurons with particular chemical identities in selective brain regions by a combination of Cre-driver mice and Cre-inducible AAV-mediated gene transfer.&#160;Further, focal expression of photo-sensitive opsins such as channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2)20 or archaerhodopsin (ArchT)21 combined with a Cre-loxP or Flp-FRT system allows us to manipulate a selective neuronal population and specific neural pathway22.
We describe here experiments on GABAergic neurons in the BNST as an example. To express opsins in a designated neuronal population, appropriate Cre driver mice and Cre-dependent virus vectors are most frequently used. Transgenic or knock-in lines in which opsins are expressed in particular neuronal populations are also useful. In the following experiments, we used GAD67-Cre knock-in mice23 in which only GABAergic neurons express Cre recombinase with a C57BL/6J genetic background, and an AAV vector which contains ChR2 (hChR2 H134R) fused with EYFP or EYFP as a control with a &#34;FLEx (Flip-excision) switch&#34;24. The procedure specifically describes optogenetic excitation of GABAergic neurons in the BNST during monitoring of sleep/wakefulness states25.

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			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">1x1 Fiber-optic Rotary Joints</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Doric</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">FRJ 1x1 FC-FC</td>
			<td style="width:437px;">for optogenetics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">6-pin header</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">KEL corporation</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">DSP02-006-431G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">6-pin socket</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Hirose</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">21602X3GSE</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">A/D converter</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Nippon koden</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Analog to digital converter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:375px;">AAV10-EF1a-DIO-ChR2-EYFP</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:177px;"></td>
			<td>3.70&#215;1013(genomic copies/ml)</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:375px;">AAV10-EF1a-DIO-EYFP</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:177px;"></td>
			<td>5.82&#215;1013(genomic copies/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Ampicillin</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fuji film</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">014-23302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Nippon koden</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">N/A</td>
			<td>for EEG/EMG recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Anesthetic vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Muromachi</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">MK-AT-210D</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Automatic injecter</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">KD scientific</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">780311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Carbide cutter</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Minitor</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">B1055</td>
			<td>&#966;0.7 mm. Reffered as dental drill, used with high speed rotary micromotor&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Cyanoacrylate adhesion&#160; (Aron alpha A) and acceleration</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Konishi</td>
			<td>#30533</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Dental curing light</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Elipar S10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Epoxy adhesive</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Konishi</td>
			<td>#04888</td>
			<td>insulation around the solder of 6-pin and shielded cable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Fiber optic patch cord (branching)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Doric</td>
			<td>BFP(#)_50/125/900-0.22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Gad67-Cre mice</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">provided by Dr. Kenji Sakimura</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cre recombinase gene is knocked-in in the Gad67 allele</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td>65461-01</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">High speed rotary micromotor kit</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FOREDOM</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">K.1070</td>
			<td>Used with carbide cutter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Interconnecting sleeve</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Thorlab</td>
			<td>ADAF1</td>
			<td>&#966;2.5 mm Ceramic&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Pfizer</td>
			<td>871119</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Laser&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Rapp OptoElectronic</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">N/A</td>
			<td>473nm wave length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Laser intesity checker</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">COHERENT</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">1098293</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Laser stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Bio research center</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">STO2</td>
			<td>reffered as pulse generator in text</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Optic fiber with ferrule&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Thorlab</td>
			<td>FP200URT-CANNULA-SP-JP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">pAAV2-rh10</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">provided by PennVector Core</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">pAAV-EF1a-DIO-EYFP-WPRE-HGHpA</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Addgene</td>
			<td>plasimid # 20296</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">pAAV-EF1a-DIO-hChR2(H134R)-EYFP-WPRE-HGHpA</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">provided by Dr. Karl Deisseroth</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Patch cord</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Doric</td>
			<td>D202-9089-0.4</td>
			<td>0.4m length, laser conductor between laser and rotary joint</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">pHelper</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Stratagene</td>
			<td style="width:177px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Photocurable dental cement</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">56846</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Serafin clamp</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">52120-43P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Shielded cable</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">mogami</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">W2780</td>
			<td>Soldering to 6-pin socket for EEG/EMG recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Sleep recording chamber</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:437px;">Custum-made (21cm&#215; 29cm &#215; 19cm) with water tank holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Sleep sign software</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">KISSEI COMTEC</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">N/A</td>
			<td>for EEG/EMG analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Slip ring</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">neuroscience,inc</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">N/A</td>
			<td>for EEG/EMG analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Stainless screw</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Yamazaki</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">N/A</td>
			<td>&#966;1.0 x 2.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Stainless wire</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Cooner wire</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">AS633</td>
			<td>&#160;0.0130 inch diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Stereotaxic frame with digital console</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Koph</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Model 940</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Syringe needle</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td>7803-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:375px;">Vital recorder software</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">KISSEI COMTEC</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">N/A</td>
			<td>for EEG/EMG recording</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits during monitoring sleep/wakefulness states in mice

In recent years, optogenetics has been widely used in many fields of neuroscientific research. In many cases, an opsin, such as channel rhodopsin 2 (ChR2), is expressed by a virus vector in a particular type of neuronal cells in various Cre-driver mice. Activation of these opsins is triggered by application of light pulses which are delivered by laser or LED through optic cables, and the effect of activation is observed with very high time resolution. Experimenters are able to acutely stimulate neurons while monitoring behavior or another physiological outcome in mice. Optogenetics can enable useful strategies to evaluate function of neuronal circuits in the regulation of sleep/wakefulness states in mice. Here we describe a technique for examining the effect of optogenetic manipulation of neurons with a specific chemical identity during electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) monitoring to evaluate the sleep stage of mice. As an example, we describe manipulation of GABAergic neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Acute optogenetic excitation of these neurons triggers a rapid transition to wakefulness when applied during NREM sleep. Optogenetic manipulation along with EEG/EMG recording can be applied to decipher the neuronal circuits that regulate sleep/wakefulness states.

The present study showed the effect of optogenetic excitation of GABABNST neurons on sleep state transition. ChR2-EYFP was focally expressed in GABA neurons in the BNST. An in situ hybridization histochemical study showed that ChR2-EYFP was colocalized in neurons expressing GAD 67 mRNA signals, indicating that these are GABAergic neurons. Immunohistochemical slice samples confirmed the position of the optic fiber, whose tip was just above the BNST25....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice at JoVE.com

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice

Here, we describe methods of optogenetic manipulation of particular types of neurons during monitoring of sleep/wakefulness states in mice, presenting our recent work on the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis as an example.

In recent years, optogenetics has been widely used in many fields of neuroscientific research. In many cases, an opsin, such as channel rhodopsin 2 ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

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Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

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