Name: growth and characterization of irradiated organoids from mammary glands
Uploaded: 2019-05-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Growth and Characterization of Irradiated Organoids from Mammary Glands at JoVE.com

We thank Dr. Laura L. Bronsart for providing GFP and dTomato-labeled RAW 264.7 macrophages. This research was financially supported by NIH grant #R00CA201304.

Animal studies were performed in accordance with institutional guidelines and protocols approved by the Vanderbilt University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
1. Preparation of mice and cell acquisition (adapted from Nguyen-Ngoc et al.11)
<ol>
	<li>Sacrifice athymic Nu/Nu mice (8-10 weeks old) using CO&#173;2 asphyxiation followed by cervical dislocation. Clean the skin using 70% ethanol.</li>
	<li>Resect abdominal and inguinal mammary glands fr...

<ol>
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In this protocol, we have developed a method for reproducible growth and characterization of irradiated mammary organoids (Figure 1). An irradiation dose of 20 Gy was applied to mirror previous in vivo models of tumor cell recruitment5. Irradiation of mammary glands ex vivo prior to organoid formation allowed for isolation of radiation damage effects without a corresponding infiltration of immune cells. The development of an in vitro irradiated normal tissue model ena...

Approximately 60% of the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients choose breast-conserving therapy (BCT) as a form of treatment1. In this treatment modality, the tumor containing part of the breast tissue is removed, and the surrounding normal tissue is exposed to ionizing radiation to kill any residual tumor cells. Treatment reduces recurrence in much of the breast cancer population; however, approximately 13.5% of treated patients with TNBC experience locoregional recurrences2. Therefore, studying how radiation may recruit circulating tumor cells (CTCs) will lead to important insights into local recurrence3,4.
Previous work has shown that radiation of the normal tissue increases recruitment of various cell types5. In pre-clinical models of TNBC, irradiation of normal tissue increased macrophage and subsequently tumor cell recruitment to normal tissues5. Immune status influenced tumor cell recruitment to irradiated sites, with tumor cell migration observed in immunocompromised subjects. Recapitulating these interactions using organoids derived from mammary glands will allow the observation of cell migration and cell-stromal interactions in real time with microscopy and live cell imaging to determine the role of radiation damage in altering tumor cell behavior.
Mouse mammary organoids have helped elucidate key steps in the development of the mammary gland. A mammary organoid is a multicellular, three dimensional construct of isolated mammary epithelium that is larger than 50 &#956;m6,7,8,9,10. Using primary epithelial organoids, Simian et al. evaluated necessary factors for branching in the mammary gland7. Shamir et al. discovered that dissemination can occur without an epithelial to mesenchymal transition, providing insight into the metastatic cascade8. Methods for generating and characterizing organoids from mammary gland tissue are well established6,11,12,13. However, to our knowledge, methods for growing irradiated organoids from mammary glands have not been reported. A protocol for growing and characterizing irradiated organoids would be a critical step in recapitulating radiation-induced immune and tumor cell recruitment.
In this paper, we report a method for growing and characterizing irradiated mammary epithelial organoids in low adhesion microplates coated with a hydrophilic polymer that supports the formation of spheroids. These organoids were co-cultured with macrophages to examine immune cell infiltration kinetics. This work can be extended to include co-culturing organoids with adipose cells to recapitulate mammary characteristics, breast cancer cells to visualize tumor cell recruitment, and CD8+ T cells to study tumor-immune cell interactions. Previously established protocols may be used to evaluate irradiated organoids. Earlier models co-culturing mammary organoids and immune cells have shed light on mechanisms of metastasis and dissemination. DeNardo et al. found that CD4+ T cell regulation of tumor associated macrophages enhanced a metastatic phenotype of mammary adenocarcinomas14. Co-culture models have also been used to elucidate mechanisms of biological development. Plaks et al. clarified the role of CD4+ T cells as down-regulators of mammary organogenesis15. However, our group is the first to establish a procedure of visualizing how normal tissue irradiation influences immune cell behavior. Because normal tissue irradiation has been shown to enhance tumor cell recruitment5, this protocol can be further developed to analyze how tumor cell behavior is altered by irradiation of normal tissue and cells, leading to a greater understanding of cancer recurrence.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Neutral Buffered Formalin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>16004-128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-cytokeratin 14</td>
			<td>abcam</td>
			<td>ab181595</td>
			<td>Lot: GR3200524-3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A1933-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen Type I</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase from Clostridium Histolyticum, Type VIII</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C2139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase I</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17018029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>11320-033</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAse</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10104159001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14190250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E-Cadherin</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>24E10</td>
			<td>Lot: 13</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F0926</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamicin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit secondary</td>
			<td>abcam</td>
			<td>ab150077</td>
			<td>green 
			Lot: GR3203000-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit secondary</td>
			<td>abcam</td>
			<td>ab150080</td>
			<td>red 
			Lot: GR3192711-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>62249</td>
			<td>Lot: TG2611041</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin (10 mg/mL)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I9278</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium, 100x</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>51500-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel Basement Membrane (basement membrane extracted from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcoma)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>356237</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>S-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuclon Sphera 96 well plates</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>174927</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10128-856</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen/strep</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phalloidin</td>
			<td>abcam</td>
			<td>ab176757</td>
			<td>Lot: GR3214582-16</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tight Junction Protein 1</td>
			<td>Novus</td>
			<td>NBP1-85047</td>
			<td>Lot: C115428</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100 (4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>X100-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>27250-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20 (Polyethylene glycol sorbitan monolaurate)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1379-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

growth and characterization of irradiated organoids from mammary glands

Organoids derived from the digested tissue are multicellular three-dimensional (3D) constructs that better recapitulate in vivo conditions than cell monolayers. Although they cannot completely model in vivo complexity, they retain some functionality of the original organ. In cancer models, organoids are commonly used to study tumor cell invasion. This protocol aims to develop and characterize organoids from the normal and irradiated mouse mammary gland tissue to evaluate the radiation response in normal tissues. These organoids can be applied to future in vitro cancer studies to evaluate tumor cell interactions with irradiated organoids. Mammary glands were resected, irradiated to 20 Gy and digested in a collagenase VIII solution. Epithelial organoids were separated via centrifugal differentiation, and 3D organoids were developed in 96-well low-adhesion microplates. Organoids expressed the characteristic epithelial marker cytokeratin 14. Macrophage interaction with the organoids was observed in co-culture experiments. This model may be useful for studying tumor-stromal interactions, infiltration of immune cells, and macrophage polarization within an irradiated microenvironment.

Irradiated epithelial mammary organoids were successfully obtained from mouse mammary glands, processed, and cultured on low-adhesion plates (Figure 1). Organoid yield was tested by seeding in different growth environments (Figure 2A-G). Seeding cells directly onto tissue culture treated 10 cm cell plates yielded an overgrowth of fibroblast cells. Fibroblasts were identified under phase contrast microscopy in or near the same plane of focus as organoids, and they quickly gre...

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Growth and Characterization of Irradiated Organoids from Mammary Glands

Organoids developed from mouse mammary glands were irradiated and characterized to assess epithelial traits and interactions with immune cells. Irradiated organoids can be used to better evaluate cell-cell interactions that may lead to tumor cell recruitment in irradiated normal tissue.

Organoids derived from the digested tissue are multicellular three-dimensional (3D) constructs that better recapitulate in vivo conditions than cell ...

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Intraductal Delivery to the Rabbit Mammary Gland

Localized intraductal treatments for breast cancer offer potential advantages, including efficient delivery to the tumor and reduced systemic toxicity and ...

Preparation and Characterization of Novel HDL-mimicking Nanoparticles for Nerve Growth Factor Encapsulation

The objective of this article is to introduce preparation and characterization methods for nerve growth factor (NGF)-loaded, high-density, lipoprotein ...

Microfluidic Bioprinting for Engineering Vascularized Tissues and Organoids

Engineering vascularized tissue constructs and organoids has been historically challenging. Here we describe a novel method based on microfluidic ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Optical Tissue Phantoms Containing Macrostructure

The rapid development of new optical imaging techniques is dependent on the availability of low-cost, customizable, and easily reproducible standards. By ...

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) Assays

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate LAL Assays

When present in pharmaceutical products, a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall component endotoxin (often also called lipopolysaccharide) can cause ...

Focused Ion Beam Lithography to Etch Nano-architectures into Microelectrodes

With advances in electronics and fabrication technology, intracortical microelectrodes have undergone substantial improvements enabling the production of ...

Scalable Generation of Mature Cerebellar Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Characterization by Immunostaining

The cerebellum plays a critical role in the maintenance of balance and motor coordination, and a functional defect in different cerebellar neurons can ...