Name: in vivo immunofluorescence localization for assessment of therapeutic and diagnostic antibody biodistribution in cancer research
Uploaded: 2019-09-16T12:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Immunofluorescence Localization for Assessment of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibody Biodistribution in Cancer Research at JoVE.com

We thank Dr. Andrew Olson (Stanford Neuroscience Microscopy Service) for discussions and equipment use. We thank Dr. Juergen K. Willmann for his mentorship. This study was supported by NIH R21EB022214 grant (KEW), NIH R25CA118681 training grant (KEW), and NIH K99EB023279 (KEW). The Stanford Neuroscience Microscopy Service was supported by NIH NS069375.

All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Administrative Panel on Laboratory Animal Care (APLAC) of Stanford University.
1. Transgenic mouse model of breast cancer development
<ol>
	<li>Observe mice from the desired cancer model for the appropriate tumor growth via palpation or caliper measurement before proceeding. 
	NOTE: Here, the transgenic murine model of breast cancer development (FVB/N-Tg(MMTV-PyMT)634Mul/J) (MMTV-PyMT) was used. These animals spontaneous...

<ol>
	<li>Forthal, D. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functions+of+Antibodies.">Functions of Antibodies.</a> Microbiology Spectrum. 2 (4), 1-17 (2014).</li><li>Boder, E. T., Midelfort, K. S., Wittrup, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+evolution+of+antibody+fragments+with+monovalent+femtomolar+antigen-binding+affinity.">Directed evolution of antibody fragments with monovalent femtomolar antigen-binding affinity.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (20), 10701-10705 (2000).</li><li>K&#246;hler, G., Milstein, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+cultures+of+fused+cells+secreting+antibody+of+predefined+specificity.">Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity.</a> Nature. 256 (5517), 495-497 (1975).</li><li>Lonberg, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigen-specific+human+antibodies+from+mice+comprising+four+distinct+genetic+modifications.">Antigen-specific human antibodies from mice comprising four distinct genetic modifications.</a> Nature. 368 (6474), 856-859 (1994).</li><li>McCafferty, J., Griffiths, A. D., Winter, G., Chiswell, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phage+antibodies:+filamentous+phage+displaying+antibody+variable+domains.">Phage antibodies: filamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains.</a> Nature. 348 (6301), 552-554 (1990).</li><li>Ferlay, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+incidence+and+mortality+worldwide:+sources,+methods+and+major+patterns+in+GLOBOCAN+2012.">Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012.</a> International Journal of Cancer. 136 (5), E359-E386 (2015).</li><li>Reichert, J. M., Valge-Archer, V. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+trends+for+monoclonal+antibody+cancer+therapeutics.">Development trends for monoclonal antibody cancer therapeutics.</a> Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 6 (5), 349-356 (2007).</li><li>Kircher, M. F., Willmann, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+Body+Imaging:+MR+Imaging,+CT,+and+US.+Part+I.+Principles.">Molecular Body Imaging: MR Imaging, CT, and US. Part I. Principles.</a> Radiology. 263 (3), 633-643 (2012).</li><li>Fleuren, E. D. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theranostic+applications+of+antibodies+in+oncology.">Theranostic applications of antibodies in oncology.</a> Molecular Oncology. 8 (4), 799-812 (2014).</li><li>Forsstr&#246;m, B., Bis&#322;awska Axn&#228;s, B., Rockberg, J., Danielsson, H., Bohlin, A., Uhlen, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissecting+Antibodies+with+Regards+to+Linear+and+Conformational+Epitopes.">Dissecting Antibodies with Regards to Linear and Conformational Epitopes.</a> PLoS ONE. 10 (3), (2015).</li><li>Woof, J. M., Burton, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+antibody-Fc+receptor+interactions+illuminated+by+crystal+structures.">Human antibody-Fc receptor interactions illuminated by crystal structures.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 4 (2), 89-99 (2004).</li><li>Brooks, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+genomics:+The+challenge+of+developing+cancer+biomarkers.">Translational genomics: The challenge of developing cancer biomarkers.</a> Genome Research. 22 (2), 183-187 (2012).</li><li>Tabrizi, M., Bornstein, G. G., Suria, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodistribution+Mechanisms+of+Therapeutic+Monoclonal+Antibodies+in+Health+and+Disease.">Biodistribution Mechanisms of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies in Health and Disease.</a> The AAPS Journal. 12 (1), 33-43 (2009).</li><li>Duraiyan, J., Govindarajan, R., Kaliyappan, K., Palanisamy, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+immunohistochemistry.">Applications of immunohistochemistry.</a> Journal of Pharmacy &amp; Bioallied Sciences. 4 (Suppl 2), S307-S309 (2012).</li><li>Gambhir, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+imaging+of+cancer+with+positron+emission+tomography.">Molecular imaging of cancer with positron emission tomography.</a> Nature Reviews. Cancer. 2 (9), 683-693 (2002).</li><li>Freise, A. C., Wu, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+Imaging+with+Antibodies+and+Engineered+Fragments.">In vivo Imaging with Antibodies and Engineered Fragments.</a> Molecular Immunology. 67 (200), 142-152 (2015).</li><li>Cilliers, C., Menezes, B., Nessler, I., Linderman, J., Thurber, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+Tumor+Penetration+and+Single-Cell+Targeting+of+Antibody-Drug+Conjugates+Increases+Anticancer+Efficacy+and+Host+Survival.">Improved Tumor Penetration and Single-Cell Targeting of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Increases Anticancer Efficacy and Host Survival.</a> Cancer Research. 78 (3), 758-768 (2018).</li><li>Wilson, K. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectroscopic+Photoacoustic+Molecular+Imaging+of+Breast+Cancer+using+a+B7-H3-targeted+ICG+Contrast+Agent.">Spectroscopic Photoacoustic Molecular Imaging of Breast Cancer using a B7-H3-targeted ICG Contrast Agent.</a> Theranostics. 7 (6), 1463-1476 (2017).</li><li>Wischhusen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+molecular+imaging+as+a+non-invasive+companion+diagnostic+for+netrin-1+interference+therapy+in+breast+cancer.">Ultrasound molecular imaging as a non-invasive companion diagnostic for netrin-1 interference therapy in breast cancer.</a> Theranostics. 8 (18), 5126-5142 (2018).</li><li>Guy, C. T., Cardiff, R. D., Muller, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+mammary+tumors+by+expression+of+polyomavirus+middle+T+oncogene:+a+transgenic+mouse+model+for+metastatic+disease.">Induction of mammary tumors by expression of polyomavirus middle T oncogene: a transgenic mouse model for metastatic disease.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 12 (3), 954-961 (1992).</li><li>Hober, S., Nord, K., Linhult, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+A+chromatography+for+antibody+purification.">Protein A chromatography for antibody purification.</a> Journal of Chromatography B. 848 (1), 40-47 (2007).</li><li>Gage, G. J., Kipke, D. R., Shain, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+Animal+Perfusion+Fixation+for+Rodents.">Whole Animal Perfusion Fixation for Rodents.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments JoVE. (65), (2012).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nature Methods. 9 (7), 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Bachawal, S. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Earlier+detection+of+breast+cancer+with+ultrasound+molecular+imaging+in+a+transgenic+mouse+model.">Earlier detection of breast cancer with ultrasound molecular imaging in a transgenic mouse model.</a> Cancer Research. 73, 1689-1698 (2013).</li><li>Fitamant, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Netrin-1+expression+confers+a+selective+advantage+for+tumor+cell+survival+in+metastatic+breast+cancer.">Netrin-1 expression confers a selective advantage for tumor cell survival in metastatic breast cancer.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (12), 4850-4855 (2008).</li><li>Kennedy, T. E., Serafini, T., de la Torre, J. R., Tessier-Lavigne, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Netrins+are+diffusible+chemotropic+factors+for+commissural+axons+in+the+embryonic+spinal+cord.">Netrins are diffusible chemotropic factors for commissural axons in the embryonic spinal cord.</a> Cell. 78 (3), 425-435 (1994).</li><li>Ryman, J. T., Meibohm, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacokinetics+of+Monoclonal+Antibodies.">Pharmacokinetics of Monoclonal Antibodies.</a> CPT: Pharmacometrics &amp; Systems Pharmacology. 6 (9), 576-588 (2017).</li><li>Scalia, C. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigen+Masking+During+Fixation+and+Embedding,+Dissected.">Antigen Masking During Fixation and Embedding, Dissected.</a> Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 65 (1), 5-20 (2017).</li><li>Robertson, R. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+labeled+tomato+lectin+for+imaging+vasculature+structures.">Use of labeled tomato lectin for imaging vasculature structures.</a> Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 143 (2), 225-234 (2015).</li><li>Chen, C. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+flow+reprograms+lymphatic+vessels+to+blood+vessels.">Blood flow reprograms lymphatic vessels to blood vessels.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 122 (6), 2006-2017 (2012).</li><li>Anderson, K. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravascular+staining+for+discrimination+of+vascular+and+tissue+leukocytes.">Intravascular staining for discrimination of vascular and tissue leukocytes.</a> Nature Protocols. 9 (1), 209-222 (2014).</li><li>de Boer, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Vivo+Fluorescence+Immunohistochemistry:+Localization+of+Fluorescently+Labeled+Cetuximab+in+Squamous+Cell+Carcinomas.">In Vivo Fluorescence Immunohistochemistry: Localization of Fluorescently Labeled Cetuximab in Squamous Cell Carcinomas.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, (2015).</li><li>Jenkins, R. W., Barbie, D. A., Flaherty, K. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+resistance+to+immune+checkpoint+inhibitors.">Mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.</a> British Journal of Cancer. 118 (1), 9-16 (2018).</li><li>Rexer, B. N., Arteaga, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+and+acquired+resistance+to+HER2-targeted+therapies+in+HER2+gene-amplified+breast+cancer:+mechanisms+and+clinical+implications.">Intrinsic and acquired resistance to HER2-targeted therapies in HER2 gene-amplified breast cancer: mechanisms and clinical implications.</a> Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis. 17 (1), 1-16 (2012).</li></ol>

This method has several critical steps and requires potential modifications to ensure successful implementation. First, the dosage and timing of the antibody/antibody conjugate intravenous injection must be tailored to the specific application. Generally, dosages should be used that are consistent with how the antibody conjugate will typically be used, i.e., matching dosages of the therapeutic antibody or antibody-based contrast agent. Also, the timing of the collection of target tissues should be carefully considered. A...

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are large glycoproteins (approximately 150 kDa) of the immunoglobulin superfamily that are secreted by B cells and have a primary function in the immune system to identify and either inhibit the biological function of, or mark for destruction, bacterial or viral pathogens, and can recognize abnormal protein expression on cancer cells1. Antibodies can have an extremely high affinity to their specific epitopes down to femtomolar concentrations making them highly promising tools in biomedicine2. With the development of hybridoma technology by Milstein and K&#246;hler (awarded the Nobel Prize in 1984), the production of mAbs became possible3. Later, human mAbs were generated using the phage display technology or transgenic mouse strains and revolutionized their use as novel research tools and therapeutics4,5.
Cancer is a worldwide health issue and a major cause of death creating the need for novel approaches for prevention, detection, and therapy6. To date, mAbs have allowed extrication of the role of genes and their proteins in tumorigenesis and when directed against cancer biomarkers, can enable tumor detection and characterization for patient stratification. For cancer therapy, bispecific mAbs, antibody-drug conjugates, and smaller antibody fragments are being developed as therapeutics, and for the targeted drug delivery to enhance therapeutic efficacy7. Additionally, antibodies serve for the biomarker targeting of contrast agents for molecular imaging modalities such as fluorescence-guided surgery, photoacoustic (PA) imaging, ultrasound (US) molecular imaging, and clinically used positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)8. Finally, antibodies can also be used as theranostic agents enabling stratification of patients and response monitoring for targeted therapies9. Therefore, novel mAbs are beginning to play a critical role in cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
Despite critical advancements in the development and production of novel and highly specific mAbs, diagnostic and therapeutic applications can be rendered ineffective due to the complexity of the tumor environment. Antibody interactions are dependent on the type of epitope, i.e., whether it is linear or conformational10. In addition to the recognition of antigens, antibodies need to overcome natural barriers such as vessel walls, basal membranes, and the tumor stroma to reach target cells expressing the antigen. Antibodies interact with the tissue not only through the variable fragment antigen binding (Fab) domain but also through the constant crystalline fragment (Fc) which further leads to off-site interactions11. Targeting is also complicated by the heterogeneous expression of tumor markers throughout the tumor bulk and heterogeneity in tumor vascularization and the lymphatics system12,13. In addition, the tumor microenvironment is composed of cancer-associated fibroblasts which support tumor cells, tumor immune cells that suppress anti-tumor immune reactions, and the tumor endothelium which supports the transport of oxygen and nutrients, all of which interfere with the penetration, distribution, and availability of antibody-based therapeutics or diagnostics. Overall, these considerations can limit therapeutic or diagnostic efficacy, reduce treatment response, and may result in tumor resistance.
Therefore, for the development of efficient antibody-based therapies and diagnostics, it is crucial to assess the biodistribution and interaction of the antibody-based conjugate within the tumor microenvironment. Currently, in preclinical studies, marker expression in tumor research models is analyzed ex vivo by immunofluorescence (IF) staining of tumor sections14. Standard IF staining is performed with primary marker-specific antibodies which are then highlighted by secondary fluorescently labeled antibodies on ex vivo tumor tissue slices that have been isolated from the animal. This technique highlights the static location of the marker at the time of tissue fixation and does not provide insight into how the antibody-based therapeutics or diagnostics might distribute or interact in physiological conditions. Molecular imaging by PET, SPECT, US, and PA can provide information about the antibody-conjugated contrast agent distribution in living preclinical models8,15. As these imaging modalities are non-invasive, longitudinal studies can be performed and time-sensitive data can be collected with a minimal number of animals per group. However, these non-invasive molecular imaging approaches are not sensitive enough and do not have enough resolution for the localization of antibody distribution at the cellular level. Additionally, the physical and biological characteristics of the primary antibody may be drastically changed by the conjugation of a contrast agent16.
In order to take the in vivo physiological and pathological conditions into consideration of how antibody-based therapeutics and diagnostics interact within the tumor environment and to obtain high-resolution cellular and even sub-cellular distribution profiles of non-conjugated antibodies, we propose an IF approach, deemed In Vivo Immunofluorescence Localization (IVIL), in which the antigen-specific antibody is intravenously injected in vivo. The antibody-based therapeutic or diagnostic, acting as a primary antibody, circulates in functional blood vessels and binds to its target protein in the highly accurate, living tumor environment. After isolation of in vivo-labeled tumors with the primary antibody, a secondary antibody is used to localize accumulated and retained antibody conjugates. This approach is similar to a previously described IF histology approach injecting fluorescently labeled antibodies17. Though here, the use of non-conjugated antibodies avoids a potential change in biodistribution characteristics induced by antibody modification. Furthermore, ex vivo application of fluorescent secondary antibody avoids a possible loss of fluorescence signal during tissue collection and processing and provides amplification of fluorescence signal intensity. Our labeling approach reflects in vivo biodistribution of antibody-based drugs and targeted agents and can provide important insights for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic agents.
Here, we describe two applications of the IVIL method as applied in previous studies investigating the biodistribution and accessibility of antibody-based contrast agents for molecular imaging approaches for breast cancer detection. First, the biodistribution of an antibody-near infrared dye conjugate (anti-B7-H3 antibody bound to the near infrared fluorescence dye, indocyanine green, B7-H3-ICG) and the isotype control agent (Iso-ICG) for&#160;fluorescence and photoacoustic molecular imaging is explored18. This application&#39;s method is described in the protocol. Next, the biodistribution results of a conformationally sensitive antibody to netrin-1, typically not detectable with traditional IF imaging, used with ultrasound molecular imaging, is quantified and presented in the representative results19. At the conclusion of this protocol paper, readers should feel comfortable adopting the IVIL method for their own antibody-based research applications.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:990px;" width="990">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Animal Model</td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
			<td style="width:166px;"></td>
			<td style="width:334px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:22px;">FVB/N-Tg(MMTV-PyMT)634Mul/J</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">002374</td>
			<td>Females, 4-6 weeks of age</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Animal Handling Supplies</td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
			<td style="width:166px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">27G Catheter</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">VisualSonics</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">Please call to order</td>
			<td>Vevo MicroMarker Tail Vein Access Cannulation Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Alcohol Wipes</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">22-246073</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Gauze Sponges (4&#34; x 4&#34; 16 Ply)</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Cardinal Health</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">2913</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Heat Lamp</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Morganville Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">&#160;HL0100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">29404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Ophthalmic Ointment</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">NC0490117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Surgical Tape</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">1530-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Tissue Collection</td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
			<td style="width:166px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Disposable Base Molds</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">22-363-556</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:295px;">Optimal Cutting Temperature (OCT) Medium</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">23-730-571</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:295px;">Surgical London Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11080-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:295px;">Surgical Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">14084-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Antibodies</td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
			<td style="width:166px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">AlexaFluor-488 goat anti-rat IgG</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">A-11006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">AlexaFluor-546 goat anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">A-11010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">AlexaFluor-594 goat anti-human IgG</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">A11014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Human IgG Isotype Control</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Novus Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">NBP1-97043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Humanized anti-netrin-1 antibody&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Netris Pharma</td>
			<td style="width:166px;"></td>
			<td>contact@netrispharma.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Rabbit anti-Mouse CD276 (B7-H3)</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">ab134161</td>
			<td>EPNCIR122 Clone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Rat anti-Mouse CD31</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">550274</td>
			<td>MEC 13.3 Clone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Reagents</td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
			<td style="width:166px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">A2153-50G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Clear Nail Polish</td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
			<td style="width:166px;"></td>
			<td>Any local drug store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Indocyanine Green - NHS</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Intrace Medical</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">ICG-NHS ester</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Mounting Medium</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">TA-006-FM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">ICN19135680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">AAJ19943K2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Sterile Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">14190250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Triton-X 100</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Supplies</td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
			<td style="width:166px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Adhesion Glass Slides</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">48311-703</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Desalting Columns</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">45-000-148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Glass Cover Slips</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">12-544G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Hydrophobic Barrier Pen</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Ted Pella</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">22311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Microcentrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">05-402-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Slide Staining Tray</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">87000-136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Software</td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
			<td style="width:166px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">FIJI</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">LOCI, UW-Madison.</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">Version 4.0</td>
			<td>https://fiji.sc/</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo immunofluorescence localization for assessment of therapeutic and diagnostic antibody biodistribution in cancer research

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important tools in cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment. They are used to unravel the role of proteins in tumorigenesis, can be directed to cancer biomarkers enabling tumor detection and characterization, and can be used for cancer therapy as mAbs or antibody-drug conjugates to activate immune effector cells, to inhibit signaling pathways, or directly kill cells carrying the specific antigen. Despite clinical advancements in the development and production of novel and highly specific mAbs, diagnostic and therapeutic applications can be impaired by the complexity and heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. Thus, for the development of efficient antibody-based therapies and diagnostics, it is crucial to assess the biodistribution and interaction of the antibody-based conjugate with the living tumor microenvironment. Here, we describe In Vivo Immunofluorescence Localization (IVIL) as a new approach to study interactions of antibody-based therapeutics and diagnostics in the in vivo physiological and pathological conditions. In this technique, a therapeutic or diagnostic antigen-specific antibody is intravenously injected in&#160;vivo and localized ex vivo with a secondary antibody in isolated tumors. IVIL, therefore, reflects the in vivo biodistribution of antibody-based drugs and targeting agents. Two IVIL applications are described assessing the biodistribution and accessibility of antibody-based contrast agents for molecular imaging of breast cancer. This protocol will allow future users to adapt the IVIL method for their own antibody-based research applications.

The IVIL method was used here to examine the in vivo biodistribution and tissue interaction of B7-H3-ICG and Iso-ICG, by allowing the agents, after intravenous injection into a living animal, to interact with the target tissue for 96 h, and then once the tissues are harvested, to act as the primary antibodies during ex vivo immunostaining. The IVIL method was also compared to the standard ex vivo IF staining of the tissues for the B7-H3 marker. Normal murine mammary glands do not express ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Immunofluorescence Localization for Assessment of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibody Biodistribution in Cancer Research at JoVE.com

In Vivo Immunofluorescence Localization for Assessment of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibody Biodistribution in Cancer Research

The in vivo immunofluorescence localization (IVIL) method can be used to examine in vivo biodistribution of antibodies and antibody conjugates for oncological purposes in living organisms using a combination of in vivo tumor targeting and ex vivo immunostaining methods.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important tools in cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment. They are used to unravel the role of proteins in ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the ...

A Unified Methodological Framework for Vestibular Schwannoma Research

Vestibular schwannomas are the most common neoplasms of the cerebellopontine angle, making up 6-8% percent of all intracranial growths. Though these ...

In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment

In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment

This protocol demonstrates the capability of low-field electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-based techniques in combination with functional paramagnetic ...

Assessment of Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors by an Interrogation of Signal Transduction Pathways by Antibody Arrays

Cancer patients with an aberrant regulation of the protein phosphorylation networks are often treated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Response rates ...

Using 22C3 Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Concentrate on Biopsy and Cytology Samples from Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Pembrolizumab monotherapy has been approved for the first- and second-line treatment of patients with PD-L1-expressing advanced non-small cell lung cancer ...

Establishment of Gastric Cancer Patient-derived Xenograft Models and Primary Cell Lines

The use of preclinical models to advance our understanding of tumor biology and investigate the efficacy of therapeutic agents is key to cancer research. ...

Semi-automatic PD-L1 Characterization and Enumeration of Circulating Tumor Cells from Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients by Immunofluorescence

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) derived from the primary tumor are shed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. These rare cells (1&#8722;10 cells per mL ...

Analyzing Tumor and Tissue Distribution of Target Antigen Specific Therapeutic Antibody

Monoclonal antibodies are high affinity multifunctional drugs that work by variable independent mechanisms to eliminate cancer cells. Over the last few ...

Enhanced Viability for Ex vivo 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Patient-Derived Xenografts in a Perfused Microfluidic Platform

Patient-derived xenografts (PDX), generated when resected patient tumor tissue is engrafted directly into immunocompromised mice, remain biologically ...

Immunofluorescence Imaging of DNA Damage and Repair Foci in Human Colon Cancer Cells

The purpose of the manuscript is to provide a step-by-step protocol for performing immunofluorescence microscopy to study the radiation-induced DNA damage ...