Name: isolation of macrophage subsets and stromal cells from human and mouse myocardial specimens
Uploaded: 2019-12-17T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Macrophage Subsets and Stromal Cells from Human and Mouse Myocardial Specimens at JoVE.com

This project was made possible by funding provided from the Children&#39;s Discovery Institute of Washington University and St. Louis Children&#39;s Hospital (CH-II-2015-462, CH-II-2017-628), Foundation of Barnes-Jewish Hospital (8038-88), and the NHLBI (R01 HL138466, R01 HL139714). K.J.L. is supported by NIH K08 HL123519 and Burroughs Welcome Fund (1014782).

The protocol presented has been approved by the Washington University in St. Louis Institutional Review Board (#201305086). All subjects provide informed consent before sample collection and the experiments are performed in accordance with the approved study protocol. The presented protocol is performed with the approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Washington University School of Medicine and follows the guidelines described in the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
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	<li>Pinto, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+abundant+tissue+macrophage+population+in+the+adult+murine+heart+with+a+distinct+alternatively-activated+macrophage+profile.">An abundant tissue macrophage population in the adult murine heart with a distinct alternatively-activated macrophage profile.</a> PLoS One. 7 (5), e36814 (2012).</li><li>Hulsmans, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+facilitate+electrical+conduction+in+the+heart.">Macrophages facilitate electrical conduction in the heart.</a> Cell. 169 (3), 510-522 (2017).</li><li>Hulsmans, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+macrophages+promote+diastolic+dysfunction.">Cardiac macrophages promote diastolic dysfunction.</a> Journal of Experimental Medicine. 215 (2), 423-440 (2018).</li><li>Aurora, A. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+are+required+for+neonatal+heart+regeneration.">Macrophages are required for neonatal heart regeneration.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 124 (3), 1382-1392 (2014).</li><li>Lavine, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+macrophage+lineages+contribute+to+disparate+patterns+of+cardiac+recovery+and+remodeling+in+the+neonatal+and+adult+heart.">Distinct macrophage lineages contribute to disparate patterns of cardiac recovery and remodeling in the neonatal and adult heart.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (45), 16029-16034 (2014).</li><li>Epelman, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+and+adult-derived+resident+cardiac+macrophages+are+maintained+through+distinct+mechanisms+at+steady+state+and+during+inflammation.">Embryonic and adult-derived resident cardiac macrophages are maintained through distinct mechanisms at steady state and during inflammation.</a> Immunity. 40 (1), 91-104 (2014).</li><li>Leid, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primitive+embryonic+macrophages+are+required+for+coronary+development+and+maturation.">Primitive embryonic macrophages are required for coronary development and maturation.</a> Circulation Research. 118 (10), 1498-1511 (2016).</li><li>Bajpai, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+human+heart+contains+distinct+macrophage+subsets+with+divergent+origins+and+functions.">The human heart contains distinct macrophage subsets with divergent origins and functions.</a> Nature Medicine. 24 (8), 1234-1245 (2018).</li><li>Dick, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-renewing+resident+cardiac+macrophages+limit+adverse+remodeling+following+myocardial+infarction.">Self-renewing resident cardiac macrophages limit adverse remodeling following myocardial infarction.</a> Nature Immunology. 20, 29-39 (2019).</li><li>Nahrendorf, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+healing+myocardium+sequentially+mobilizes+two+monocyte+subsets+with+divergent+and+complementary+functions.">The healing myocardium sequentially mobilizes two monocyte subsets with divergent and complementary functions.</a> Journal of Experimental Medicine. 204 (12), 3037-3047 (2007).</li></ol>

The protocol allows for the extraction of various macrophage subsets from human myocardium. The protocol is simple and takes 3 to 4 hours to prepare single cell suspension ready for FACS analysis. Although the protocol is relatively simple to perform, there are certain technical aspects that need to be considered which will minimize variability. Firstly, working in timely fashion with human tissue is necessary for optimal cell viability. It is important to keep the tissue in cold saline/HBSS to minimize cell death. It is...

Macrophages represent the most abundant immune cell type in the heart, and they play significant roles in generating robust inflammatory and reparative responses following cardiac injury1,2,3,4. Previously, our group identified two major subsets of macrophages in the murine heart derived from distinct developmental origins5,6. Broadly, distinct populations of tissue resident cardiac macrophage subsets can be identified based on the cell surface expression of CCR2 (C-C motif chemokine receptor 2). CCR2- macrophages (cell surface expression: CCR2-MHCIIlow and CCR2-MHCIIhigh) are of embryonic origin (primitive and erythromyeloid lineages), able to self-renew, and represent a dominant population under homeostatic conditions. Resident CCR2+ macrophages are of definitive hematopoietic origin, are maintained through recruitment from circulating monocytes, and represent a minor population under homeostatic conditions. Functionally, CCR2- macrophages generate minimal inflammation and are critical for coronary development neonatal heart regeneration5,7. In contrast, CCR2+ macrophages initiate robust inflammatory responses following cardiac insults and contribute to collateral cardiomyocyte injury, adverse remodeling of the left ventricle, and heart failure progression8,9.
Recently, we have shown that the human myocardium also contains two distinct subsets of macrophages identified similarly as either CCR2- or CCR2+8. Gene expression and functional analyses revealed that human CCR2- and CCR2+ macrophages represent functionally divergent subsets and are functionally analogous to CCR2- and CCR2+ macrophages found in the mouse heart. Human CCR2- macrophages express robust levels of growth factors, including IGF1, PDGF, Cyr61, and HB-EGF. CCR2+ macrophages are enriched in chemokines and cytokines that promote inflammation, such as IL-1b, IL-6, CCL-2, CCL-7, and TNF-a. Stimulated CCR2+ macrophages secrete markedly higher levels of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1&#946; (IL-1&#946;) in culture. How these subsets differentially contribute to tissue repair and left ventricular (LV) remodeling in the context of cardiac injury remains an area of active research.
Flow-cytometry based analysis of macrophage heterogeneity in the mouse and human heart requires digesting the cardiac tissue and generating a single cell suspension followed by flow cytometric analysis or cell sorting for further downstream processes such as bulk RNA sequencing/single cell RNA sequencing or culturing the cells for functional assays. The original protocol for making a single cell suspension from murine hearts were first reported by Nahrendorf group in Nahrendorf et al. 200710. Our lab has adapted and modified the protocol to extract macrophages from the human myocardium. Using the same protocol but with slight modification in staining and gating scheme, CD45- stromal cells from the human myocardium can also be harvested. Presented here, in text and video, is a protocol that is performed routinely for the extraction of macrophages or stromal from the human myocardium.
Cardiac tissue specimens are obtained from adult patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM: idiopathic or familial) or ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) undergoing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation or cardiac transplantation. Explanted hearts or LVAD cores are intravascularly perfused with cold saline prior to starting the digestion procedure. It is important to note that &#34;quality&#34; of tissue specimen determined in terms of degree of scarring or adipose tissue infiltration can greatly affect the yield of macrophages. Heart specimens with large areas of scarring will have much lower cell yield and can pose serious technical limitation when desired downstream analysis methods require in vitro cell culturing.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL Conocal Tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>14-959-53A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40 &#181;m Cell Strainers</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>50-828-736</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL Conical Tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACK Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>A10492-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase 1</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C0130-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM 1x</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965-084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAse 1</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D4527-20KU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DRAQ5</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>62251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA 0.5M pH 8</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>46-034-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enzyme Deactivating Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>490 mL HBSS, 10 mL FBS, 1 g BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>976 mL PBS, 20 mL FBS, 4mL EDTA (0.5M)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>A3840201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82027-406</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS 1x</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14175-079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostats</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>63042-052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronidase type 1-s</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3506-500MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS 1x</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190-136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petridishes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>172931</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor Blade</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>55411-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82027-578</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of macrophage subsets and stromal cells from human and mouse myocardial specimens

Macrophages represent the most heterogeneous and abundant immune cell populations in the heart and are central in driving inflammation and reparative responses after cardiac injury. How various subsets of macrophages orchestrate the immune responses after cardiac injury is an active area of research. Presented here is a simple protocol that our lab performs routinely, for the extraction of macrophages from mouse and human myocardium specimens obtained from healthy and diseased individuals. Briefly, this protocol involves enzymatic digestion of cardiac tissue to generate a single cell suspension, followed by antibody staining, and flow cytometry. This technique is suitable for functional assays performed on sorted cells as well as bulk and single cell RNA sequencing. A major advantage of this protocol is its simplicity, minimal day to day variation and wide applicability allowing investigation of macrophage heterogeneity across various mouse models and human disease entities.

The protocol described allows isolation of macrophages from mouse and human myocardium. Using the same protocol, but with a different staining and gating strategy, stromal cells can also be harvested from the human myocardium. FACS results presented here were acquired either on BD LSRII or BD FACS ARIA III platform. Compensation controls were generated from single color control samples from stained splenocytes. Figure 1 shows unprocessed and processed human L...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Macrophage Subsets and Stromal Cells from Human and Mouse Myocardial Specimens at JoVE.com

Isolation of Macrophage Subsets and Stromal Cells from Human and Mouse Myocardial Specimens

Presented here is a protocol to isolate various subsets of macrophages and other non-immune cells from human and mouse myocardium by preparing a single cell suspension through enzymatic digestion. Gating schemes for flow cytometry based identification and characterization of isolated macrophages are also presented.

Macrophages represent the most heterogeneous and abundant immune cell populations in the heart and are central in driving inflammation and reparative ...

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