Name: isolation and culture of resident cardiac macrophages from the murine sinoatrial and atrioventricular node
Uploaded: 2021-05-07T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Resident Cardiac Macrophages from the Murine Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular Node at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the China Scholarship Council (CSC, to R. Xia), the German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK; 81X2600255 to S. Clauss, 81Z0600206 to S. K&#228;&#228;b, 81Z0600204 to C.S.), the Corona Foundation (S199/10079/2019 to S. Clauss), the SFB 914 (project Z01 to S. Massberg), the ERA-NET on Cardiovascular Diseases (ERA-CVD; 01KL1910 to S. Clauss) and the Heinrich-and-Lotte-M&#252;hlfenzl Stiftung (to S. Clauss). The funders had no role in manuscript preparation.

Animal care and all experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Animal Care and Ethics committee of the University of Munich and all the procedures undertaken on mice were approved by the Government of Bavaria, Munich, Germany. C57BL6/J mice were commercially obtained.
1. Preparations
<ol>
	<li>Prepare Cell sorting buffer (Table 1) and store at 4 &#176;C. 
	NOTE: During the whole experimental procedure, the cell sorting buffer should ...

<ol>
	<li>Nikolaidou, T., Aslanidi, O. V., Zhang, H., Efimov, I. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure-function+relationship+in+the+sinus+and+atrioventricular+nodes.">Structure-function relationship in the sinus and atrioventricular nodes.</a> Pediatric Cardiology. 33 (6), 890-899 (2012).</li><li>Clauss, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+arrhythmia:+classic+electrophysiology+to+genetically+modified+large+animals.">Animal models of arrhythmia: classic electrophysiology to genetically modified large animals.</a> Nature Review Cardiology. 16 (8), 457-475 (2019).</li><li>Hulsmans, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+Facilitate+Electrical+Conduction+in+the+Heart.">Macrophages Facilitate Electrical Conduction in the Heart.</a> Cell. 169 (3), 510-522 (2017).</li><li>Rosas, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+transcription+factor+Gata6+links+tissue+macrophage+phenotype+and+proliferative+renewal.">The transcription factor Gata6 links tissue macrophage phenotype and proliferative renewal.</a> Science. 344 (6184), 645-648 (2014).</li><li>Schulz, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+lineage+of+myeloid+cells+independent+of+Myb+and+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">A lineage of myeloid cells independent of Myb and hematopoietic stem cells.</a> Science. 336 (6077), 86-90 (2012).</li><li>Epelman, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+and+adult-derived+resident+cardiac+macrophages+are+maintained+through+distinct+mechanisms+at+steady+state+and+during+inflammation.">Embryonic and adult-derived resident cardiac macrophages are maintained through distinct mechanisms at steady state and during inflammation.</a> Immunity. 40 (1), 91-104 (2014).</li><li>Gordon, S., Pluddemann, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+macrophages:+heterogeneity+and+functions.">Tissue macrophages: heterogeneity and functions.</a> BMC Biology. 15 (1), 53 (2017).</li><li>Bajpai, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+human+heart+contains+distinct+macrophage+subsets+with+divergent+origins+and+functions.">The human heart contains distinct macrophage subsets with divergent origins and functions.</a> Nature Medicine. 24 (8), 1234-1245 (2018).</li><li>Davies, L. C., Jenkins, S. J., Allen, J. E., Taylor, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue-resident+macrophages.">Tissue-resident macrophages.</a> Nature Immunology. 14 (10), 986-995 (2013).</li><li>Xia, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-mount+immunofluorescence+staining,+confocal+imaging+and+3D+reconstruction+of+the+sinoatrial+and+atrioventricular+node+in+the+mouse.">Whole-mount immunofluorescence staining, confocal imaging and 3D reconstruction of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular node in the mouse.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (166), e62058 (2020).</li><li>van Weerd, J. H., Christoffels, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+formation+and+function+of+the+cardiac+conduction+system.">The formation and function of the cardiac conduction system.</a> Development. 143 (2), 197-210 (2016).</li><li>Ye Sheng, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+atrioventricular+nodal+cells+from+neonate+rabbit+heart.">Isolation and characterization of atrioventricular nodal cells from neonate rabbit heart.</a> Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. 4 (6), 936-946 (2011).</li><li>Murray, P. J., Wynn, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+and+pathogenic+functions+of+macrophage+subsets.">Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 11 (11), 723-737 (2011).</li><li>Pinto, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revisiting+cardiac+cellular+composition.">Revisiting cardiac cellular composition.</a> Circulation Research. 118 (3), 400-409 (2016).</li><li>Bajpai, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+resident+CCR2-+and+CCR2++cardiac+macrophages+differentially+orchestrate+monocyte+recruitment+and+fate+specification+following+myocardial+injury.">Tissue resident CCR2- and CCR2+ cardiac macrophages differentially orchestrate monocyte recruitment and fate specification following myocardial injury.</a> Circulation Research. 124 (2), 263-278 (2019).</li><li>Honold, L., Nahrendorf, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resident+and+monocyte-derived+macrophages+in+cardiovascular+disease.">Resident and monocyte-derived macrophages in cardiovascular disease.</a> Circulation Research. 122 (1), 113-127 (2018).</li><li>Leid, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primitive+embryonic+macrophages+are+required+for+coronary+development+and+maturation.">Primitive embryonic macrophages are required for coronary development and maturation.</a> Circulation Research. 118 (10), 1498-1511 (2016).</li></ol>

In this manuscript, we describe a protocol for the enrichment of cardiac resident macrophages specifically from the SAN and AVN regions at high purity.
Macrophages are divided into subpopulations based on their anatomical location and functional phenotype. They can also switch from one functional phenotype to another in response to variable microenvironmental signals13. Compared to other organs such as bone marrow and liver, cardiac tissue contains a lower percentage of...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/t/62236">Isolation and Culture of Resident Cardiac Macrophages from the Murine Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular Node</a>. The Authors section was updated from:
Ruibing Xia123 
Simone Loy1 
Stefan K&#228;&#228;b13 
Anna Titova1 
Christian Schulz123 
Steffen Massberg123 
Sebastian Clauss123 
1University Hospital Munich, Department of Medicine I Ludwig-Maximilian-Unversity Munich (LMU) 
2Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine (WBex) LMU Munich 
3German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA)
to:
Ruibing Xia123 
Simone Loy1 
Stefan K&#228;&#228;b13 
Anna Titova1 
Christian Schulz123 
Steffen Massberg123 
Sebastian Clauss123 
1University Hospital Munich, Department of Medicine I Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) 
2Insitute of Surgical Research at the Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) 
3German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA)

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/62236">Isolation and Culture of Resident Cardiac Macrophages from the Murine Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular Node</a>. The Authors section was updated.

Erratum: Isolation and Culture of Resident Cardiac Macrophages from the Murine Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular Node

The sinoatrial node (SAN) physiologically initiates the electrical impulse and is, therefore, the primary pacemaker of the heart. The atrioventricular node (AVN) conducts the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles and also acts as a subsidiary pacemaker1. In general, generation and conduction of electrical impulses is a complex process that can be modulated by various factors2, including resident macrophage in SAN/AVN regions. A recent study by Hulsmans et al. demonstrates a specific population of cardiac resident macrophages which are enriched in the AVN and function as key players in keeping a steady heartbeat3. They found that macrophages are electrically coupled to the cardiomyocytes and could change the electrical properties of coupled cardiomyocytes. The authors also note that such conducting cells interleaving with macrophages are also present in other components of the cardiac conduction system, such as the SAN.
Currently, it is not fully known if the phenotype of resident cardiac macrophages differs between the cardiac regions. However, it has been shown that the tissue microenvironment can affect transcription and proliferative renewal of tissue macrophages4. Furthermore, since the cardiomyocyte phenotype has been demonstrated to be different between regions, the functional effects of macrophages on cardiomyocytes may also be region-specific, even if the macrophage phenotype itself may be the same. Therefore, further studies on specific cardiac regions are needed.
Recent studies have demonstrated that, at steady state, the tissue resident macrophages are established prenatally, arising independently of definitive hematopoiesis, and persist into adulthood5. However, after macrophage depletion or during cardiac inflammation, Ly6chi monocytes contribute to replenish cardiac macrophage population6. Studies involving genetic lineage tracing, parabiosis, fate mapping, and cell tracking showed the coexistence of a variety of tissue resident macrophages populations in organs and tissues, and, also, different cellular behavior of macrophage subsets that are potentially associated with their ontogeny7,8,9.
Characterization of resident cardiac macrophages has benefited from the use of magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) and fluorescent activated cell sorting. These methods are particularly useful for isolating specific cell populations from multiple tissue fractions by labeling them with their cell surface markers. This not only leads to a higher purity of the isolated immune cell type, but also allows for phenotypic analysis. Here, we present a protocol including magnetic beads-coated cells followed with fluorescent activated cell sorting for the enrichment of cardiac resident macrophages specifically isolated from the SAN and AVN region.
To explore the characteristics of cardiac resident macrophages in conduction system and their function for cardiac conduction and arrhythmogenesis, precise localization and dissection of SAN and AVN are critical. For microdissection of SAN and AVN, anatomical landmarks are used for the region identification10. In brief, SAN is located at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium. AVN is located within the triangle of Koch, which is anteriorly bordered by the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve, and posteriorly by the tendon of Todaro11. We also provide an accurate microdissection procedure of SAN and AVN in mice which is confirmed by histology and immunofluorescence staining.
Isolated resident macrophages could be used for further experiments such as RNA sequencing or could be recovered and cultivated for more than two weeks allowing various in vitro experiments. Therefore, our protocol describes a highly valuable procedure for the immuno-rhythmologist. Table 1 shows the composition of all the solutions needed, Figure 1 shows the microdissection landmarks for SAN and AVN. Figure 2 is schematic illustration of SAN and AVN localization. Figure 3 shows the histological staining of SAN and AVN (Masson&#39;s trichrome and immunofluorescence staining). Figure 4 shows a step-by-step gating strategy to isolate cardiac resident macrophages by fluorescence-activated cell sorting.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane vaporizer system</td>
			<td>Hugo Sachs Elektronik</td>
			<td>34-0458, 34-1030, 73-4911, 34-0415, 73-4910</td>
			<td>Includes an induction chamber, a gas evacuation unit and charcoal filters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Modified Bain circuit</td>
			<td>Hugo Sachs Elektronik</td>
			<td>73-4860</td>
			<td>Includes an anesthesia mask for mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Platform</td>
			<td>Kent scientific</td>
			<td>SURGI-M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">In vivo instrumentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11295-51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14084-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91500-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11051-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue pins</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>26007-01</td>
			<td>Could use 27G needles as a substitute</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">General lab instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbital shaker</td>
			<td>Sunlab</td>
			<td>D-8040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette,volume 10ul, 100ul, 1000ul</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Z683884-1EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic stirrer</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>RH basic</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Microscopes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection stereo- zoom microscope</td>
			<td>vwr</td>
			<td>10836-004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica microscope</td>
			<td>Leica microsystems</td>
			<td>Leica DM6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Flow cytometry machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Beckman coulter</td>
			<td>MoFlo Astrios</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowJo v10</td>
			<td>FlowJo</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">General Lab Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 &#181;m syringe filter</td>
			<td>sartorius</td>
			<td>17597</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mm petri dish</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>351029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27G needle</td>
			<td>BD Microlance 3</td>
			<td>300635</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml Polypropylene conical Tube</td>
			<td>FALCON</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover slips</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>7632160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30121872</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5ml Syringe</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>4606108V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Chemicals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 M EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>20-158</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>100063</td>
			<td>Component of TEA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Biozym</td>
			<td>850070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2153-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase I</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical</td>
			<td>LS004196</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase XI</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C7657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D4527</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronidase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2153-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS (1X) Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190-094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F2442-500ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin &#8722; Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>41966029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Drugs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fentanyl 0.5&#160;mg/10&#160;ml</td>
			<td>Braun Melsungen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane 1 ml/ml</td>
			<td>Cp-pharma</td>
			<td>31303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen 5L</td>
			<td>Linde</td>
			<td>2020175</td>
			<td>Includes a pressure regulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse Ly6C FITC (clone HK1.4)</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>Cat# 128006</td>
			<td>diluted to 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse F4/80 PE/Cy7(clone BM8)</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>Cat# 123114</td>
			<td>diluted to 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD64 APC (clone X54-5/7.1)</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>Cat# 139306</td>
			<td>diluted to 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD11b APC/Cy7(clone M1/70)</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>Cat# 101226</td>
			<td>diluted to 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD45 PE (clone 30-F11)</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>Cat# 103106</td>
			<td>diluted to 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 33342, Trihydrochloride, Trihydrate (DAPI)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>H3570</td>
			<td>diluted to 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Animals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse, C57BL/6</td>
			<td>Charles River Laboratories</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and culture of resident cardiac macrophages from the murine sinoatrial and atrioventricular node

Resident cardiac macrophages have been demonstrated to facilitate the electrical conduction in the heart. The physiologic heart rhythm is initiated by electrical impulses generated in sinoatrial node (SAN) and then conducted to ventricles via atrioventricular node (AVN). To further study the role of resident macrophages in cardiac conduction system, a proper isolation of resident macrophages from SAN and AVN is necessary, but it remains challenging. Here, we provide a protocol for the reliable microdissection of the SAN and AVN in murine hearts followed by the isolation and culture of resident macrophages.
Both, SAN which is located at the junction of the crista terminalis with the superior vena cava, and AVN which is located at the apex of the triangle of Koch, are identified and microdissected. Correct location is confirmed by histologic analysis of the tissue performed with Masson's trichrome stain and by anti-HCN4.
Microdissected tissues are then enzymatically digested to obtain single cell suspensions followed by the incubation with a specific panel of antibodies directed against cell-type specific surface markers. This allows to identify, count, or isolate different cell populations by fluorescent activated cell sorting. To differentiate cardiac resident macrophages from other immune cells in the myocardium, especially recruited monocyte-derived macrophages, a delicate devised gating strategy is needed. First, lymphoid lineage cells are detected and excluded from further analysis. Then, myeloid cells are identified with resident macrophages being determined by high expression of both CD45 and CD11b, and low expression of Ly6C. With cell sorting, isolated cardiac macrophages can then be cultivated in vitro over several days for further investigation. We, therefore, describe a protocol to isolate cardiac resident macrophages located within the cardiac conduction system. We discuss pitfalls in microdissecting and digesting SAN and AVN, and provide a gating strategy to reliably identify, count and sort cardiac macrophages by fluorescence-activated cell sorting.

We describe a practical procedure for the isolation of cardiac resident macrophages specifically from the SAN and AVN region. To confirm a correct dissection, Masson&#39;s Trichrome staining and immunofluorescent HCN4-staining is performed (Figure 3)12. With this protocol, we could collect approximately 60,000 macrophages from one whole heart. Figure 4 shows the gating strategy for sorting cardiac macrophages. Live resident cardiac macrop...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Resident Cardiac Macrophages from the Murine Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular Node at JoVE.com

Isolation and Culture of Resident Cardiac Macrophages from the Murine Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular Node

The protocol presented here provides a step-by-step approach for the isolation of cardiac resident macrophages from the sinoatrial node (SAN) and atrioventricular node (AVN) region of mouse hearts.

Resident cardiac macrophages have been demonstrated to facilitate the electrical conduction in the heart. The physiologic heart rhythm is initiated by ...

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Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for ...

Isolation, Cryopreservation and Culture of Human Amnion Epithelial Cells for Clinical Applications

Human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) derived from term or pre-term amnion membranes have attracted attention from researchers and clinicians as a ...

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

During bacteremia Streptococcus pneumoniae can translocate across the vascular endothelium into the myocardium and form discrete bacteria-filled ...

Isolation and Propagation of Circulating Tumor Cells from a Mouse Cancer Model

Cancer metastasis is the foremost cause of cancer-associated deaths. Recent studies have shown that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are important in cancer ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Endothelial Cells from Canine Arteries and Veins

Cardiovascular disease is studied in both human and veterinary medicine. Endothelial cells have been used extensively as an in vitro model to study ...

Isolation and Purification of Murine Cardiac Pericytes

Pericytes, perivascular cells of microvessels and capillaries, are known to play a part in angiogenesis, vessel stabilization, and endothelial barrier ...

Isolation of Atrial Myocytes from Adult Mice

The electrophysiological properties of atrial myocytes importantly affect overall cardiac function. Alterations in the underlying ionic currents ...

Single Myofiber Isolation and Culture from a Murine Model of Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy in Early Post-Natal Development

Autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is caused by mutations in the LMNA gene, which encodes the A-type nuclear lamins, intermediate ...

Location, Dissection, and Analysis of the Murine Stellate Ganglion

The autonomic nervous system is a substantial driver of cardiac electrophysiology. Especially&#160;the role of its sympathetic branch is an ongoing matter ...