We are grateful to the King&#8217;s College London Biological Services Unit, especially Tiffany Jarvis and Lynsey Cashnella for their continued support. We thank Derek Stemple, Mamoru Ishii and Robert Maxson for advice and help with reagents during initial establishment of this protocol. We thank Dheraj Taheem for help with gamma-irradiation of STO cells. We thank the Liu and Krause labs, especially Tommy Pallett, for great support. This work was funded by grants from the BBSRC (BB/R015953/1 to KJL/MK), a studentship from the MRC Doctoral Training Programme (LD), Newland Pedley Fund (ALM) and KRIPIS II, General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs, Greece and Fondation Sant&#233; (to SGGM).

All animal work has undergone ethical approval by the King&#8217;s College London Ethical Review Process and was performed in accordance with UK Home Office Project License P8D5E2773 (KJL).
1. Preparation of reagents
<ol>
	<li>Prepare general solutions and tools including sterile phosphate buffer saline (PBS), 70% ethanol, dissection tools (forceps and dissection blades or sterile needles), plastic plates or glass slides coated with a commercially available extracellular matrix (ECM)-based hydrogel or fibronectin (see the Table of Materials), and neural crest media (see below).</li>
	<li>Prepare the neural crest basal medium using Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium (DMEM, 4500 mg/L glucose), 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.1 mM minimum essential medium nonessential amino acids (MEM NEAA 100X), 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 55 &#181;M &#946;-mercaptoethanol, 100 units/mL penicillin, 100 units/mL streptomycin, and 2 mM L-glutamine.
	<ol>
		<li>Condition the media overnight using growth-inhibited STO feeder cells21.
		<ol>
			<li>Prepare STO cells (see the Table of Materials) media to contain DMEM supplemented by 10% FBS and 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 U/mL streptomycin. Grow and expand STO cells to confluence in 25 cm2 flasks coated with 0.1% gelatin. Apply 5000 rad of gamma irradiation.</li>
			<li>Seed approximately 3 x 106 growth-inhibited cells onto a 10 cm2 dish or 25 cm2 flask (from step 1.2.1.1). Add approximately 10&#8211;12 mL of neural crest basal medium and incubate overnight. 
			NOTE: Seeded cells can be used to produce conditional medium for up to 10 days. Check appearance of cells regularly</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Filter the medium (0.22 &#181;m pore size), and supplement with 25 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and 1000 U of leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF). 
		NOTE: Store at 4 &#176;C and use within a month or store at -20 &#176;C and use within 3 months.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Coat the tissue culture surfaces with extracellular matrix. 
	NOTE: Depending on the biological question being asked, the matrix can be coated onto glass-bottomed culture dishes, plastic tissue culture dishes or glass cover slips. See below for differing ECM based hydrogel dilutions dependent on the matrix substrate. Fibronectin has been tested on glass-bottomed dishes and cover slips only at the concentrations specified below. Here on, we will refer to the substrate-coated surfaces as &#8220;coated plates&#8221;.
	<ol>
		<li>Coat the tissue culture surfaces with ECM based hydrogel. 
		NOTE: Keep the substrate cold until plating, either by cooling the media or keeping on ice.
		<ol>
			<li>Thaw the hydrogel at 4 &#176;C overnight. Add 5 mL of 10% FBS in DMEM to 5 mL of hydrogel for a final volume of 10 mL (see the Table of Materials).</li>
			<li>Make 0.5&#8211;1 mL aliquots as convenient and store at -20 &#176;C.</li>
			<li>Thaw the hydrogel aliquots on ice.</li>
			<li>Use a 1:20 dilution of the hydrogel stock to coat plastic.</li>
			<li>Use a 1:5 dilution of the hydrogel stock to coat glass slides and glass-bottomed tissue culture plates. 
			NOTE: Dilute the hydrogel in cold DMEM.</li>
			<li>Apply enough diluted hydrogel to cover the desired area on to plates/slides and incubate for 30&#8211;45 min at 37 &#176;C.</li>
			<li>Use coated plates/slides immediately or store coated slides at 4 &#176;C overnight.</li>
			<li>Remove excesses and rinse slides with high glucose DMEM (optional) before use.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Coat the tissue culture surfaces with fibronectin.
		<ol>
			<li>Make aliquots of 1 mg/mL fibronectin stock solution and store at -80 &#176;C. Dilute fibronectin with Dulbecco&#8217;s PBS (dPBS) to a final concentration of 1 &#181;g/mL.</li>
			<li>Apply sufficient fibronectin to cover the desired area and incubate at room temperature for 15&#160;min.</li>
			<li>Remove residual fibronectin and allow the glass to dry for 30-45 min.</li>
			<li>Rinse wells or cover slips with high glucose DMEM (optional) before use.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Day 1: Dissection of early somite stage embryos
NOTE: Use sterile tools and sterile solutions. If genotyping is needed, collect the body of the embryo for DNA extraction.
<ol>
	<li>Dissection of the cranial neural plate is restricted to embryos at 8.5 days post coitum (dpc). Select embryos&#160;at the 5&#8211;8 somite stage. Dissect the uterus into PBS and cut the mesometrium to separate each embryo (Figure 1A). The muscular wall of the uterus contracts and the decidual tissue will become visible (Figure 1B). 
	NOTE: Maintain embryos in the uterus in ice-cold PBS while dissections are performed one embryo at a time. Move embryos with a glass Pasteur pipette into fresh sterile PBS to improve visibility and reduce contamination.</li>
	<li>Slide forceps between the muscle layer and decidual tissue and remove the muscle layer with a second pair of forceps (Figure 1C).</li>
	<li>Using forceps, pierce the deciduum at the edges of the mesometrial pole and with a second pair of forceps tear to open perpendicularly to the pole.</li>
	<li>Peel back the decidual tissue with the forceps to visualize the Reichert&#8217;s membrane.</li>
	<li>Remove Reichert&#8217;s membrane carefully. The visceral yolk sac becomes visible and the embryo can be seen inside (Figure 1D).</li>
	<li>Remove the visceral yolk sac and the amnion (Figure 1E) and position the embryo in order to visualize the head fold (Figure 1F).</li>
	<li>Cut the head fold above the heart and scrape away the underlying mesoderm using forceps and/or eyelash tools to obtain a clean neural plate (NP) (Figure 1H). 
	NOTE: The NP can be kept whole or divided down the anteroposterior axis so that each side can be plated individually. The neural plate border can be further trimmed away from the neural plate in order to minimize neuronal contributions to the explants.</li>
	<li>Use a glass Pasteur pipette to transfer the dissected neural plate onto a hydrogel-coated dish filled with conditioned neural crest media.</li>
	<li>Gently swirl the dish to position the NP in the middle of the well. This is important for maximizing the phase quality for live-cell imaging (on day 2).</li>
	<li>Incubate overnight (or to desired time-point) at 37 &#176;C in 5% CO2. Neural crest cells should be visibly migrating out of the neural plate. 
	NOTE: Cells usually attach within 6&#8211;8 h. After the explant attaches, allow more time to visualize migrating cells. Usually by 24 h post explant, we can find three distinguishable populations of cells. The first population, at the center of the explant, is the neural plate (NP). The second population, the premigratory NC (pNC), surrounds the NP in an epithelial sheet of cells. The third population, in the outside ring, is formed of migratory NC (mNC), which are bigger in size, and appear fully mesenchymal (Figure 2).</li>
</ol>
3. Day 2: Live cell imaging of murine cranial neural crest cells
NOTE: Imaging should be performed at 24 h post explanting to optimally image and quantify neural crest cell migration. NC induction media does not need to be refreshed before live cell imaging. Access to an inverted microscope, with a motorized stage and an incorporated environment chamber is required. Use multi-well tissue culture dishes suitable for imaging (Table of Materials).
<ol>
	<li>Microscope set-up
	<ol>
		<li>Set the environment chamber at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2.</li>
		<li>Pierce a hole into the lid of the tissue culture plate lid to allow the CO2 needle, connected to the CO2 humidification chamber, to sit within the plate.</li>
		<li>Place the tissue culture dish into the specimen holder and tape down the plate lid and CO2 needle to prevent shaking during multi-well acquisition.</li>
		<li>Switch on the microscope controller, the stage controller and the imaging software.</li>
		<li>Focus on the cranial NC cells at 10x magnification (with matching phase ring in the condenser selected).</li>
		<li>Set high quality phase-contrast on the microscope by adjusting the field iris diaphragm, aperture iris diaphragm and centering telescope, as specified in the microscope set-up manual.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Phase contrast live-cell imaging
	<ol>
		<li>Set the directory or file location where the time-lapse files will be saved.</li>
		<li>Set the exposure time, binning, and camera area.</li>
		<li>Set the number of time points, duration of imaging and time interval between frames.
		<ol>
			<li>To quantify NC cell migratory capacity, set the microscope to 10x magnification, taking 1 frame every 5 min (217 time points over 18 h). To quantify cell morphology, set magnification to 40x, taking 1 frame/min (61 time points over 1 h). To quantify lamellipodial dynamics, set magnification to 40x or 60x magnification, taking 1 frame every 10 s (over 10 min).</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>For multi-well imaging, set the mechanical stage to move between selected XY positions of interest. Confirm that the cranial NC cells are in focus and the stage positions are correct.</li>
		<li>Use the Acquire command to start time-lapse imaging.</li>
		<li>Once time-lapse imaging is complete, review the multidimensional data and export .stk files for analysis. 
		NOTE: .stk is a TIFF stack file.</li>
		<li>Exit the software, shut down the computer and turn off the stage, camera and microscope controllers.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Imaging analysis: quantification of neural crest cell migration
NOTE: To better define the cellular behaviors exhibited by migrating murine cranial neural crest cells, we have analyzed a series of quantifiable migratory parameters, specifically focusing on migratory capacity and cell shape dynamics. (1) Migration (accumulated distance) is the total path length taken by the cell (&#181;m); (2) Migration (Euclidean distance) is the straight-line distance between initial and final position of cell (&#181;m); (3) Migration (cell speed) is distance traveled by cell per unit of time (&#181;m/min); (4) Cell Shape (cell area) is the total surface covered by cell. Set pixel to micron scale according to imaging microscope. (A = Apx x Npx, where Apx = pixel area and Npx = number of pixels. Units: &#181;m2; (5) Cell shape (cell circularity) is the deviation of cell shape from a perfect circle which is indicated by a circularity value of 1.0 (4&#960; (A/P2)) where A = area and P = perimeter.
<ol>
	<li>Single cell tracking 
	NOTE: To measure NC cell migration, XY coordinates of individual cells across all time-lapse frames are generated. This allows for subsequent analysis of distance, speed and persistence measures of cell migration.
	<ol>
		<li>Open ImageJ and import data as TIFF stack files.</li>
		<li>Click Analyze | Set Scale to calibrate the .stk files according to microscope settings, working in pixel/&#956;m.</li>
		<li>Click Plugins | Tracking | Manual Tracking to open Image J manual cell tracking plugin. To begin cell tracking, select Add track.</li>
		<li>Track cells through all frames of time-lapse movies, using the nucleus as a reference point. 
		NOTE: 10&#8211;20 cells should be tracked per explant, with a total of 60 cells tracked (n = 3). Cells that undergo cell division during the course of time-lapse should be excluded from analysis.</li>
		<li>Save and export the results as a .csv file. Results represent individual cell track number, slice number and XY coordinates over all frames.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Quantification of neural crest cell migratory capacity
	<ol>
		<li>Open single cell tracking data (see above). Convert .csv files into .txt file format.</li>
		<li>Open the migration software (the Table of Materials). Click the Import Data tab to import the cell tracking data as a .txt file.</li>
		<li>Under Datasets | Initialization, select the number of slices or frames to be analyzed and set the XY calibration and time interval between frames. Select Apply settings to save the settings.</li>
		<li>Select the Plot Data symbol to form trajectory plots. Select the Statistics symbol to quantify distance and speed measures.</li>
		<li>Save the trajectory plots as bitmap (.bmp) files, and distance and speed measures as .txt files. Select the Remove Data symbol. Repeat for other time-lapse files. 
		NOTE: Trajectory plots can be used to visualize the directness of individual cell paths for a given cell condition or state over the course of time-lapse movies (Figure 4A). Distance and speed data stored in the .txt files can then be used for further analysis.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Quantification of neural crest cell area and circularity
	<ol>
		<li>Open the time-lapse .stk files in ImageJ and calibrate according to microscope settings, working in pixel/&#181;m.</li>
		<li>Under Analyze | Set Measurements, click to select the cell shape parameters: cell area, perimeter and shape descriptor.</li>
		<li>Use the Freehand Selection tool&#160;to manually draw around each cell, using cell membrane boundaries as a guide.</li>
		<li>Press Ctrl + B keys on the keyboard to maintain the cell outline overlain on the image. Repeat for cells over each time-lapse frame.</li>
		<li>Use the Image | Overlay | To ROI Manager to store the values.</li>
		<li>Once all cells of interest per frame have been outlined, click Measure. Save the results as a .csv file. 
		NOTE: 10&#8211;20 cells per movie should be outlined, with a total of 30&#8211;60 cells analyzed per condition (n = 3). Cell shape data (.csv files) can be used to quantify how cell shape dynamics change over time (Figure 4C) or how morphology may be altered under different cell treatments.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+the+extracellular+matrix+in+neural+crest+cell+migration.">Role of the extracellular matrix in neural crest cell migration.</a> Journal of Anatomy. 191 (Pt 4), 507-515 (1997).</li><li>Thomas, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+neural+crest+cells+display+molecular+and+phenotypic+hallmarks+of+stem+cells.">Human neural crest cells display molecular and phenotypic hallmarks of stem cells.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 17 (21), 3411-3425 (2008).</li><li>Greenberg, J. H., Seppa, S., Seppa, H., Hewitt, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+collagen+and+fibronectin+in+neural+crest+cell+adhesion+and+migration.">Role of collagen and fibronectin in neural crest cell adhesion and migration.</a> Developmental Biology. 87 (2), 259-266 (1981).</li><li>Leung, A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=WNT/&#946;-catenin+signaling+mediates+human+neural+crest+induction+via+a+pre-neural+border+intermediate.">WNT/&#946;-catenin signaling mediates human neural crest induction via a pre-neural border intermediate.</a> Development. 143 (3), 398-410 (2016).</li><li>Zhu, Q., Lu, Q., Gao, R., Cao, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prospect+of+Human+Pluripotent+Stem+Cell-Derived+Neural+Crest+Stem+Cells+in+Clinical+Application.">Prospect of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Crest Stem Cells in Clinical Application.</a> Stem Cells International. 2016, 7695836 (2016).</li></ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest.

Studying mammalian neural crest cells has been a challenge for scientists because of the in utero nature of mammalian development. In vivo studies are difficult to set up, as the embryo must be manipulated under conditions that mimic life in the uterus. In practice, it is nearly impossible to reproducibly culture these (E8+) embryos for longer than 24 h, especially for live imaging. Furthermore, neural crest induction and migration occur concurrently with neural tube closure and embryonic turning in the mouse; this is a crucial and stressful morphogenetic event, which frequently fails when embryos are cultured ex utero. Thus, the success rate of ex utero approaches is generally low. The use of immortalized NC cells21 is a useful tool to reduce animal use and it may provide a better source of neural crest cells for long-term analysis, transfection, and enrichment studies. However, there is clearly a need to reliably culture primary neural crest cells. Our method is applicable to mouse knock-out or conditional genetic models. A comparable method to ours has been described for other neural crest populations20; however, our method thoroughly describes the step-by-step isolation of murine cranial NC cells. We also describe the use of different matrices as well as the migration analysis procedure in detail.
To achieve consistent results, we found that special attention paid towards staging during the selection of embryos. Not surprisingly, the number of somites correlates with different stages in cranial NC development. Therefore, the knowledge of the embryo anatomy is very important before acquiring any experimental data. This approach can then be adapted towards isolating discrete populations of neural crest cells, depending on the biological question and the target cells.
Once the embryos are selected and dissected, mesodermal cells can be readily distinguished and should be removed to allow better visualization and to reduce contamination. For longer-term cultures, the neural plate tissue can be removed at 24 h of plating in order to prevent contamination by neural tissues. A further refinement could be the use of fluorescent lineage labeling (for example, using a Wnt1::cre or Sox10::creERT drivers combined with fluorescent reporters24,25) to distinguish neural crest cells from other tissues as shown in Figure 2C.
Previous reports have highlighted the potential of plating mouse NC explant cultures on different matrices, most commonly on commercial ECM hydrogels, fibronectin and collagen I20,21,26. In our hands, mouse cranial NC explant cultures are successfully grown on all three matrices, at concentrations specified in original reports (data not shown). The initial refined approach we adapted for our NC explant cultures used a commercial hydrogel as the matrix of choice, which primarily consisted of laminin and collagens21 (Figure 3A&#8211;B). However, composition of this hydrogel is not clearly defined, with unknown growth factor and protein content. As such, we have since shifted our approach to plating mouse NC explant cultures on fibronectin (Figure 3C&#8211;D). Fibronectin is well defined and highly expressed in the ECM and basement membranes along which NC cells migrate in vivo28,29,30. To optimize a fibronectin matrix that best replicates neural crest cell migration and morphology as seen using the hydrogel, we compared NC cell behaviors exhibited on the hydrogel against a titration of 0.25&#8211;30 &#181;g/mL fibronectin, and defined 1 &#181;g/mL fibronectin as providing ideal properties (data not shown). We believe that this preliminary work may help establish a framework for the systematic comparison of matrices, such as fibronectin, against those previously described, namely collagen and laminin32,33,34. It would be especially interesting to compare mouse NC cell migratory capacity on fibronectin versus collagen I, given that collagen-IA1 is endogenously secreted by mouse, avian and human NC cells28,30,31,32. Collagen I is therefore as relevant as fibronectin in the consideration of matrix choice. It is also worth acknowledging that the bioavailability of growth factors in the media may be altered by different matrix components, especially given the high serum content of our media. To overcome this, we are currently working to produce serum-free defined culture conditions. These defined media are successfully used in neural crest induction protocols in the pluripotent stem cell field, but require further optimization for our NC explant culture system33,34. Our work may also serve as a starting point for refining conditions for other types of NC cells such as cardiac and trunk NC, and for subsequent studies of NC differentiation. Most importantly, this protocol allows the isolation of cranial NC cells for a variety of applications. We envision studies on directed migration, 3-D migration and invasion. Cells isolated in this manner can be treated in vitro for a number of analyses. For example, cells can readily be treated using different small molecules to target specific proteins, they can be treated at defined time points, and washout experiments can be designed to determine recovery of cell behaviors (Figure 4). Longer term culture for transfection and differentiation assays is possible, as well as passage of cells (data not shown). However, the viability, the capacity of cell renewal and multipotency should be validated after passaging. Cells plated on glass coverslips can also be used in immunofluorescent staining protocols, following live imaging. Finally, this approach represents a tremendously powerful system for studying migration of NC from genetic mouse models22,23,24,25.

The neural crest (NC) lineage is a transient, multipotent and migratory population of cells that appears exclusively in vertebrates during early embryonic development1,2. Neural crest derivatives are extremely diverse, and include glia, smooth muscle, melanocytes, neurons and craniofacial bone and cartilage3,4. Because the neural crest contributes to the function of many organ systems, this lineage is essential for human embryogenesis. Aberrant NC development is implicated in a wide range of the most common human birth defects (i.e., cleft lip and palate)5, and also disorders such as Hirschsprung&#8217;s disease (HSCR), Wardensburg syndrome (WS), CHARGE syndrome and Williams Syndrome6,7,8,9.
NC development has been explored in a number of non-mammalian model systems including Xenopus, chick and zebrafish models. In mammals, work in mouse models has identified some of the key genetic events underlying neural crest development; however, it has been more difficult to follow the cell biology of neural crest migration, due to the inaccessibility of the mouse embryo (reviewed elsewhere10,11). Furthermore, while studies in chick, Xenopus and zebrafish have established a gene regulatory network for NC, loss of function studies in these animal models sometimes do not exhibit a comparable phenotype in mouse. For example, in Xenopus, zebrafish and chick, non-canonical Wnt signaling is one of the cellular mechanisms that allows the NC to acquire its migratory capacity12,13,14,15. However, in mouse, loss of non-canonical Wnt signaling does not seem to affect migration16. As in vivo NC migration has been difficult to track for long periods in mouse, it is unclear whether these species-differences reflect differing modes of migration, or differences in molecular regulation.
As noted, NC studies in mouse have been very challenging because the ex utero culture of embryos is laborious. Moreover, the NC is constantly in intimate contact with adjacent tissues such as mesoderm and neurectoderm. Recent use of neural crest-specific Cre drivers or exogenous dyes has allowed us to fluorescently label the migratory NC; however, these approaches are still limited. Despite multiple reports describing different techniques to visualize NC migration17,18, it has been difficult to resolve these techniques into a simple and routine procedure.
It is clear that there is a need for techniques that allow the handling and characterization of mammalian NC. We focused our efforts on the mouse cranial NC as it is the primary model for studying human craniofacial development and neurocristopathies. We refined our approach based on several interesting reports describing primary culture of NC cells19,20,21. Here, we thoroughly describe the optimal culture techniques for explanting primary NC cells. We demonstrate the live cell imaging method and the optimal use of different matrices to coat the culture plates. Our protocol describes how to capture the migration of live NC cells using an inverted microscope, which is intended as a guideline for use with other microscopes, as well as a detailed summary of our cellular analyses.
The expected result from the explant should be a beautifully laid out distribution of cells that are clearly distinguished under the microscope, where one can see three different populations of cells which represent (i) neural plate, (ii) premigratory, and, (iii) migratory neural crest cells. We demonstrate how to analyze the cell behaviors at the border of the premigratory population of cells during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We also focused our effort on studying fully migratory cells for cell speed, distance and cell morphology.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>bFGF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td>233-FB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>b-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31350-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture flasks</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430639</td>
			<td>25cm2 culture flasks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM (4500 mg/L glucose)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D5671</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate-buffered saline (dPBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemicals</td>
			<td>E/0650DF/C17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>TFS AA 10-155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (ES Cell FBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>26140079/16141-079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin bovine plasma</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F1141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin from bovine skin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G9382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G7513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass-bottomed, multi-well 24-well tissue culture plate</td>
			<td>Ibidi</td>
			<td>82406</td>
			<td>Glass-bottomed, No 1.5, 24-well tissue culture dish with black sides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell migration analysis tool</td>
			<td>Ibidi</td>
			<td>v2.0</td>
			<td>Manuals for this software can be found at: https://ibidi.com/manual-image-analysis/171-chemotaxis-and-migration-tool.html.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Circularity Plug-in</td>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td>v1.29 or later</td>
			<td>The circularity plug-in is an extended version of ImageJ/Fiji&#8217;s Measure command, designed by Rasband, W., (2000) (wsr@nih.gov).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIF</td>
			<td>ESGRO by Millipore</td>
			<td>ESG1106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manual Cell Tracking Plug-in</td>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td>v1.34k or later</td>
			<td>ref Cordelieres F. Institut Curie, Orsay (France) 2005</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Image Analysis Software</td>
			<td>Universal Imaging Corporation</td>
			<td>6.3r7</td>
			<td>MetaMorph Software Series 6.3r7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM non-essential aminoacids 100X</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel (ECM-based Hydrogel)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>356234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>1X81</td>
			<td>Olympus 1X81 inverted microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope camera</td>
			<td>Photometrics</td>
			<td>512B</td>
			<td>Photometrics Cascadell 512B camera (4x UPlanFL N, 10x UPlanFL N, 20x UPlanFL N, 40x UPlanFL N objectives)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope controller</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>1X2-UCB</td>
			<td>Olympus 1X2-UCB microscope controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope temperature controller</td>
			<td>Solent Scientific</td>
			<td>RS232</td>
			<td>Maintained at 37&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A5955</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Pyruvate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S8636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Statistics software</td>
			<td>Graphpad Prism</td>
			<td>v7.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STO feeder cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-1503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XY microscope stage controller</td>
			<td>Applied Scientific Instrumentation (ASI)</td>
			<td>MS-4400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dissection, culture and analysis of primary cranial neural crest cells from mouse for the study of neural crest cell delamination and migration

Over the past several decades there has been an increased availability of genetically modified mouse models used to mimic human pathologies. However, the ability to study cell movements and differentiation in vivo is still very difficult. Neurocristopathies, or disorders of the neural crest lineage, are particularly challenging to study due to a lack of accessibility of key embryonic stages and the difficulties in separating out the neural crest mesenchyme from adjacent mesodermal mesenchyme. Here, we set out to establish a well-defined, routine protocol for the culture of primary cranial neural crest cells. In our approach we dissect out the mouse neural plate border during the initial neural crest induction stage. The neural plate border region is explanted and cultured. The neural crest cells form in an epithelial sheet surrounding the neural plate border, and by 24 h after explant, begin to delaminate, undergoing an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to become fully motile neural crest cells. Due to our two-dimensional culturing approach, the distinct tissue populations (neural plate versus premigratory and migratory neural crest) can be readily distinguished. Using live imaging approaches, we can then identify changes in neural crest induction, EMT and migratory behaviors. The combination of this technique with genetic mutants will be a very powerful approach for understanding normal and pathological neural crest cell biology.

Using the procedure demonstrated here, mouse embryos were dissected from the uterus, and extraembryonic tissues were removed (Figure 1A&#8211;D). Embryos were somite staged (using only embryos at 5&#8211;8 somites (ss), Figure 1E,F). The cranial neural plate was then dissected and the neuroepithelium was isolated. Mesodermal cells, identified as loose, circular, mesenchymal cells, were gently brushed off (Figure 1G-L). The anterior neural plate can be explanted whole, in which case the neural crest tissue will emerge laterally and expand radially around the explant, or each neural plate border (right and left) can be explanted separately. This is particularly useful when explanting from genetic mutants.
Within 24 h, a region of premigratory (epithelial) cranial neural crest can clearly be seen surrounding the neural plate explant (Figure 2B). Furthermore, a subpopulation of neural crest cells have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and appear fully mesenchymal (Figure 2). Thus, we have several concentric rings of distinct cells, with the neural plate (NP) in the center, the premigratory neural crest (pNC) in the intermediate circle, and a population of migratory neural crest (mNC) in the outside ring (Figure 2B). In order to trace NC cells, it is possible to use genetically modified mouse models as we show in Figure 2C. In this case, we have used the neural crest specific Wnt1::Cre;RosamTmG which results in NC cells being labeled in green. In these mice, cells express membrane tomato (mT, in red) unless they are expressing Cre recombinase. Recombination leads to cells expressing membrane green fluorescent protein (GFP, in green). The red cells shown at the center of the explant are neural plate cells. Some dorsal neural plate cells also express GFP; for long term culture, we would excise all of the cells in the center. For our purposes, the purity of the explant is sufficient to track the different neural crest cell populations. Where higher purity of the neural crest is necessary, this genetic labeling strategy can be combined with fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) to ensure purity of the population. Alternatively, it is possible to fix the explants and identify the NC population with antibody labeling.
It was also evident by 24 h that the characteristic concentric rings of premigratory and fully migratory NC cells of the explant cultures was not dependent nor governed by matrix choice (Figure 3). Explant cultures plated on both an ECM-based hydrogel and fibronectin formed comparable explant structures, comprising the three cell populations, NP, pNC and mNC (Figure 3A,C). Neural crest cell morphology was also comparable between those plated on the ECM-based hydrogel and fibronectin (Figure 3B,D). However, explants plated on fibronectin produced cells with more prominent lamellipodia at the cell leading edge, seemingly more polarized in the direction of migration (Figure 3B,D).
Once a population of migratory neural crest cells is evident, live cell imaging can be completed. Time-lapse microscopy is set to 10x magnification (18 h, 1 frame/5 min) for subsequent analysis of NC cell migration (Figure 4A). ImageJ Manual Tracking plug-in generates XY coordinates of individual cells over all frames of the time-lapse movies (Figure 4B). These coordinates can be processed using the migration software. This software enables visualization of individual cell tracks over time (Figure 4B) and can be used to quantify accumulated and Euclidean distance, as well as cell speed.
Time-lapse imaging data also provides a wealth of information on cell morphology during the migration of cranial neural crest cells (Figure 4C). By outlining individual cell membranes, cell area and perimeter measurements can be calculated from all frames of the movies (Figure 4C). These measurements allow for the subsequent quantification of cell area and circularity (Figure 4D). Figure 4C shows an analysis of cell shape changes over 18 h. Note that as cells migrate away from the explant, cell area significantly increases while cell circularity remains relatively constant (one-way ANOVA, Tukey&#8217;s multiple comparisons test) (Figure 4E,F). This suggests that as cells depart from the epithelial edge and lose cell-cell contacts, they show increased cell spread area. Cell circularity measures did not significantly change over time; however, short-term changes in circularity may be seen if an increased number of time points are quantified. Cell circularity measures can also provide interesting data on cell shape dynamics in the presence of a chemotactic cue or under confined conditions.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60051/60051fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Isolation of cranial neural crest explants from an e8.5 embryo. 
Images are stills from a video documenting the micro-dissection technique. (A&#8211;C) Dissection of the embryo from the uterus. (B&#8211;C) Using two sharp forceps, gently pull apart the muscular layer. Panel (D) shows embryo inside the visceral yolk sac (yellow line). Extract the embryo from the visceral yolk sac. (E) Lateral views of the embryo at stage 8.5 lateral. (F) Dorsal view of the embryo at stage 8.5. Count somites (ss) to determine the age of embryos; usually 5&#8211;8 ss (yellow circles in F). (G) Close up look at the cranial region of the embryo. Remove extraembryonic membranes from the cranial region; somites are marked with a yellow line. (H) Dissections of anterior neural plate are performed under the first branchial arch (yellow line). (I) Lateral view of anterior neural plate dissection. Neural folds, where neural crest cells arise, are marked with a yellow line. (J&#8211;L) Remove mesodermal tissue (fluffy mesenchymal cells) underlying anterior neural folds as much as possible before plating NP onto prepared culture dishes. Movie was taken using a stereo-microscope with a widefield apochromatic lens at 3.0X zoom (see the Table of Materials). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60051/60051fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60051/60051fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Murine cranial neural crest explant. 
(A) Schematic representation of the dorsal view of an e8.5 mouse embryo. The cranial region of the embryo is cut at the dashed line. The neural plate border (highlighted in red) is isolated from the surrounding mesoderm tissue and cultured for 24 h to allow the cranial neural crest to emigrate. Schematic adapted from22,23. (B) Left: Representative bright field image of a cranial neural crest explant 24 hours after plating. Three populations of cells are observed, which are also schematized on the right. NP = neural plate, pNC = pre-migratory neural crest and mNC = migratory neural crest. Scale bar = 250 &#956;m. (C) Higher magnification images of an explant from genetically labeled mouse (Wnt1::cre; RosamTmG). Cells without the Cre driver express membrane tomato (mT) in red. Expression of Cre under the control of a neural crest specific Wnt1 promoter leads to excision of the mT cassette and expression of membrane GFP (mG) in green. Nuclei are stained with Hoescht (in blue). Scale bar = 200 &#181;m. (D&#8211;D&#8217;&#8217;) Higher magnification images of migratory cells expressing membrane GFP (D). (D&#8217;) DNA is labeled with Hoescht (blue). (D&#8217;&#8217;) Merge of D and D&#8217;. Scale bar = 20 &#181;m. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60051/60051fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60051/60051fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Explants cultured on different substrates. 
(A&#8211;B) Phase contrast images of explants cultured on commercial ECM-hydrogel. (C&#8211;D) Explants cultured on 1 &#181;g/mL fibronectin. Neural plate (NP), premigratory (pNC) and migratory (mNC) neural crest cells can be distinguished by their differing cell morphologies. Scale bar = 100 &#956;m. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60051/60051fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60051/60051fig4.jpg" /> 
Figure 4: Quantification of cranial neural crest cell migration and cell shape dynamics. 
(A) Phase-contrast frames from time-lapse imaging of explant cultures overlaid with single neural crest cell tracks, using the ImageJ/Fiji Manual Cell Tracking plug-in. Ten representative mNC cells were manually tracked over 18 h (217 frames) and the XY coordinates were exported. Data are represented as an overlay dot and line plots. Cells were plated on 1 &#956;g/mL fibronectin. Scale bar = 200 &#956;m. (B) Representative trajectory plot of 10 mNC cells, generated using migration software. (C) Phase-contrast frames taken from time-lapse analysis of explant cultures. Dashed lines outline 8 representative migratory neural crest cells analyzed for cell shape dynamics when plated on 1 &#956;g/mL fibronectin. Scale bar = 200 &#956;m. (D) Schematic representation of the calculations used to quantify cell area and circularity. Cell morphology of the schematic is that of the cell highlighted in blue (C). Apx = pixel area, Npx = pixel number, A = area, P = perimeter (1 pixel = 1.60772 &#181;m2). (E&#8211;F) Quantification of cell area and cell circularity measures over time. Data represents mean &#177; SEM. Each dot represents one cell (n = 60), taken from&#160;3 independent experiments, and analyzed at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h and 18 h (ns non-significant, * p&#60;0.05, **** p &#60; 0.0001 one-way ANOVA, Tukey&#8217;s multiple comparisons test). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60051/60051fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissection, Culture and Analysis of Primary Cranial Neural Crest Cells from Mouse for the Study of Neural Crest Cell Delamination and Migration at JoVE.com

Dissection, Culture and Analysis of Primary Cranial Neural Crest Cells from Mouse for the Study of Neural Crest Cell Delamination and Migration

This protocol describes the dissection and culture of cranial neural crest cells from mouse models, primarily for the study of cell migration. We describe the live imaging techniques used and the analysis of speed and cell shape changes.

Over the past several decades there has been an increased availability of genetically modified mouse models used to mimic human pathologies. However, the ...

dissection-culture-analysis-primary-cranial-neural-crest-cells-from

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

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Video: Dissection, Culture and Analysis of Primary Cranial Neural Crest Cells from Mouse for the Study of Neural Crest Cell Delamination and Migration

Dual Labeling of Neural Crest Cells and Blood Vessels Within Chicken Embryos Using ChickGFP Neural Tube Grafting and Carbocyanine Dye DiI Injection

All developing organs need to be connected to both the nervous system (for sensory and motor control) as well as the vascular system (for gas exchange, fluid and nutrient supply). Consequently both the nervous and vascular systems develop alongside each other and share striking similarities in their branching architecture. Here we report embryonic manipulations that allow us to study the simultaneous development of neural crest-derived nervous tissue (in this case the enteric nervous system), and the vascular system. This is achieved by generating chicken chimeras via transplantation of discrete segments of the neural tube, and associated neural crest, combined with vascular DiI injection in the same embryo. Our method uses transgenic chickGFP embryos for intraspecies grafting, making the transplant technique more powerful than the classical quail-chick interspecies grafting protocol used with great effect since the 1970s. ChickGFP-chick intraspecies grafting facilitates imaging of transplanted cells and their projections in intact tissues, and eliminates any potential bias in cell development linked to species differences. This method takes full advantage of the ease of access of the avian embryo (compared with other vertebrate embryos) to study the co-development of the enteric nervous system and the vascular system.

Dual Labeling of Neural Crest Cells and Blood Vessels Within Chicken Embryos Using ChickGFP Neural Tube Grafting and Carbocyanine Dye DiI Injection

Here we report dual labeling of neural crest cells and blood vessels using chickGFP neural tube intraspecies grafting combined with intra-vascular DiI injection. This experimental technique allows us to simultaneously visualize and study development of the NCC-derived (enteric) nervous system and the vascular system, during organogenesis.

All developing organs need to be connected to both the nervous system (for sensory and motor control) as well as the vascular system (for gas exchange, ...

Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-free Monolayer Culture

The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as well as the generation of mature neural cell types for further study. In this protocol we describe a method for the differentiation of ESC to neural progenitors using serum-free, monolayer culture. The method is scalable, efficient and results in production of ~70% neural progenitor cells within 4 - 6 days. It can be applied to ESC from various strains grown under a variety of conditions. Neural progenitors can be allowed to differentiate further into functional neurons and glia or analyzed by microscopy, flow cytometry or molecular techniques. The differentiation process is amenable to time-lapse microscopy and can be combined with the use of reporter lines to monitor the neural specification process. We provide detailed instructions on media preparation and cell density optimization to allow the process to be applied to most ESC lines and a variety of cell culture vessels.

This protocol describes in detail the method for generating neural progenitors from embryonic stem cells using a serum-free monolayer method. These progenitors can be used to derive mature neural cell types or to study the process of neural specification and is amenable to multiwell format scaling for compound screening.

The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as ...

Culturing Human Pluripotent and Neural Stem Cells in an Enclosed Cell Culture System for Basic and Preclinical Research

This paper describes how to use a custom manufactured, commercially available enclosed cell culture system for basic and preclinical research. Biosafety cabinets (BSCs) and incubators have long been the standard for culturing and expanding cell lines for basic and preclinical research. However, as the focus of many stem cell laboratories shifts from basic research to clinical translation, additional requirements are needed of the cell culturing system. All processes must be well documented and have exceptional requirements for sterility and reproducibility. In traditional incubators, gas concentrations and temperatures widely fluctuate anytime the cells are removed for feeding, passaging, or other manipulations. Such interruptions contribute to an environment that is not the standard for cGMP and GLP guidelines. These interruptions must be minimized especially when cells are utilized for therapeutic purposes. The motivation to move from the standard BSC and incubator system to a closed system is that such interruptions can be made negligible. Closed systems provide a work space to feed and manipulate cell cultures and maintain them in a controlled environment where temperature and gas concentrations are consistent. This way, pluripotent and multipotent stem cells can be maintained at optimum health from the moment of their derivation all the way to their eventual use in therapy.

Here is a protocol to grow pluripotent stem cells (PSC) and neural stem cells (NSC) in an enclosed cell culture system that permits maximum sterility and reproducibility, replacing the traditional biosafety cabinet and incubator. This equipment meets clinical good manufacturing practice (cGMP) and clinical good lab practice (cGLP) guidelines.

This paper describes how to use a custom manufactured, commercially available enclosed cell culture system for basic and preclinical research. Biosafety ...

Multi-Photon Time Lapse Imaging to Visualize Development in Real-time: Visualization of Migrating Neural Crest Cells in Zebrafish Embryos

Congenital eye and craniofacial anomalies reflect disruptions in the neural crest, a transient population of migratory stem cells that give rise to numerous cell types throughout the body. Understanding the biology of the neural crest has been limited, reflecting a lack of genetically tractable models that can be studied in vivo and in real-time. Zebrafish is a particularly important developmental model for studying migratory cell populations, such as the neural crest. To examine neural crest migration into the developing eye, a combination of the advanced optical techniques of laser scanning microscopy with long wavelength multi-photon fluorescence excitation was implemented to capture high-resolution, three-dimensional, real-time videos of the developing eye in transgenic zebrafish embryos, namely Tg(sox10:EGFP) and Tg(foxd3:GFP), as sox10 and foxd3 have been shown in numerous animal models to regulate early neural crest differentiation and likely represent markers for neural crest cells. Multi-photon time-lapse imaging was used to discern the behavior and migratory patterns of two neural crest cell populations contributing to early eye development. This protocol provides information for generating time-lapse videos during zebrafish neural crest migration, as an example, and can be further applied to visualize the early development of many structures in the zebrafish and other model organisms.

A combination of the advanced optical techniques of laser scanning microscopy with long wavelength multi-photon fluorescence excitation was implemented to capture high-resolution, three-dimensional, real-time imaging of neural crest migration in Tg(sox10:EGFP) and Tg(foxd3:GFP) zebrafish embryos.

Congenital eye and craniofacial anomalies reflect disruptions in the neural crest, a transient population of migratory stem cells that give rise to ...

Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells (NPCs)

Human brain development proceeds through a series of precisely orchestrated processes, with earlier stages distinguished by proliferation, migration, and neurite outgrowth; and later stages characterized by axon/dendrite outgrowth and synapse formation. In neurodevelopmental disorders, often one or more of these processes are disrupted, leading to abnormalities in brain formation and function. With the advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology, researchers now have an abundant supply of human cells that can be differentiated into virtually any cell type, including neurons. These cells can be used to study both normal brain development and disease pathogenesis. A number of protocols using hiPSCs to model neuropsychiatric disease use terminally differentiated neurons or use 3D culture systems termed organoids. While these methods have proven invaluable in studying human disease pathogenesis, there are some drawbacks. Differentiation of hiPSCs into neurons and generation of organoids are lengthy and costly processes that can impact the number of experiments and variables that can be assessed. In addition, while post-mitotic neurons and organoids allow the study of disease-related processes, including dendrite outgrowth and synaptogenesis, they preclude the study of earlier processes like proliferation and migration. In neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, abundant genetic and post-mortem evidence indicates defects in early developmental processes. Neural precursor cells (NPCs), a highly proliferative cell population, may be a suitable model in which to ask questions about ontogenetic processes and disease initiation. We now extend methodologies learned from studying development in mouse and rat cortical cultures to human NPCs. The use of NPCs allows us to investigate disease-related phenotypes and define how different variables (e.g., growth factors, drugs) impact developmental processes including proliferation, migration, and differentiation in only a few days. Ultimately, this toolset can be used in a reproducible and high-throughput manner to identify disease-specific mechanisms and phenotypes in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells NPCs

Neurodevelopmental processes such as proliferation, migration, and neurite outgrowth are often perturbed in neuropsychiatric diseases. Thus, we present protocols to rapidly and reproducibly assess these neurodevelopmental processes in human iPSC-derived NPCs. These protocols also allow the assessment of the effects of relevant growth factors and therapeutics on NPC development.

Human brain development proceeds through a series of precisely orchestrated processes, with earlier stages distinguished by proliferation, migration, and ...

Zika Virus Infection of Cultured Human Fetal Brain Neural Stem Cells for Immunocytochemical Analysis

Human fetal brain neural stem cells are a unique non-genetically modified model system to study the impact of various stimuli on human developmental neurobiology. Rather than use an animal model or genetically modified induced pluripotent cells, human neural stem cells provide an effective in vitro system to examine the effects of treatments, screen drugs, or examine individual differences. Here, we provide the detailed protocols for methods used to expand human fetal brain neural stem cells in culture with serum-free media, to differentiate them into various neuronal subtypes and astrocytes via different priming procedures, and to freeze and recover these cells. Furthermore, we describe a procedure of using human fetal brain neural stem cells to study Zika virus infection.

This article details the methods that are used to expand human fetal brain neural stem cells in culture, as well as how to differentiate them into various neuronal subtypes and astrocytes, with an emphasis on the use of neural stem cells to study Zika virus infection.

Human fetal brain neural stem cells are a unique non-genetically modified model system to study the impact of various stimuli on human developmental ...

Generation of Induced Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Mononuclear Cells and Differentiation Toward Dopaminergic Neuron Precursors for Transplantation Studies

Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the ventral mesencephalon (VM). Cell replacement therapy holds great promise for treatment of PD. Recently, induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) have emerged as a potential candidate for cell replacement therapy due to the reduced risk of tumor formation and the plasticity to give rise to region-specific neurons and glia. iNSCs can be reprogrammed from autologous somatic cellular sources, such as fibroblasts, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and various other types of cells. Compared with other types of somatic cells, PBMNCs are an appealing starter cell type because of the ease to access and expand in culture. Sendai virus (SeV), an RNA non-integrative virus, encoding reprogramming factors including human OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC, has a negative-sense, single-stranded, non-segmented genome that does not integrate into host genome, but only replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, offering an efficient and safe vehicle for reprogramming. In this study, we describe a protocol in which iNSCs are obtained by reprogramming PBMNCs, and differentiated into specialized VM DA neurons by a two-stage method. Then DA precursors are transplanted into unilaterally 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned PD mouse models to evaluate the safety and efficacy for treatment of PD. This method provides a platform to investigate the functions and therapeutic effects of patient-specific DA neural cells in vitro and in vivo.

The protocol presents the reprogramming of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to induce neural stem cells by Sendai virus infection, differentiation of iNSCs into dopaminergic neurons, transplantation of DA precursors into the unilaterally-lesioned Parkinson&#39;s disease mouse models, and evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iNSC-derived DA precursors for PD treatment.

Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the ventral ...

Efficient Neural Differentiation using Single-Cell Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular levels and provided cells for use in regenerative applications. Standard approaches for hESC culture using colony type culture to maintain undifferentiated hESCs and embryoid body (EB) and rosette formation for differentiation into different germ layers are inefficient and time-consuming. Presented here is a single-cell culture method using hESCs instead of a colony-type culture. This method allows maintenance of the characteristic features of undifferentiated hESCs, including expression of hESC markers at levels comparable to colony type hESCs. In addition, the protocol presents an efficient method for neural progenitor cell (NPC) generation from single-cell type hESCs that produces NPCs within 1 week. These cells highly express several NPC marker genes and can differentiate into various neural cell types, including dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes. This single-cell culture system for hESCs will be useful in investigating the molecular mechanisms of these processes, studies of certain diseases, and drug discovery screens.

Presented here is a protocol for the generation of a single-cell culture of human embryonic stem cells and their subsequent differentiation into neural progenitor cells. The protocol is simple, robust, scalable, and suitable for drug screening and regenerative medicine applications.

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular ...

Isolation, Culture, and Adipogenic Induction of Neural Crest Original Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Periaortic Adipose Tissue

An excessive amount of adipose tissue surrounding the blood vessels (perivascular adipose tissue, also known as PVAT) is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease. ADSCs derived from different adipose tissues show distinct features, and those from the PVAT have not been well characterized. In a recent study, we reported that some ADSCs in the periaortic arch adipose tissue (PAAT) descend from the neural crest cells (NCCs), a transient population of migratory cells originating from the ectoderm.
In this paper, we describe a protocol for isolating red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labeled NCCs from the PAAT of Wnt-1 Cre+/-;Rosa26RFP/+ mice and inducing their adipogenic differentiation in vitro. Briefly, the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is enzymatically dissociated from the PAAT, and the RFP+ neural crest derived ADSCs (NCADSCs) are isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The NCADSCs differentiate into both brown and white adipocytes, can be cryopreserved, and retain their adipogenic potential for ~3&#8211;5 passages. Our protocol can generate abundant ADSCs from the PVAT for modeling PVAT adipogenesis or lipogenesis in vitro. Thus, these NCADSCs can provide a valuable system for studying the molecular switches involved in PVAT differentiation.

We present a protocol for the isolation, culture, and adipogenic induction of neural crest derived adipose-derived stem cells (NCADSCs) from the periaortic adipose tissue of Wnt-1 Cre+/-;Rosa26RFP/+ mice. The NCADSCs can be an easily accessible source of ADSCs for modeling adipogenesis or lipogenesis in vitro.

An excessive amount of adipose tissue surrounding the blood vessels (perivascular adipose tissue, also known as PVAT) is associated with a high risk of ...

Differentiation and Characterization of Neural Progenitors and Neurons from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

We describe the step-by-step procedure for culturing and differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells into neuronal lineages, followed by a series of assays to characterize the differentiated cells. The E14 mouse embryonic stem cells were used to form embryoid bodies through the hanging drop method, and then induced to differentiate into neural progenitor cells by retinoic acid, and finally differentiated into neurons. Quantitative&#160;reverse transcription&#160;polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescence experiments revealed that the neural progenitors and neurons exhibit corresponding markers (nestin for neural progenitors and neurofilament for neurons) at day 8 and 12 post-differentiation, respectively. Flow cytometry experiments on an E14 line expressing a Sox1 promoter-driven GFP reporter showed that about 60% of cells at day 8 are GFP positive, indicating the successful differentiation of neural progenitor cells at this stage. Finally, RNA-seq analysis was used to profile the global transcriptomic changes. These methods are useful for analyzing the involvement of specific genes and pathways in regulating the cell identity transition during neuronal differentiation.

We describe the procedure for the in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into neuronal cells using the hanging drop method. Furthermore, we perform a comprehensive phenotypic analysis through RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, RNA-seq, and flow cytometry.

We describe the step-by-step procedure for culturing and differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells into neuronal lineages, followed by a series of assays ...