Name: a human 3d extracellular matrix-adipocyte culture model for studying matrix-cell metabolic crosstalk
Uploaded: 2019-11-07T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Human 3D Extracellular Matrix-Adipocyte Culture Model for Studying Matrix-Cell Metabolic Crosstalk at JoVE.com

We thank Danielle Berger, Marilyn Woodruff, Simone Correa, and Retha Geiss for assistance with study coordination. SEM was performed by University of Michigan Microscopy &#38; Image Analysis Laboratory Biomedical Research Core Facility. This project was supported by NIH grants R01DK097449 (RWO), R01DK115190 (RWO, CNL), R01DK090262 (CNL), Veterans Affairs Merit Grant I01CX001811 (RWO), Pilot and Feasibility Grant from the Michigan Diabetes Research Center (NIH Grant P30-DK020572) (RWO), Veterans Administration VISN 10 SPARK Pilot Grant (RWO). Scanning electron microscopy performed by the University of Michigan Microscopy &#38; Image Analysis Laboratory Biomedical Research Core Facility. Figure 4 of this manuscript was originally published in Baker et al., J Clin Endo Metab 2017; Mar 1;102 (3), 1032-1043. doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-2915, and has been reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press [https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/102/3/1032/2836329]. For permission to reuse this material, please visit http://global.oup.com/academic/rights.

Adipose tissues are procured from human subjects undergoing elective bariatric surgery under institutional review board approval.
1. Preadipocyte isolation and culture reagent preparation
<ol>
	<li>Prepare 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in 1x phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS). Filter sterilize, and store at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Prepare Type II collagenase: 2 mg/mL in 2% BSA in 1x PBS. Prepare immediately before use.</li>
	<li>Prepare Red Blood Cell (RBC) Lysing Solution: 1.5 M NH4...

<ol>
	<li>Frantz, C., Stewart, K. M., Weaver, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+extracellular+matrix+at+a+glance.">The extracellular matrix at a glance.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 123, 4195-4200 (2010).</li><li>Berrier, A. L., Yamada, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-matrix+adhesion.">Cell-matrix adhesion.</a> Journal of Cell Physiology. 213 (3), 565-573 (2007).</li><li>Trayhurn, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+and+adipose+tissue+function+and+dysfunction+in+obesity.">Hypoxia and adipose tissue function and dysfunction in obesity.</a> Physiology Reviews. 93 (1), 1-21 (2014).</li><li>O'Rourke, R. W., Lumeng, C. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obesity+heats+up+adipose+tissue+lymphocytes.">Obesity heats up adipose tissue lymphocytes.</a> Gastroenterology. 145 (2), 282-285 (2013).</li><li>Engin, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Pathogenesis+of+Obesity-Associated+Adipose+Tissue+Inflammation.">The Pathogenesis of Obesity-Associated Adipose Tissue Inflammation.</a> Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 960. 960, 221-245 (2017).</li><li>Dankel, S. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=COL6A3+expression+in+adipocytes+associates+with+insulin+resistance+and+depends+on+PPAR&#947;+and+adipocyte+size.">COL6A3 expression in adipocytes associates with insulin resistance and depends on PPAR&#947; and adipocyte size.</a> Obesity (Silver Spring). 22 (8), 1807-1813 (2014).</li><li>Divoux, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibrosis+in+human+adipose+tissue:+composition,+distribution,+and+link+with+lipid+metabolism+and+fat+mass+loss.">Fibrosis in human adipose tissue: composition, distribution, and link with lipid metabolism and fat mass loss.</a> Diabetes. 59, 2817-2825 (2010).</li><li>Lackey, D. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contributions+of+adipose+tissue+architectural+and+tensile+properties+toward+defining+healthy+and+unhealthy+obesity.">Contributions of adipose tissue architectural and tensile properties toward defining healthy and unhealthy obesity.</a> American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism. 306 (3), E233-E246 (2014).</li><li>Muir, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipose+tissue+fibrosis,+hypertrophy,+and+hyperplasia:+correlations+with+diabetes+in+human+obesity.">Adipose tissue fibrosis, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia: correlations with diabetes in human obesity.</a> Obesity (Silver Spring). 24 (3), 597-605 (2016).</li><li>Spencer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipose+tissue+macrophages+in+insulin-resistant+subjects+are+associated+with+collagen+VI+and+fibrosis+and+demonstrate+alternative+activation.">Adipose tissue macrophages in insulin-resistant subjects are associated with collagen VI and fibrosis and demonstrate alternative activation.</a> American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism. 299 (6), E1016-E1027 (2010).</li><li>Baker, N. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetes-specific+regulation+of+adipocyte+metabolism+by+the+adipose+tissue+extracellular+matrix.">Diabetes-specific regulation of adipocyte metabolism by the adipose tissue extracellular matrix.</a> Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 102 (3), 1-12 (2017).</li><li>Pellegrinelli, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+adipocyte+function+is+impacted+by+mechanical+cues.">Human adipocyte function is impacted by mechanical cues.</a> Journal of Patholology. 233 (2), 183-195 (2014).</li><li>Flynn, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+decellularized+adipose+tissue+to+provide+an+inductive+microenvironment+for+the+adipogenic+differentiation+of+human+adipose-derived+stem+cells.">The use of decellularized adipose tissue to provide an inductive microenvironment for the adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells.</a> Biomaterials. 31 (17), 4715-4724 (2010).</li><li>Perea-Gil, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+comparative+study+of+two+decellularization+protocols+in+search+of+an+optimal+myocardial+scaffold+for+recellularization.">In vitro comparative study of two decellularization protocols in search of an optimal myocardial scaffold for recellularization.</a> American Journal Translational Research. 7 (3), 558-573 (2015).</li><li>Porzionato, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decellularized+omentum+as+novel+biologic+scaffold+for+reconstructive+surgery+and+regenerative+medicine.">Decellularized omentum as novel biologic scaffold for reconstructive surgery and regenerative medicine.</a> European Journal of Histochemistry. 57 (1), e4 (2013).</li><li>Tebyanian, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Comparative+Study+of+Rat+Lung+Decellularization+by+Chemical+Detergents+for+Lung+Tissue+Engineering.">A Comparative Study of Rat Lung Decellularization by Chemical Detergents for Lung Tissue Engineering.</a> Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 5 (7), 859-865 (2017).</li><li>Crapo, P. M., Gilbert, T. W., Badylak, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+overview+of+tissue+and+whole+organ+decellularization+processes.">An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes.</a> Biomaterials. 32 (12), 3233-3243 (2011).</li><li>Wang, L., Johnson, J. A., Zhang, Q., Beahm, E. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+decellularized+human+adipose+tissue+extracellular+matrix+and+adipose-derived+stem+cells+for+adipose+tissue+engineering.">Combining decellularized human adipose tissue extracellular matrix and adipose-derived stem cells for adipose tissue engineering.</a> Acta Biomaterials. 9 (11), 8921-8931 (2013).</li><li>Booth, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acellular+normal+and+fibrotic+human+lung+matrices+as+a+culture+system+for+in+vitro+investigation.">Acellular normal and fibrotic human lung matrices as a culture system for in vitro investigation.</a> American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 186 (9), 866-876 (2012).</li><li>Parker, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibrotic+extracellular+matrix+activates+a+profibrotic+positive+feedback+loop.">Fibrotic extracellular matrix activates a profibrotic positive feedback loop.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 124 (4), 1622-1635 (2014).</li><li>Baker, N. A., Muir, L. A., Lumeng, C. N., O'Rourke, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+and+Metabolic+Interrogation+of+Human+Adipocytes.">Differentiation and Metabolic Interrogation of Human Adipocytes.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1566, 61-76 (2017).</li><li>O'Rourke, R. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hexosamine+biosynthesis+is+a+possible+mechanism+underlying+hypoxia's+effects+on+lipid+metabolism+in+human+adipocytes.">Hexosamine biosynthesis is a possible mechanism underlying hypoxia's effects on lipid metabolism in human adipocytes.</a> PLoS One. 8 (8), e71165 (2013).</li><li>Tchkonia, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fat+depot-specific+characteristics+are+retained+in+strains+derived+from+single+human+preadipocytes.">Fat depot-specific characteristics are retained in strains derived from single human preadipocytes.</a> Diabetes. 55 (9), 2571-2578 (2006).</li><li>Tchoukalova, Y. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex-+and+depot-dependent+differences+in+adipogenesis+in+normal-weight+humans.">Sex- and depot-dependent differences in adipogenesis in normal-weight humans.</a> Obesity (Silver Spring). 18 (10), 1875-1880 (2010).</li></ol>

The ECM-adipocyte culture model provides a valuable tool for dissecting the individual roles of ECM and cells in dictating ultimate tissue phenotype. The ECM isolation protocol is quite reproducible, but variability in the decellularization process may be observed. The Day 3 delipidation step is a critical point in the protocol. At the completion of the overnight extraction, delipidation of the matrix should be evidenced by the Polar Solvent Solution turning yellow, while the matrix should transition from a yellow-orange...

The extracellular matrix (ECM) not only provides a mechanical scaffold for tissues, but also engages in complex crosstalk with cells that reside within it, regulating diverse processes necessary for tissue homeostasis, including cell proliferation, differentiation, signaling, and metabolism1. While healthy ECM plays an essential role the maintenance of normal tissue function, dysfunctional ECM has been implicated in multiple diseases2.
Adipose tissue plays an important role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. Obesity is associated with excessive adipocyte hypertrophy and cellular hypoxia, defects in adipocyte cellular metabolism, and adipose tissue endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress and inflammation. While poorly understood, these complex processes conspire to impair adipose tissue nutrient buffering capacity, leading to nutrient overflow from adipose tissue, toxicity in multiple tissues, and systemic metabolic disease3,4,5.The sequence of events and specific mechanisms that underlie adipose tissue failure are poorly understood, but alterations in adipose tissue ECM have been implicated. The ECM composition is altered within adipose tissue in human and murine obesity, with increased deposition of ECM protein along with qualitative biochemical and structural differences in the adipose tissue ECM associated with human metabolic disease, including type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia6,7,8,9,10,11.
Despite these observations, the role of adipose tissue ECM in mediating adipose tissue dysfunction is not well-defined. This is in part due to a lack of tractable experimental models that permit dissection of the specific roles of ECM and adipocytes in regulating ultimate adipose tissue function. ECM-adipocyte culture better simulates the in vivo environment of native adipose tissue in at least two respects. Firstly, ECM culture provides a molecular environment similar to native adipose tissue, including native collagens, elastins, and other matrix proteins absent in standard 2D culture. Secondly, culture on 2D plastic has been shown to alter adipocyte metabolism via mechanical effects due to decreased elasticity of plastic substrate12, which ECM-culture eliminates.
Methods to engineer biological scaffolds by isolation of ECM from decellularized adipose and other tissues have been studied in the context of regenerative and reconstructive medicine and tissue engineering13,14,15,16,17,18. We have previously published methodology in which we adapted these methods to develop an in vitro 3D model of human ECM-adipocyte culture, using ECM and adipocyte stem cells (preadipocytes) derived from human visceral adipose tissues11. In the present article, we describe these methods in detail. The decellularization procedure for human adipose tissue is a four-day process that involves mechanical and enzymatic treatments to remove cells and lipid, leaving a biological scaffold that maintains characteristics of the tissue from which it is derived. Decellularized ECM supports adipogenic differentiation of human preadipocytes, and when reconstituted with adipocytes, maintains microarchitecture and biochemical and disease-specific characteristics of intact adipose tissue and engages in metabolic functions characteristic of native adipose tissue. This matrix can be studied alone or reseeded with cells, permitting study of interactions and crosstalk between the cellular and extra-cellular components of adipose tissue.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL cryovial tube</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USA</td>
			<td>Cat#02-682-557</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Neutral Buffered Formalin</td>
			<td>VWR International LLC., Radnor, PA, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#89370-094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 &#181;m nylon mesh filter</td>
			<td>Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Deoxy-D-glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#D8375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 nM 3,3&#8217;-5,Triiodo,L-thyronine sodium salt (T3)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#T6397</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well tissue culture plates</td>
			<td>VWR International LLC., Radnor, PA, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#10861-700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#I5879</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well tissue culture plates</td>
			<td>VWR International LLC., Radnor, PA, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#10861-666</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic Solution (ABAM)</td>
			<td>Gibco, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#15240062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#B4639</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#A8806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buffer RLT</td>
			<td>Qiagen, Hilden, Germany</td>
			<td>Cat#79216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ciglitizone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#C3974</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deoxy-D-glucose, 2-[1,2-3H (N)]-</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#NET328A250UC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deoxyribonuclease I from bovine pancreas, type II-S</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#D4513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#D4902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USA</td>
			<td>Cat#BP231</td>
			<td>Flammable, caustic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disodium EDTA</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USA</td>
			<td>Cat#BP118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-pantothenic acid hemicalcium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#21210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Gibco, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USA</td>
			<td>Cat#11320033</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Labs, Inc., King of Prussia, PA, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#DSP-MD.43</td>
			<td>Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EVE Cell Counting Slides, NanoEnTek</td>
			<td>VWR International LLC., Radnor, PA, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#10027-446</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#10437028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#G5882</td>
			<td>Caustic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexamethyldisalizane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#440191</td>
			<td>Flammable, caustic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human insulin solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#I9278</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USA</td>
			<td>Cat#A415</td>
			<td>Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoproterenol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#I5627</td>
			<td>Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#S25484</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#P5655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipase from porcine pancreas, type VI-S</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#L0382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4*7H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#230391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#S5136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#S3014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USA</td>
			<td>Cat#S233</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NH4Cl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USA</td>
			<td>Cat#A661</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optimal cutting temperature (OCT) compound</td>
			<td>Agar Scientific, Ltd., Stansted, Essex, UK</td>
			<td>Cat# AGR1180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oil Red-O Solution (ORO)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#O1391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oil Red-O Stain Kit</td>
			<td>American Master Tech Scientific Inc., Lodi, CA, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#KTORO-G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Osmium tetroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#201030</td>
			<td>Caustic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#93482</td>
			<td>Caustic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline Solution (PBS)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USA</td>
			<td>Cat#SH3025601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ribonuclease A from bovine pancreas, type III-A</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#R5125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAEasy Fibrous Tissue MiniKit</td>
			<td>Qiagen, Hilden, Germany</td>
			<td>Cat#74704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scintillation Fluid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USA</td>
			<td>Cat#SX18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scintillation Counter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors, forceps, sterile</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sorensen&#39;s phosphate buffer</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific, Inc., Swedesboro, NJ</td>
			<td>CAS #: 10049-21-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-150 culture flask</td>
			<td>VWR International LLC., Radnor, PA, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#10062-864</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TaqMan Gene Expression Master Mix</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA USA</td>
			<td>Cat#4369016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature-controlled orbital shaker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Homogenizer, BeadBug Microtube Homogenizer</td>
			<td>Benchmark Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat#D1030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transferrin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#T3309</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triglyceride Determination Kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#TR0100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue stain, 0.4%</td>
			<td>VWR International LLC., Radnor, PA, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#10027-446</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type II collagenase</td>
			<td>Gibco, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#17101015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whatman Reeve Angel filter paper, Grade 201, 150mm</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Cat#WHA5201150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a human 3d extracellular matrix-adipocyte culture model for studying matrix-cell metabolic crosstalk

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a central role in regulating tissue homeostasis, engaging in crosstalk with cells and regulating multiple aspects of cellular function. The ECM plays a particularly important role in adipose tissue function in obesity, and alterations in adipose tissue ECM deposition and composition are associated with metabolic disease in mice and humans. Tractable in vitro models that permit dissection of the roles of the ECM and cells in contributing to global tissue phenotype are sparse. We describe a novel 3D in vitro model of human ECM-adipocyte culture that permits study of the specific roles of the ECM and adipocytes in regulating adipose tissue metabolic phenotype. Human adipose tissue is decellularized to isolate ECM, which is subsequently repopulated with preadipocytes that are then differentiated within the ECM into mature adipocytes. This method creates ECM-adipocyte constructs that are metabolically active and retain characteristics of the tissues and patients from which they are derived. We have used this system to demonstrate disease-specific ECM-adipocyte crosstalk in human adipose tissue. This culture model provides a tool for dissecting the roles of the ECM and adipocytes in contributing to global adipose tissue metabolic phenotype and permits study of the role of the ECM in regulating adipose tissue homeostasis.

Preparation of adipose tissue ECM, seeding with preadipocytes, and in vitro differentiation into mature adipocytes result in clear sequential morphologic changes in tissue that permits visual assessment of progress throughout the protocol (Figure 1). Preadipocytes used to seed the ECM are isolated using collagenase digestion from separate VAT samples (Figure 2). Scanning electron microscopy of ECM-adipocyte constructs at each sta...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Human 3D Extracellular Matrix-Adipocyte Culture Model for Studying Matrix-Cell Metabolic Crosstalk at JoVE.com

A Human 3D Extracellular Matrix-Adipocyte Culture Model for Studying Matrix-Cell Metabolic Crosstalk

We describe a 3D human extracellular matrix-adipocyte in vitro culture system that permits dissection of the roles of the matrix and adipocytes in contributing to adipose tissue metabolic phenotype.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a central role in regulating tissue homeostasis, engaging in crosstalk with cells and regulating multiple aspects of ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

A Simple Hanging Drop Cell Culture Protocol for Generation of 3D Spheroids

Studies of cell-cell cohesion and cell-substratum adhesion have historically been performed on monolayer cultures adherent to rigid substrates. Cells ...

Rotating Cell Culture Systems for Human Cell Culture: Human Trophoblast Cells as a Model

The field of human trophoblast research aids in  understanding the complex environment established during placentation. Due to the  nature of these ...

Production, Characterization and Potential Uses of a 3D Tissue-engineered Human Esophageal Mucosal Model

The incidence of both esophageal adenocarcinoma and its precursor, Barrett&#8217;s Metaplasia, are rising rapidly in the western world. Furthermore ...

3D Hydrogel Scaffolds for Articular Chondrocyte Culture and Cartilage Generation

Human articular cartilage is highly susceptible to damage and has limited self-repair and regeneration potential. Cell-based strategies to engineer ...

A Hormone-responsive 3D Culture Model of the Human Mammary Gland Epithelium

The process of mammary epithelial morphogenesis is influenced by hormones. The study of hormone action on the breast epithelium using 2D cultures is ...

Tunable Hydrogels from Pulmonary Extracellular Matrix for 3D Cell Culture

Here we present a method for establishing multiple component cell culture hydrogels for in vitro lung cell culture. Beginning with healthy en bloc lung ...

Construction of a Multilayered Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheet with a 3D Dynamic Culture System

Stem cell therapy shows a promising future in regenerating injured organ and tissues, and the cell sheet technique has been developed to improve the low ...

Measuring Global Cellular Matrix Metalloproteinase and Metabolic Activity in 3D Hydrogels

Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems often more closely recapitulate in vivo cellular responses and functions than traditional two-dimensional (2D) ...

A Culture Method to Maintain Quiescent Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), like other mammalian HSCs, maintain lifelong hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. HSCs remain quiescent in vivo, ...

In Vitro 3D Cell-Cultured Arterial Models for Studying Vascular Drug Targeting Under Flow

In Vitro 3D Cell-Cultured Arterial Models for Studying Vascular Drug Targeting Under Flow

The use of three-dimensional (3D) models of human arteries, which are designed with the correct dimensions and anatomy, enables the proper modeling of ...