Name: investigation of xenobiotics metabolism in salix alba leaves via mass spectrometry imaging
Uploaded: 2020-06-15T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging at JoVE.com

Agradecemos a Charles Pineau, Mélanie Lagarrigue e Régis Lavigne por suas dicas e truques sobre a preparação de amostras para a imagem MALDI de amostras de plantas.

1. Preparação da amostra
<ol><li>Obtenha a amostra biológica e mantenha-a fresca e intacta (por exemplo, não a force a um tubo) ou congele-a. O protocolo proposto aplica-se a qualquer tipo de amostra biológica sólida (ou seja, tecidos vegetais, animais ou humanos) para localização de compostos em tecidos específicos.</li>
	<li>Esfrie um criomicrotome a -20 °C. Mantenha o suporte da amostra e a lâmina na mesma temperatura.</li>
	<li>Se necessário, incorpore o objeto no meio de incorporação M1 para preserv...

<ol>
	<li>Zhang, D., Gersberg, R. M., Ng, W. J., Tan, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removal+of+pharmaceuticals+and+personal+care+products+in+aquatic+plant-based+systems:+A+review.">Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aquatic plant-based systems: A review.</a> Environmental Pollution. 184, 620-639 (2014).</li><li>Adeel, M., Song, X., Wang, Y., Francis, D., Yang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+impact+of+estrogens+on+human,+animal+and+plant+life:+A+critical+review.">Environmental impact of estrogens on human, animal and plant life: A critical review.</a> Environment International. 99, 107-119 (2017).</li><li>Prosser, R. S., Sibley, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+health+risk+assessment+of+pharmaceuticals+and+personal+care+products+in+plant+tissue+due+to+biosolids+and+manure+amendments,+and+wastewater+irrigation.">Human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in plant tissue due to biosolids and manure amendments, and wastewater irrigation.</a> Environment International. 75, 223-233 (2015).</li><li>Wang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+biochar+to+soils+may+result+in+plant+contamination+and+human+cancer+risk+due+to+exposure+of+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbons.">Application of biochar to soils may result in plant contamination and human cancer risk due to exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.</a> Environment International. 121, 169-177 (2018).</li><li>Marsik, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolism+of+ibuprofen+in+higher+plants:+A+model+Arabidopsis+thaliana+cell+suspension+culture+system.">Metabolism of ibuprofen in higher plants: A model Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension culture system.</a> Environmental Pollution. 220, 383-392 (2017).</li><li>He, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolism+of+ibuprofen+by+Phragmites+australis:+uptake+and+phytodegradation.">Metabolism of ibuprofen by Phragmites australis: uptake and phytodegradation.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 51 (8), 4576-4584 (2017).</li><li>Huber, C., Bartha, B., Harpaintner, R., Schr&#246;der, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolism+of+acetaminophen+(paracetamol)+in+plants-two+independent+pathways+result+in+the+formation+of+a+glutathione+and+a+glucose+conjugate.">Metabolism of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in plants-two independent pathways result in the formation of a glutathione and a glucose conjugate.</a> Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 16 (2), 206-213 (2009).</li><li>Thomas, F., C&#233;bron, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-term+rhizosphere+effect+on+available+carbon+sources,+phenanthrene+degradation,+and+active+microbiome+in+an+aged-contaminated+industrial+soil.">Short-term rhizosphere effect on available carbon sources, phenanthrene degradation, and active microbiome in an aged-contaminated industrial soil.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 7, 1-15 (2016).</li><li>Villette, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+localization+of+micropollutants+and+associated+stress+response+in+Populus+nigra+leaves.">In situ localization of micropollutants and associated stress response in Populus nigra leaves.</a> Environment International. 126, 523-532 (2019).</li><li>Sandermann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant+metabolism+of+organic+xenobiotics.+Status+and+prospects+of+the+'Green+Liver'+concept.">Plant metabolism of organic xenobiotics. Status and prospects of the 'Green Liver' concept.</a> Plant Biotechnology and In Vitro Biology in the 21st Century. , 321-328 (1999).</li><li>Sula, B., Deveci, E., &#214;zevren, H., Ekinci, C., Elbey, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunohistochemical+and+histopathological+changes+in+the+skin+of+rats+after+administration+of+lead+acetate.">Immunohistochemical and histopathological changes in the skin of rats after administration of lead acetate.</a> International Journal of Morphology. 34 (3), 918-922 (2016).</li><li>Villette, C., Maurer, L., Wanko, A., Heintz, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Xenobiotics+metabolization+in+Salix+alba+leaves+uncovered+by+mass+spectrometry+imaging.">Xenobiotics metabolization in Salix alba leaves uncovered by mass spectrometry imaging.</a> Metabolomics. 15, 122 (2019).</li><li>Khatib-Shahidi, S., Andersson, M., Herman, J. L., Gillespie, T. A., Caprioli, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+Molecular+Analysis+of+Whole-Body+Animal+Tissue+Sections+by+Imaging+MALDI+Mass+Spectrometry.">Direct Molecular Analysis of Whole-Body Animal Tissue Sections by Imaging MALDI Mass Spectrometry.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 78 (18), 6448-6456 (2006).</li></ol>

A parte crítica deste protocolo é a preparação da amostra: a amostra deve ser macia e intacta. O corte é a parte mais difícil, pois a temperatura e a espessura da amostra podem variar dependendo do tipo de amostra estudada. Os tecidos animais são geralmente homogêneos e mais fáceis de cortar. As amostras de plantas geralmente incorporam estruturas diferentes e, portanto, são mais difíceis de manter intactas à medida que a lâmina encontra tecidos vasculares macios, duros ou vazios. É altamente recomendável ...

Xenobióticos são amplamente distribuídos ao redor do mundo devido às atividades humanas. Alguns desses compostos são solúveis em água e absorvidos pelo solo1, e entram na cadeia alimentar quando se acumulam em tecidos vegetais2,3,4. As plantas são comidas por insetos e herbívoros, que são presas de outros organismos. A ingestão de alguns xenobióticos e seu impacto na saúde de uma planta foram descritos5,6,7,8, mas apenas recentemente em um nível de tecido9. Portanto, ainda não está claro onde ou como o metabolismo dos xenobióticos ocorre, ou se metabólitos vegetais específicos estão correlacionados ao acúmulo xenobiótico em tecidos específicos10. Além disso, a maioria das pesquisas tem negligenciado o metabolismo dos xenobióticos e seus metabólitos nas plantas, tão pouco se sabe sobre essas reações nos tecidos vegetais.
Proposto aqui é um método para investigar reações enzimáticas em amostras biológicas que podem estar associadas à localização tecidual de substratos e produtos das reações. O método pode desenhar o perfil metabólico completo de uma amostra biológica em um experimento, uma vez que a análise não é direcionada e pode ser investigada usando listas personalizadas de analitos de interesse. Desde que seja uma lista de candidatos rastreados no conjunto de dados original. Se um ou vários analitos de interesse forem observados na amostra, a localização específica do tecido pode fornecer informações importantes sobre os processos biológicos relacionados. Os analitos de interesse podem então ser modificados em sílico usando leis biológicas relevantes para a busca de possíveis produtos/metabólitos. A lista de metabólitos obtidos é então utilizada para analisar os dados originais, identificando as enzimas envolvidas e localizando as reações nos tecidos, ajudando assim a compreender os processos metabólicos que ocorrem. Nenhum outro método fornece informações sobre os tipos de reações ocorridas nas amostras biológicas, a localização dos compostos de interesse e seus metabólitos relacionados. Este método pode ser usado em qualquer tipo de material biológico uma vez que tecidos frescos e intactos estão disponíveis e os compostos de interesse podem ser ionizados. O protocolo proposto foi publicado em Villette et al.12 e é detalhado aqui para uso da comunidade científica.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:664px;" width="664">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Cover slips</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">267942</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Cryomicrotome</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Excel</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Microsoft corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">flexImaging</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">ftmsControl</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">GTX primescan</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">GX Microscopes</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">HCCA MALDI matrix</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">8201344</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">ImagePrep</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">ITO-coated slides</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">237001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">M1-embedding matrix</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">ThermoScientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">1310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Metabolite Predict</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Metaboscape</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Fisher Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>No specific reference needed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">MX 35 Ultra blades</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">15835682</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Plastic molds</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>No specific reference needed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">SCiLS Lab</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">SolariX XR 7Tesla</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>The method proposed is not limited to this instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Spray sheets for ImagePrep</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">8261614</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">TFA</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>No specific reference needed</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

investigation of xenobiotics metabolism in salix alba leaves via mass spectrometry imaging

O método apresentado utiliza imagens de espectrometria de massa (IM) para estabelecer o perfil metabólico das folhas de S. alba quando expostas a xenobióticos. Usando uma abordagem não direcionada, metabólitos vegetais e xenobióticos de interesse são identificados e localizados em tecidos vegetais para descobrir padrões específicos de distribuição. Em seguida, na previsão silico de metabólitos potenciais (ou seja, catabólitos e conjugados) dos xenobióticos identificados é realizada. Quando um metabólito xenobiótico está localizado no tecido, o tipo de enzima envolvida em sua alteração pela planta é registrado. Esses resultados foram utilizados para descrever diferentes tipos de reações biológicas ocorridas nas folhas de S. alba em resposta ao acúmulo xenobiótico nas folhas. Os metabólitos foram previstos em duas gerações, permitindo a documentação de sucessivas reações biológicas para transformar xenobióticos nos tecidos da folha.

Este protocolo foi aplicado a folhas frescas amostradas de uma árvore S. alba exposta a xenobióticos no ambiente. O processo é retratado na Figura 1. O primeiro passo é preparar fatias finas da amostra de juros. Amostras de plantas são muitas vezes mais difíceis de cortar do que amostras de animais, pois os tecidos são heterogêneos e podem conter água e/ou ar. Esta dificuldade é tratada usando meio de incorporação, que forma um bloco homogêneo ao redor da amostra. A dep...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging at JoVE.com

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Este método usa imagens de espectrometria de massa (MSI) para entender processos metabólicos nas folhas de S. alba quando expostos a xenobióticos. O método permite a localização espacial de compostos de interesse e seus metabólitos previstos dentro de tecidos específicos e intactos.

Investigação do metabolismo xenobióticos em folhas de Salix alba via Imagem de Espectrometria de Massa

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a ...

This protocol allows direct identification of predicted metabolites in situ. It facilitates the determination of the type of tissues or cells that are affected by a specific metabolic process. This method is quick and straightforward.It does not require a complicated sample preparation or compound extraction, and it allows the identification and localization of low abundant compounds. Upon acquisition of the biological sample, cool a cryo microtome sample holder and blade to minus 20 degrees Celsius. If necessary, pour embedding medium into a plastic mold placed within the cryo microtome chamber and quickly add the sample to the medium.Cover the sample with additional embedding medium and adjust the position of the sample to the center of the mold as necessary as the matrix solidifies. When the sample is ready, use embedding medium to mount the tissue onto the cryo microtome holder and use the cooled blade to cut the tissue into appropriate sized sections, modifying the cutting thickness and temperature as necessary to obtain optimal samples. As each section is acquired, use an appropriate tool to carefully move the slice to an indium tin oxide coated glass microscope slide, and place a finger under the slide to warm and dry the sample before placing the slide into the cryo microtome chamber.When all of the slices have been acquired, slowly remove the slides from the chamber and use an appropriate marker to indicate the exact location of each sample on the slides. When all of the slides have been marked, use a high-resolution scanner to scan the samples. After scanning, clean the matrix deposition robot with 100%methanol, and use methanol and a precision wipe to clean each slide, holding the samples without touching them and without removing the marks.Place a clean coverslip over each slide in an area without sample and place the coverslip end of the first slide over the optical detector, then place no more than six milliliters of freshly prepared matrix solution in the matrix deposition reservoir and add two milliliters of 100%methanol to a total volume of eight milliliters. For data acquisition set up, place one microliter of matrix onto a MALDI plate and insert the plate into the source. Click load target in the device software and click on the spot in the image that represents the MALDI plate to select the position of the matrix spot.Indicate the sample name and folder in the sample info tab. Click acquisition to start the acquisition and use the mouse pointer to move the plate slightly so that the laser points at different spots. When the acquisition is finished, open the calibration tab and select HCCA calibration list in the quadratic mode and click automatic.The global calibration result will be indicated in the calibration plot window. If the calibration is in the appropriate range, click accept and save the method. Once the matrix deposition on the samples is finished, place the slides in the slide adapter and use a plastic cover to retrieve the position of the marks.In the imaging software, set up a new imaging run in the first window that opens in the software and name the imaging run. Select the result directory and click next. Indicate the raster size, select the method to be used, and click next.Load the optical image from a scanned slide and click next. The image will open in a wider window and place the plastic cover bearing the marks onto a MALDI plate to recover its position and to facilitate the teaching. Under FTMS control, place the target of the MALDI video window on the exact position of a mark and open flex imaging, then click on the exact same point on the optical image.Use the add measurement regions tools to draw the regions of interest in the samples and save the imaging run. If several samples are to be analyzed, run the auto execute sequence and use auto execute batch runner to launch a sequence. When all of the images have been acquired, use the batch importer tool to select the raw data, indicate the target directory, and click import.Click file and new to select the data set tool to select the type of instrument used for the acquisition and click plus to add the imported dataset. Click and drag to arrange the images and check and modify the mass range settings as necessary. Click next to see the import summary and launch the import.Visualize the master charge ratio in different tissues within a sample or between different samples and click spectra to select the mass-to-charge ratios of interest. Export the mass-to-charge ratios of interest as a CSV file from the object tab and click export. Create a new dataset in an annotation software program and click projects and import CSV project to import the CSV file into the software.Annotate with custom-made analyte lists, which can be derived from publicly available databases. A template is given by the software to create analyte lists. Use the prediction software to perform in silico prediction of the metabolites of the annotated compounds.Recover the list of metabolites, create an analyte list, and use the list in the annotation software to annotate the raw data with predicted metabolites, then right-click on the predicted metabolite of interest to recover the names of the enzymes involved in the metabolic processes in the prediction software. In this example, the drug Telmisartan was determined to be distributed throughout the plant leaf tissue samples. The drug metabolites were predicted and searched for in the raw data, and the annotations revealed that one first-generation metabolite was detected in the internal tissues of the leaves and further degraded into second-generation metabolites that were localized in internal tissues or more generally distributed in all of the leaf tissues.These results suggest an active metabolic reaction in the leaves to degrade Telmisartan. The process was then applied to several compounds of interest annotated in the leaves and the enzymes involved in the reactions were recovered to investigate their role in the plant's response to xenobiotic accumulation. Although this procedure is quite simple, a good sample preparation is key.Be sure to take the time to find the parameters that fit your sample type during tissue sectioning. The sample size can be further used for microscopy observations. It can be stained to obtain a panel of complimentary biological observations.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Mass Production of Genetically Modified Aedes aegypti for Field Releases in Brazil

Mass Production of Genetically Modified Aedes aegypti for Field Releases in Brazil

Produção em massa de Aedes aegypti geneticamente modificado para lançamentos de campo no Brasil

New techniques and methods are being sought to try to win the battle against mosquitoes. Recent advances in molecular techniques have led to the ...

Ambiente

Optimize Flue Gas Settings to Promote Microalgae Growth in Photobioreactors via Computer Simulations

Otimizar Configurações de gases de combustão para promover o crescimento de microalgas em fotobiorreatores via simulações de computador

Flue gas from power plants can promote algal cultivation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions1. Microalgae not only capture solar energy more efficiently ...

An Aquatic Microbial Metaproteomics Workflow: From Cells to Tryptic Peptides Suitable for Tandem Mass Spectrometry-based Analysis

Um Aquatic Microbial metaproteômica fluxo de trabalho: a partir de células para Tryptic Peptides adequado para análise baseada em espectrometria de massa em tandem

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and ...

Measuring Rates of Herbicide Metabolism in Dicot Weeds with an Excised Leaf Assay

Medindo Taxas de Herbicida Metabolismo em Dicot Weeds com um ensaio extirpado Folha

In order to isolate and accurately determine rates of herbicide metabolism in an obligate-outcrossing dicot weed, waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), we ...

LC-MS Analysis of Human Platelets as a Platform for Studying Mitochondrial Metabolism

Análise de LC-MS de Plaquetas Humanas como Plataforma para Estudar o Metabolismo Mitocôndrial

Perturbed mitochondrial metabolism has received renewed interest as playing a causative role in a range of diseases. Probing alterations to metabolic ...

Determination of Inorganic Arsenic in a Wide Range of Food Matrices using Hydride Generation - Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.

Determinação de arsênio inorgânico em uma ampla gama de alimentos matrizes usando a geração de hidreto - espectrometria de absorção atômica.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) underlined in its Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food that in order to support a sound exposure assessment to ...

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Avaliar as habilidades de remoção de partículas de árvore folhas

Based on the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning (WC) + brush cleaning (BC)), this study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic cleaning (UC) on ...

Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Atmospheric Environments via a High-performance Liquid Chromatography-electrochemical Detector System

Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Atmospheric Environments via a High-performance Liquid Chromatography-electrochemical Detector System

Deteção de 3-Nitrotyrosine em ambientes atmosféricos através de alta performance sistema Detector eletroquímico-cromatografia líquida

3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) is generated from the tyrosine residue in atmospheric bio-aerosol proteins via a reaction with ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide ...

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

Identificação por- e espécies químicas perfluorados com um fluxo de trabalho combinada alvo e não alvo-triagem de alta resolução de espectrometria de massa

Historical and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered significant interest from the public and government agencies from the ...

Investigation of Plant Interactions Across Common Mycorrhizal Networks Using Rotated Cores

Investigação das interações planta comum redes micorrízicas usando núcleos girados

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi influence plant mineral nutrient uptake and growth, hence, they have the potential to influence plant interactions. The ...