Name: intra-arterial delivery of neural stem cells to the rat and mouse brain: application to cerebral ischemia
Uploaded: 2020-06-26T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia at JoVE.com

This research was supported by the following: AHA Award 14SDG20480186 for LC, Subject innovation team of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine 2019-QN07 for BZ, and Kentucky Spinal Cord and Head Injury Research Trust grant 14-12A for KES and LC.

All the procedures on animal subjects were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University of Kentucky, and appropriate care was taken to minimize stress or pain associated with surgery.
1. Preparation of injection catheter and surgical hooks
<ol>
	<li>Construct the injection catheter (Figure 1). Gather necessary materials including: MRE010, MRE025, and MRE050 tubing, 20 G, 26 G and 27 G injection needles (<strong class="xfi...

<ol>
	<li>Wang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stroke+research+in+2017:+surgical+progress+and+stem-cell+advances.">Stroke research in 2017: surgical progress and stem-cell advances.</a> The Lancet. Neurology. 17, 2-3 (2018).</li><li>Bliss, T., Guzman, R., Daadi, M., Steinberg, G. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+transplantation+therapy+for+stroke.">Cell transplantation therapy for stroke.</a> Stroke. 38, 817-826 (2007).</li><li>Boese, A. C., Le, Q. E., Pham, D., Hamblin, M. H., Lee, J. 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I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+Stem+Cells+the+Next+Generation+of+Stroke+Therapeutics.">Are Stem Cells the Next Generation of Stroke Therapeutics.</a> Stroke. 49, 1056-1057 (2018).</li><li>Wechsler, L. R., Bates, D., Stroemer, P., Andrews-Zwilling, Y. S., Aizman, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+Therapy+for+Chronic+Stroke.">Cell Therapy for Chronic Stroke.</a> Stroke. 49, 1066-1074 (2018).</li><li>Muir, K. 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W., Sinden, J., Miljan, E., Dunn, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracranial+delivery+of+stem+cells.">Intracranial delivery of stem cells.</a> Translational Stroke Research. 2, 266-271 (2011).</li><li>Boltze, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Dark+Side+of+the+Force+-+Constraints+and+Complications+of+Cell+Therapies+for+Stroke.">The Dark Side of the Force - Constraints and Complications of Cell Therapies for Stroke.</a> Frontiers in Neurology. 6, 155 (2015).</li><li>Huang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+noncontact+speckle+contrast+diffuse+correlation+tomography+of+cerebral+blood+flow+in+rats.">Noninvasive noncontact speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography of cerebral blood flow in rats.</a> Neuroimage. 198, 160-169 (2019).</li><li>Wong, J. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attenuation+of+Cerebral+Ischemic+Injury+in+Smad1+Deficient+Mice.">Attenuation of Cerebral Ischemic Injury in Smad1 Deficient Mice.</a> PLoS One. 10, 0136967 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deficiency+of+telomerase+activity+aggravates+the+blood-brain+barrier+disruption+and+neuroinflammatory+responses+in+a+model+of+experimental+stroke.">Deficiency of telomerase activity aggravates the blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammatory responses in a model of experimental stroke.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Research. 88, 2859-2868 (2010).</li><li>Walker, T. L., Yasuda, T., Adams, D. J., Bartlett, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+doublecortin-expressing+population+in+the+developing+and+adult+brain+contains+multipotential+precursors+in+addition+to+neuronal-lineage+cells.">The doublecortin-expressing population in the developing and adult brain contains multipotential precursors in addition to neuronal-lineage cells.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 27, 3734-3742 (2007).</li><li>Progatzky, F., Dallman, M. J., Lo Celso, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+seeing+to+believing:+labelling+strategies+for+in+vivo+cell-tracking+experiments.">From seeing to believing: labelling strategies for in vivo cell-tracking experiments.</a> Interface Focus. 3, 20130001 (2013).</li><li>Bertrand, L., Dygert, L., Toborek, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+Ischemic+Stroke+and+Ischemia-reperfusion+in+Mice+Using+the+Middle+Artery+Occlusion+Technique+and+Visualization+of+Infarct+Area.">Induction of Ischemic Stroke and Ischemia-reperfusion in Mice Using the Middle Artery Occlusion Technique and Visualization of Infarct Area.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. , (2017).</li><li>Leda, A. R., Dygert, L., Bertrand, L., Toborek, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Microsurgery+Infusion+Technique+for+Targeted+Substance+Delivery+into+the+CNS+via+the+Internal+Carotid+Artery.">Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. , (2017).</li><li>Chua, J. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-arterial+injection+of+neural+stem+cells+using+a+microneedle+technique+does+not+cause+microembolic+strokes.">Intra-arterial injection of neural stem cells using a microneedle technique does not cause microembolic strokes.</a> Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 31, 1263-1271 (2011).</li><li>Potts, M. B., Silvestrini, M. T., Lim, D. 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Stem cell therapy for neurological diseases is still at an early exploratory stage. One major issue is there is no established method for sufficient delivery of SCs or NSCs into the brain.
Although exogenous SCs/NSCs can be detected in the brain following intravenous (IV), intraperitoneal (IP) or intraparenchymal/intracerebral injection, each delivery approach has drawbacks. The detectable population within the brain is estimated to be very low with peripheral injection (IV or IP), representin...

Stem cell (SC) therapy holds tremendous potential as a treatment for neurological diseases, including stroke, head trauma and dementia1,2,3,4,5,6. However, an efficient method to deliver exogenous SCs to the diseased brain remains problematic2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13. SCs delivered through peripheral delivery routes, including intravenous (IV) or intraperitoneal (IP) injection, are subject to first-pass filtering in the microcirculation, especially in the lung, liver, spleen and muscle8,9,13,14, increasing chances of accumulation of cells in non-target areas. The invasive intracerebral injection method results in localized brain tissue damage and a very restricted distribution of SCs near the injection site2,6,8,14,15,16. We have recently established a catheter-based intra-arterial injection method to deliver exogenous neural SCs (NSCs), which is described here applied in a rodent model of focal ischemic stroke. We induce transient (1 h) ischemia-reperfusion injury in one hemisphere using a silicone rubber coated filament to occlude the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) in the mouse or rat17,18,19. In this model we have reproducibly observed approximately 75-85% depression of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in ipsilateral hemisphere with Laser Doppler or Laser speckle imaging17,19, yielding consistent neurological deficits17,18,19.
For time-saving purposes, the video is set to play at twice the normal speed and routine surgical procedures such as skin preparation and wound closure with suture and the use and setup of the motorized syringe pump are not presented. The method of intra-arterial delivery of NSCs is demonstrated in the context of the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of experimental stroke in rodents. Therefore, we include the transient ischemic stroke procedure in order to later demonstrate how the second surgery, the intra-arterial injection, is performed using the previous surgical site on the same animal. The feasibility of intra-arterial NSC delivery in rodent stroke models is demonstrated by assessing the distribution and survival of exogenous NSCs. The efficacy of NSC therapy to attenuate brain pathology and neurological dysfunction will be reported separately.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>20 G needle</td>
			<td>Becton &#38; Dickinson</td>
			<td>BD PrecisionGlide 305175</td>
			<td>preparation of injection catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26 G needle</td>
			<td>Becton &#38; Dickinson</td>
			<td>BD PrecisionGlide 305111</td>
			<td>preparation of injection catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27 G needle</td>
			<td>Becton &#38; Dickinson</td>
			<td>BD PrecisionGlide 305136</td>
			<td>preparation of injection catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 NFS-2 suture with needle</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td>56905</td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-0 nylon suture</td>
			<td>Teleflex/Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>104-s</td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutase</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td>7922</td>
			<td>cell detachment solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>blade</td>
			<td>Bard-Parker</td>
			<td>10</td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine-SR Lab</td>
			<td>ZooPharm</td>
			<td>Buprenorphine-SR Lab&#174;</td>
			<td>analgesia (0.6-1 mg/kg over 3 d)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium/magnisum free PBS</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>02-0119-0500</td>
			<td>NSC dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DCX antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB2253</td>
			<td>immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFAP antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>180063</td>
			<td>immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td>50562-1</td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MCAO filament for mouse</td>
			<td>Doccol</td>
			<td>702223PK5Re</td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MCAO filament for rat</td>
			<td>Doccol</td>
			<td>503334PK5Re</td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MRE010 catheter</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>MRE010</td>
			<td>preparation of injection catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MRE025 catheter</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>MRE025</td>
			<td>preparation of injection catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MRE050 catheter</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>MRE050</td>
			<td>preparation of injection catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nu-Tears Ointment</td>
			<td>NuLife Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td>Nu-Tears Ointment</td>
			<td>eye care during surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S&#38;T Forceps - SuperGrip Tips JF-5TC Angled</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>00649-11</td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S&#38;T Forceps - SuperGrip Tips JF-5TC Straight</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>00632-11</td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superglue</td>
			<td>Pacer Technology</td>
			<td>15187</td>
			<td>preparation of injection catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>syringe pump</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>GenieTouch</td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tuj1 antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAb1637</td>
			<td>immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>two-component 5 minute epoxy</td>
			<td>Devcon</td>
			<td>20445</td>
			<td>preparation of injection catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas spring scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15000-08</td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vascular clamps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>00400-03</td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axio Imager 2</td>
			<td>microscopy</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intra-arterial delivery of neural stem cells to the rat and mouse brain: application to cerebral ischemia

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to intracranial delivery, intra-arterial administration of NSCs is less invasive and produces a more diffuse distribution of NSCs within the brain parenchyma. Further, intra-arterial delivery allows the first-pass effect in the brain circulation, lessening the potential for trapping of cells in peripheral organs, such as liver and spleen, a complication associated with peripheral injections. Here, we detail the methodology, in both mice and rats, for delivery of NSCs through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) to the ipsilateral hemisphere after an ischemic stroke. Using GFP-labeled NSCs, we illustrate the widespread distribution achieved throughout the rodent ipsilateral hemisphere at 1 d, 1 week and 4 weeks after postischemic delivery, with a higher density in or near the ischemic injury site. In addition to long-term survival, we show evidence of differentiation of GFP-labeled cells at 4 weeks. The intra-arterial delivery approach described here for NSCs can also be used for administration of therapeutic compounds, and thus has broad applicability to varied CNS injury and disease models across multiple species.

GFP-labeled NSCs were readily detected in the ischemic brain, mostly in the ipsilateral hemisphere, especially in the penumbra and along the injury rim (Figure 6). The examiner was single-blinded during imaging and analysis.
For example, at 1 d after injection, NSCs were detected within the mouse hippocampus. A subset of NSCs showed co-expression of the immature neuron marker DCX in the dentate gyrus even at this early time point (Figure 6A</s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia at JoVE.com

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

A method for delivering neural stem cells, adaptable for injecting solutions or suspensions, through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) after ischemic stroke is reported. Injected cells are distributed broadly throughout the brain parenchyma and can be detected up to 30 d after delivery.

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...

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