Name: sample preparation and relative quantitation using reductive methylation of amines for peptidomics studies
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sample Preparation and Relative Quantitation using Reductive Methylation of Amines for Peptidomics Studies at JoVE.com

The development and use of the techniques described here were supported by the Brazilian National Research Council grant 420811/2018-4 (LMC); Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (www.fapesp.br) grants 2019/16023-6 (LMC), 2019/17433-3 (LOF) and 21/01286-1 (MEME). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the article.

The following procedure for peptide extraction and reductive methylation was adapted from previously published procedures24,25,26,27. This protocol followed the guidelines of the National Council for Animal Experimentation Control (CONCEA) and was approved by the Ethics Commission for Animal Use (CEUA) at Bioscience Institute of Sao Paulo State University. The protocol steps are shown in <stron...

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In most peptidomics studies, one of the critical steps is, without doubt, the sample preparation that should be carefully performed to avoid the presence of peptide fragments generated by proteases after a few minutes post-mortem. The initial studies on brain extracts prepared from non-microwaved samples showed a large number of protein fragments to be present in the 10-kDa microfiltrates. Different approaches have been described to avoid peptide spectra from protein degradation: focused microwave irradiation animal sacr...

&#34;Omics&#34; sciences are characterized by the deep analysis of a molecule set, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, peptides, metabolites, etc. These generated large-scale datasets (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, peptidomics, metabolomics, etc.) have revolutionized biology and led to an advanced understanding of biological processes1. The term peptidomics began to be introduced in the early 20th century, and some authors have referred to it as a branch of proteomics2. However, peptidomics has distinct particularities, where the main interest is to investigate the naturally generated peptides content during cellular processes, as well as the characterization of biological activity of these molecules3,4.
Initially, bioactive peptide studies were restricted to the neuropeptides and hormone peptides through Edman degradation and radioimmunoassay. However, these techniques do not allow a global analysis, depending on the isolation of each peptide in high concentrations, time for the generation of antibodies, besides cross-reactivity possibility5.
Peptidomics analysis was only made possible after several advances in Liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and genome projects that delivered comprehensive data pools for proteomics/peptidomics studies6,7. Moreover, a specific peptide extraction protocol for peptidomes needed to be established because the first studies that analyzed neuropeptides globally in brain samples showed that detection was affected by the massive degradation of proteins, which occur mainly in this tissue after 1 min post-mortem. The presence of these peptide fragments masked the neuropeptide signal and did not represent the peptidome in vivo. This problem was solved mainly with the application of fast heating inactivation of proteases using microwave irradiation, which drastically reduced the presence of these artifact fragments and allowed not only the identification of neuropeptide fragments but revealed the presence of a set of peptides from cytosolic, mitochondrial, and nuclear proteins, different of degradome6,8,9.
These methodological procedures allowed an expansion of the peptidome beyond the well-known neuropeptides, where hundreds of intracellular peptides generated mainly by the action of proteasomes have been identified in yeast10, zebrafish11, rodent tissues12, and human cells13. Dozens of these intracellular peptides have been extensively shown to have both biological and pharmacological activities14,15. Furthermore, these peptides can be used as disease biomarkers and possibly have clinical significance, as demonstrated in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with intracranial saccular aneurysms16.
Currently, in addition to the identification of peptide sequences, it is possible through mass spectrometry to obtain data of absolute and relative quantitation. In the absolute quantitation, the peptide levels in a biological sample are compared to synthetic standards, while in the relative quantitation, the peptide levels are compared among two or more samples17. Relative quantitation can be performed using the following approaches: 1) &#34;label free&#34;18; 2) in vivo metabolic labeling or 3) chemical labeling. The last two are based on the use of stable isotopic forms incorporated into peptides19,20. In label-free analysis, the peptide levels are estimated by considering the signal strength (spectral counts) during the LC-MS18. However, isotopic labeling can obtain more accurate relative levels of peptides.
Many peptidomic studies used trimethylammonium butyrate (TMAB) labeling reagents as chemical labeling, and more recently, Reductive Methylation of Amines (RMA) with deuterated and non-deuterated forms of formaldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride reagents have been used11,21,22. However, the TMAB labels are not commercially available, and the synthesis process is very laborious. On the other hand, in the RMA, the reagents are commercially available, inexpensive compared to other labels, the procedure is simple to perform, and the labeled peptides are stable23,24.
The use of RMA involves forming a Schiff base by allowing the peptides to react with formaldehyde, followed by a reduction reaction through the cyanoborohydride. This reaction causes dimethylation of free amino groups on N-terminals and lysine side chains and monomethylates N-terminal prolines. How proline residues are often rare on the N-terminal, practically all peptides with free amines on the N-terminus are labeled with two methyl groups23,24,25.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10 kDa cut-off filters</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC801024</td>
			<td>Amicon Ultra-4, PLGC Ultracel-PL Membrane, 10 kDa</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>179124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>1000291000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>11213</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>analytical column (EASY-Column)</td>
			<td>EASY-Column</td>
			<td>(SC200)</td>
			<td>&#160;10 cm, ID75 &#181;m, 3 &#181;m, C18-A2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E10521</td>
			<td>MS-222</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F9015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>252549</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde-13C, d2, solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>596388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde-d2 solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>492620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>33015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fume hood</td>
			<td>Quimis</td>
			<td>Q216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid - HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>258148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LoBind-Protein retention tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>EP0030108116-100EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LTQ-Orbitrap Velos</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>LTQ Velos</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave oven</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td>NN-ST67HSRU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>n Easy-nLC II nanoHPLC</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>LC140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEAKS Studio</td>
			<td>Bioinformatics Solutions Inc.</td>
			<td>VERSION 8.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-buffered saline</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>3002</td>
			<td>tablets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>precolumn (EASY-Column)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>(SC001)</td>
			<td>2 cm, ID100 &#181;m, 5 &#181;m, C18-A1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated centrifuge</td>
			<td>Hermle</td>
			<td>Z326K</td>
			<td>for conical tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated centrifuge</td>
			<td>Vision</td>
			<td>VS15000CFNII</td>
			<td>for microtubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reversed-phase cleanup columns&#160;&#160; (Oasis HLB 1 cc Cartridge)</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>186000383</td>
			<td>Oasis HLB 1 cc Cartridge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium cyanoborodeuteride - NaBD3CN</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>190020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium cyanoborohydride - NaBH3CN</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>156159</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9763</td>
			<td>NOTE: 0.2 M PB= 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 6.8 (26.85 mL of Na2HPO3 1M) plus 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 6.8 (23.15 mL of NaH2PO3 1M) to 250 ml of water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonicator</td>
			<td>Qsonica</td>
			<td>Q55-110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard peptide</td>
			<td>Proteimax</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>amino acid sequence: LTLRTKL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triethylammonium buffer - TEAB 1 M</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T7408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trifluoroacetic acid - TFA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T6508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra purified water</td>
			<td>Milli-Q</td>
			<td>Direct-Q 3UV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum centrifuge</td>
			<td>GeneVac</td>
			<td>MiVac DNA concentrator</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Cientec</td>
			<td>266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xcalibur Software</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>OPTON-30965</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sample preparation and relative quantitation using reductive methylation of amines for peptidomics studies

Peptidomics can be defined as the qualitative and quantitative analysis of peptides in a biological sample. Its main applications include identifying the peptide biomarkers of disease or environmental stress, identifying neuropeptides, hormones, and bioactive intracellular peptides, discovering antimicrobial and nutraceutical peptides from protein hydrolysates, and can be used in studies to understand the proteolytic processes. The recent advance in sample preparation, separation methods, mass spectrometry techniques, and computational tools related to protein sequencing has contributed to the increase of the identified peptides number and peptidomes characterized. Peptidomic studies frequently analyze peptides that are naturally generated in cells. Here, a sample preparation protocol based on heat-inactivation is described, which eliminates protease activity, and extraction with mild conditions, so there is no peptide bonds cleavage. In addition, the relative quantitation of peptides using stable isotope labeling by reductive methylation of amines is also shown. This labeling method has some advantages as the reagents are commercially available, inexpensive compared to others, chemically stable, and allows the analysis of up to five samples in a single LC-MS run.

The results obtained from the runs carried out on the mass spectrometer are stored in raw data files that can be opened in the mass spectrometer software. In the MS spectra, it is possible to observe peak groups representing labeled peptides according to the labeling scheme used, ranging from 2-5 labels. For example, in Figure 2, pairs of peaks detected in a chromatographic time are represented in an experiment where only two isotopic labels were used in two different samples in the same run...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sample Preparation and Relative Quantitation using Reductive Methylation of Amines for Peptidomics Studies at JoVE.com

Sample Preparation and Relative Quantitation using Reductive Methylation of Amines for Peptidomics Studies

This article describes a sample preparation method based on heat-inactivation to preserve endogenous peptides avoiding degradation post-mortem, followed by relative quantitation using isotopic labeling plus LC-MS.

Peptidomics can be defined as the qualitative and quantitative analysis of peptides in a biological sample. Its main applications include identifying the ...

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