Name: real-time monitoring of mitochondrial respiration in cytokine-differentiated human primary t cells
Uploaded: 2021-10-19T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells at JoVE.com

Kasper M&#248;lgaard&#160;and Anne Rahbech received grants from T&#248;mmermester J&#248;rgen Holm og Hustru Elisa f. Hansens Mindelegat. Kasper M&#248;lgaardalso received a grant from B&#248;rnecancerfonden.

Experiments were carried out under the guidelines from Herlev Hospital and the Capital Region of Denmark.
NOTE: This protocol contains instructions for both an Optimization run and an Assays run. It is clearly written in the text when instructions are for an Optimization run or an Assay run. Run an Optimization run before continuing with the Assay runs
1. Human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC) isolation from buffy coats
<ol>
	<li>PBMC isolation...

<ol>
	<li>vander Windt, G. J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+respiratory+capacity+is+a+critical+regulator+of+CD8++T+cell+memory+development.">Mitochondrial respiratory capacity is a critical regulator of CD8+ T cell memory development.</a> Immunity. 36 (1), 68-78 (2012).</li><li>Krauss, S., Brand, M. D., Buttgereit, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+takes+a+breath--new+quantitative+perspectives+on+bioenergetics+and+signal+transduction.">Signaling takes a breath--new quantitative perspectives on bioenergetics and signal transduction.</a> Immunity. 15 (4), 497-502 (2001).</li><li>vander Windt, G. J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD8+memory+T+cells+have+a+bioenergetic+advantage+that+underlies+their+rapid+recall+ability.">CD8 memory T cells have a bioenergetic advantage that underlies their rapid recall ability.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (35), 14336-14341 (2013).</li><li>Chang, C. -. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Posttranscriptional+control+of+T+cell+effector+function+by+aerobic+glycolysis.">Posttranscriptional control of T cell effector function by aerobic glycolysis.</a> Cell. 153 (6), 1239-1251 (2013).</li><li>vander Windt, G. J. W., Chang, C. -. H., Pearce, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+bioenergetics+in+T+cells+using+a+Seahorse+extracellular+flux+analyzer.">Measuring bioenergetics in T cells using a Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer.</a> Current Protocols in Immunology. 113, 1-14 (2016).</li><li>Buck, M. D., O'Sullivan, D., Pearce, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+cell+metabolism+drives+immunity.">T cell metabolism drives immunity.</a> Journal of Experimental Medicine. 212 (9), 1345-1360 (2015).</li><li>Rivadeneira, D. B., Delgoffe, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antitumor+T-cell+reconditioning:+Improving+metabolic+fitness+for+optimal+cancer+immunotherapy.">Antitumor T-cell reconditioning: Improving metabolic fitness for optimal cancer immunotherapy.</a> Clinical Cancer Research. 24 (11), 2473-2481 (2018).</li><li>Cieri, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-7+and+IL-15+instruct+the+generation+of+human+memory+stem+T+cells+from+naive+precursors.">IL-7 and IL-15 instruct the generation of human memory stem T cells from naive precursors.</a> Blood. 121 (4), 573-584 (2013).</li><li>Kenwood, B. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+novel+mitochondrial+uncoupler+that+does+not+depolarize+the+plasma+membrane.">Identification of a novel mitochondrial uncoupler that does not depolarize the plasma membrane.</a> Molecular Metabolism. 3 (2), 114-123 (2013).</li><li>Alizadeh, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL15+enhances+CAR-T+cell+antitumor+activity+by+reducing+mTORC1+activity+and+preserving+their+stem+cell+memory+phenotype.">IL15 enhances CAR-T cell antitumor activity by reducing mTORC1 activity and preserving their stem cell memory phenotype.</a> Cancer Immunology Research. 7 (5), 759-772 (2019).</li></ol>

Detailed and correct quantification of oxidative phosphorylation is an indispensable tool when describing the energy states of T cells. The state of mitochondrial fitness can be directly related to T cell activation potential, survival, and differentiation1,5. With this protocol, it is possible to determine the various properties of oxidative phosphorylation (see Table 4 for a detailed explanation). Precise quantification of these properties of o...

Correct T cell development and function are essential for the ability of the immune system to recognize and respond to antigens. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) changes according to the state of the T cell. Na&#239;ve T cells predominantly use OxPhos to produce ATP, whereas activated T cells undergo a metabolic transition where glycolysis becomes dominant1. After the effector phase, the small remaining subset of memory T cells reverts to a metabolic state dominated by OxPhos2,3. The changes of OxPhos follow the differentiation of T cells to such a degree that even subsets of T cells can be differentiated by their specific is OxPhos properties1. Conversely, OxPhos is important for T cells&#39; function, and inhibition of OxPhos has been demonstrated to block proliferation and cytokine production of T cells4. Therefore, the ability to quantify the properties of T cell OxPhos in a precise and reproducible manner is a powerful tool for anyone working with T cells.
In this protocol, properties of T cell OxPhos are measured using an extracellular flux analyzer. The core function of this analyzer is to continuously measure the oxygen content of the growth media of the cells to be analyzed. Oxygen removed from the growth media is assumed to be taken up by the cells. By treating the cells with a variety of OxPhos inhibitors or modifiers, a drop in oxygen uptake is associated with the inhibited or modulated function. For example, inhibition of the ATP synthase will lead to a reduced cellular uptake of oxygen that would otherwise be used to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Other equipment, including the Clark electrode and the Oroboros instrument, offers similar functionality, and each instrument has different advantages and shortcomings. A wide array of cell types can be used for studies in these devices, but one particularly challenging cell type is human primary T lymphocytes5. Due to their small size, poor survival ex vivo, and non-adherent properties, human primary T cells can be challenging to study.
This is a protocol for studying the mitochondrial respiration of human primary T cells by an extracellular analyzer. The protocol is divided into an Optimization run, where optimal concentrations of cell number per well, as well as the optimal concentration of oligomycin and FCCP, are determined. Furthermore, an Assay run, where the optimized conditions are used.
Using blood-derived human PBMCs and ex vivo primary T cell cultures, this protocol demonstrates the importance of optimal inhibitor concentration and the relevance of using separate instead of a sequential injection of mitochondrial inhibitors when working with sensitive cell types. Finally, it is demonstrated that this assay can robustly detect subtle differences in mitochondrial respiration upon polarization with cytokines IL-2 and IL-15.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well tissue culture plate</td>
			<td>Nunc</td>
			<td>142485</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD3xCD28 beads</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11161D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antimycin A</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>A8674</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)-phenylhydrazone (FCCP)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C2920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell-Tak</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354240</td>
			<td>For coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H4522</td>
			<td>Heat inactivated at 56 &#176;C for 30 min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-15</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>200-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-2</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>200-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lymphoprep</td>
			<td>Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td>07801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oligomycin</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>O4876</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Gibco-Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>61870036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seahorse Calibrant</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>102416-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seahorse XF 1.0 M glucose solution</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>103577-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seahorse XF 100 mM pytuvate solution</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>103578-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seahorse XF 200 mM glutamine solution</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>103579-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seahorse XF RPMI medium, pH7.4</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>103576-100</td>
			<td>XF RPMI media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seahorse XFe96 Analyser</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Flux analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seahorse XFe96 cell culture microplates</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>102416-100</td>
			<td>XF cell culture plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seahorse XFe96 sensor cartridge</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>102416-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate concentrate 0.1 M (NaHCO3)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>36486</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hydroxide solution 1 N (NaOH)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2770-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-VIVO 15</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE02-060F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T cell beads magnet DynaMag-2 Magnet</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>12321D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seahorse wave</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Flux analyzer software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

real-time monitoring of mitochondrial respiration in cytokine-differentiated human primary t cells

During activation, the metabolism of T cells adapts to changes that impact their fate. An increase in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is indispensable for T cell activation, and the survival of memory T cells is dependent on mitochondrial remodeling. Consequently, this affects the long-term clinical outcome of cancer immunotherapies. Changes in T cell quality are often studied by flow cytometry using well-known surface markers and not directly by their metabolic state. This is an optimized protocol for measuring real-time mitochondrial respiration of primary human T cells using an Extracellular Flux Analyzer and the cytokines IL-2 and IL-15, which differently affect T cell metabolism. It is shown that the metabolic state of T cells can clearly be distinguished by measuring the oxygen consumption when inhibiting key complexes in the metabolic pathway and that the accuracy of these measurements is highly dependent on optimal inhibitor concentration and inhibitor injection strategy. This standardized protocol will help implement mitochondrial respiration as a standard for T cell fitness in monitoring and studying cancer immunotherapies.

A correct determination of OxPhos properties is an indispensable tool when studying T cells. However, if the assay conditions have not been optimized, there is a substantial risk of misleading or erroneous results. In this protocol, there is a strong focus on the optimization of cell number per well and concentrations of oligomycin and FCCP to be used. In the described setup, oligomycin and FCCP are added incrementally to the same well, increasing the concentration of the mitochondrial modulators. The optimal concentrati...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells at JoVE.com

Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells

Metabolic adaptation is fundamental for T cells as it dictates differentiation, persistence, and cytotoxicity. Here, an optimized protocol for monitoring mitochondrial respiration in ex vivo cytokine-differentiated human primary T cells is presented.

During activation, the metabolism of T cells adapts to changes that impact their fate. An increase in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is ...

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