Name: microdissection and dissociation of the murine oviduct: individual segment identification and single cell isolation
Uploaded: 2021-11-04T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microdissection and Dissociation of the Murine Oviduct: Individual Segment Identification and Single Cell Isolation at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by a DoD Breakthrough Award to AMW (BCRP W81XWH-14-1-0425). KCR was partially supported by intramural fellowships: the Pease Cancer Pre-Doctoral Fellowship and the Mary Galvin Burden Pre-Doctoral Fellowship in Biomedical Sciences and University of California, Riverside, intramural awards: the Graduate Council Fellowship Committee Dissertation Research Grant and the Graduate Division Dissertation Year Program Award. The authors thank Gillian M. Wright and Alyssa M. Kumari for assistance in early troubleshooting of this method.

All animal handling and procedures were approved by the University of California, Riverside institutional animal care and use committee and were in accordance with guidelines from the American Association for Laboratory Animal Care, the United States Department of Agriculture, and the National Institutes of Health. The described method utilized C57BL/6 adult, female mice. All animals were euthanized by decapitation prior to tissue harvesting.
NOTE: An overview of the protocol, which uses a blu...

<ol>
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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oviduct+epithelial+cells+constitute+two+developmentally+distinct+lineages+that+are+spatially+separated+along+the+distal-proximal+axis.">Oviduct epithelial cells constitute two developmentally distinct lineages that are spatially separated along the distal-proximal axis.</a> Cell Reports. 36 (10), 109677 (2021).</li><li>Harwalkar, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomical+and+cellular+heterogeneity+in+the+mouse+oviduct-its+potential+roles+in+reproduction+and+preimplantation+development.">Anatomical and cellular heterogeneity in the mouse oviduct-its potential roles in reproduction and preimplantation development.</a> Biology of Reproduction. 104 (6), 1249-1261 (2021).</li><li>Agduhr, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+the+structure+and+development+of+the+bursa+ovarica+and+the+tuba+uterina+in+the+mouse.">Studies on the structure and development of the bursa ovarica and the tuba uterina in the mouse.</a> Acta Zoologica. 8 (1), 1 (1927).</li><li>Pulkkinen, M. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oviductal+function+is+critical+for+very+early+human+life.">Oviductal function is critical for very early human life.</a> Annals of Medicine. 27 (3), 307-310 (1995).</li><li>Kindelberger, D. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraepithelial+carcinoma+of+the+fimbria+and+pelvic+serous+carcinoma:+Evidence+for+a+causal+relationship.">Intraepithelial carcinoma of the fimbria and pelvic serous carcinoma: Evidence for a causal relationship.</a> American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 31 (2), 161-169 (2007).</li><li>Ghosh, A., Syed, S. M., Tanwar, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+genetic+cell+lineage+tracing+reveals+that+oviductal+secretory+cells+self-renew+and+give+rise+to+ciliated+cells.">In vivo genetic cell lineage tracing reveals that oviductal secretory cells self-renew and give rise to ciliated cells.</a> Development. 144 (17), 3031-3041 (2017).</li><li>Lee, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+candidate+precursor+to+serous+carcinoma+that+originates+in+the+distal+fallopian+tube.">A candidate precursor to serous carcinoma that originates in the distal fallopian tube.</a> Journal of Pathology. 211 (1), 26-35 (2007).</li><li>Kim, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-grade+serous+ovarian+cancer+arises+from+fallopian+tube+in+a+mouse+model.">High-grade serous ovarian cancer arises from fallopian tube in a mouse model.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (10), 3921-3926 (2012).</li><li>Perets, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transformation+of+the+fallopian+tube+secretory+epithelium+leads+to+high-grade+serous+ovarian+cancer+in+Brca;Tp53;Pten+models.">Transformation of the fallopian tube secretory epithelium leads to high-grade serous ovarian cancer in Brca;Tp53;Pten models.</a> Cancer Cell. 24 (6), 751-765 (2013).</li><li>Sherman-Baust, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+genetically+engineered+ovarian+cancer+mouse+model+based+on+fallopian+tube+transformation+mimics+human+high-grade+serous+carcinoma+development.">A genetically engineered ovarian cancer mouse model based on fallopian tube transformation mimics human high-grade serous carcinoma development.</a> Journal of Pathology. 233 (3), 228-237 (2014).</li><li>Zhai, Y. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-grade+serous+carcinomas+arise+in+the+mouse+oviduct+via+defects+linked+to+the+human+disease.">High-grade serous carcinomas arise in the mouse oviduct via defects linked to the human disease.</a> Journal of Pathology. 243 (1), 16-25 (2017).</li><li>Karthikeyan, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolactin+signaling+drives+tumorigenesis+in+human+high+grade+serous+ovarian+cancer+cells+and+in+a+spontaneous+fallopian+tube+derived+model.">Prolactin signaling drives tumorigenesis in human high grade serous ovarian cancer cells and in a spontaneous fallopian tube derived model.</a> Cancer Letters. 433, 221-231 (2018).</li><li>Shao, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+prolactin+receptor+(PRLR)+in+mouse+and+human+fallopian+tubes:+Evidence+for+multiple+regulatory+mechanisms+controlling+PRLR+isoform+expression+in+mice.">Differences in prolactin receptor (PRLR) in mouse and human fallopian tubes: Evidence for multiple regulatory mechanisms controlling PRLR isoform expression in mice.</a> Biology of Reproduction. 79 (4), 748-757 (2008).</li><li>Alwosaibai, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PAX2+maintains+the+differentiation+of+mouse+oviductal+epithelium+and+inhibits+the+transition+to+a+stem+cell-like+state.">PAX2 maintains the differentiation of mouse oviductal epithelium and inhibits the transition to a stem cell-like state.</a> Oncotarget. 8 (44), 76881-76897 (2017).</li><li>Peri, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+class+of+interstitial+cells+in+the+mouse+and+monkey+female+reproductive+tracts.">A novel class of interstitial cells in the mouse and monkey female reproductive tracts.</a> Biology of Reproduction. 92 (4), 102 (2015).</li><li>L&#245;hmussaar, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+the+origin+of+high-grade+serous+ovarian+cancer+using+CRISPR-modification+of+mouse+organoids.">Assessing the origin of high-grade serous ovarian cancer using CRISPR-modification of mouse organoids.</a> Nature Communications. 11 (1), 2660 (2020).</li><li>Chen, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+air-liquid+interphase+approach+for+modeling+the+early+embryo-maternal+contact+zone.">An air-liquid interphase approach for modeling the early embryo-maternal contact zone.</a> Scientific Reports. 7, 42298 (2017).</li><li>Desjardins, P., Conklin, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NanoDrop+microvolume+quantitation+of+nucleic+acids.">NanoDrop microvolume quantitation of nucleic acids.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (45), e2565 (2010).</li><li>Schroeder, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+RIN:+an+RNA+integrity+number+for+assigning+integrity+values+to+RNA+measurements.">The RIN: an RNA integrity number for assigning integrity values to RNA measurements.</a> BMC Molecular Biology. 7, 3 (2006).</li><li>McGlade, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-type+specific+analysis+of+physiological+action+of+estrogen+in+mouse+oviducts.">Cell-type specific analysis of physiological action of estrogen in mouse oviducts.</a> The FASEB Journal. 35 (5), 21563 (2021).</li></ol>

The three segments of the oviduct are histologically, morphologically, and functionally distinct1,2,3. The epithelium varies greatly from one end of the oviduct to the other. Ciliated cells dominate at the fimbrial/infundibular end, while secretory cells dominate in the isthmic region1. While this overall gradient has been recognized for some time, recent work has uncovered more distinctions among the ovi...

The murine oviduct is similar in function and morphology to the human fallopian tube1. Both consist of a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium, consisting of two historically described epithelial resident cells: ciliated cells and secretory cells1,2. The oviduct has three classically recognized segments: the infundibulum, the ampulla, and the isthmus. In a recent study, Harwalkar et al.3 investigated oviduct morphology and gene expression leading to the expansion of the categorization of resident epithelial cells to seven distinct populations. In addition, they established the ampullary-isthmus junction as a distinct segment of the oviduct3. The method described herein, which focuses on the infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus, could easily be extended to include the ampullary-isthmic junction as well2,3. The infundibular region contains the ostium, or opening of the oviduct, and includes the fimbrial region as well as the proximal stalk. Moving toward the uterus, next is the ampulla, and then the isthmus. Ciliated cells are most prominent in the distal end of the region, proximal to the ovary, or infundibulum, while secretory cells are most prominent in the proximal end or isthmus segment1. Unlike the human fallopian tube, the murine oviduct is a coiled structure supported by the mesosalpinx, an extension of the broad ligament peritoneum1,4. In addition, the mouse oviduct is encased in a bursal sac that increases the likelihood of oocyte transfer into the oviduct4. The ampulla is identified as the location of fertilization, from which developing embryos pass into the isthmus before entering the uterus5. Tubal segments are 200-400 &#956;m in diameter and the longer ampullary and isthmus regions are approximately 0.5-1.0 cm in length4. The oviduct distends during the estrous cycle and the ampulla and infundibulum are more distensible than the isthmus1.
Over proliferation of cells, especially secretory cells, characterize precursor lesions to serous tumors found in the pelvic cavity6. These precursor serous intraepithelial lesions arise in the oviduct epithelium solely in the fimbrial region; it is unknown why lesion formation is restricted to this region where normally the predominant cell type is ciliated, not secretory2,7,8. The regionality in terms of normal physiological function, as well as heightened interest in the oviductal origin of ovarian cancer9,10,11,12,13, underscores the importance of separate evaluation of the oviduct segments.
The method described here details the collection of separate oviductal segments for subsequent downstream analyses of segment-specific gene expression and function of dissociated cells. Traditionally, many tissues are processed for whole RNA extraction following either the phenol: chloroform method or an on-column complete extraction method; however, we found that RNA quality was maintained while producing sufficient yield with the described combination method. Utilizing this method, very small functional segments of the oviduct can be processed for downstream analyses rather than investigating the oviduct as a whole, which can mask results representative of the different segments14.
Dissociated murine oviductal cells have rarely been investigated by flow cytometry, most likely due to the limiting cell yield from this tissue. One approach to overcome this problem has been to dissociate cells, grow them in culture, and then stimulate re-differentiation in vitro to obtain appropriate cell numbers for downstream cell analysis15,16,17,18. A limitation to this approach is the time ex vivo and altered microenvironment in culture, both of which likely change gene expression. There is also an assumption that morphological re-differentiation has the same transcriptional and proteomic signature as was present in the intact animal. The current dissociation method was designed to achieve the highest number of epithelial cells in a heterogenous oviductal cell population while maintaining single cell differentiation. Further, the mostly non-enzymatic approach likely limits the loss of cell surface proteins.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 mm Stainless steel bead mix</td>
			<td>Next Advance</td>
			<td>SSB05</td>
			<td>Mix 1:1 with 1.4 mm SSB14B, sterilized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.4 mm Stainless steel bead mix</td>
			<td>Next Advance</td>
			<td>SSB14B</td>
			<td>Mix 1:1 with 0.5 mm SSB05, sterilized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1X Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline A, pH 7.4 (DPBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21600-010</td>
			<td>Cold, sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25G needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm sterile petri dishes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430166</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 &#956;m cell meshes</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>22-636-548</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent Eukaryote Total RNA 6000 Pico Chip kit</td>
			<td>Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer</td>
			<td>5067-1513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bead Bullet Blender Tissue Homogenizer</td>
			<td>Next Advance</td>
			<td>BBY24M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioanlyzer</td>
			<td>Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cold plate/pack/surface of choice</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Kept at -20C for dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental wax</td>
			<td>Polysciences Inc.</td>
			<td>403</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/ Ham&#8217;s F12</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-090-CV</td>
			<td>Prepare dissection medium: DMEM/ Ham&#8217;s F12, 10% FBS, 25 mM Hepes, 1% Pen-Strep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>35-015CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine point forceps of choice</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G712b</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemical validation images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse IgG Alexa Fluor 555</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-21422</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemical validation images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit IgG Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-11001</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemical validation images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H-3784</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoescht 33342</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>4082S</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemical validation images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted compound microscope</td>
			<td>Keyence BZ-X700</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-mouse Occludin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>33-1500</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemical validation images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-enzymatic dissociation buffer</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5 mM EDTA, 1 g/L glucose, 0.4% BSA, 1X DPBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon macro-mesh 1 mm x 1 mm</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>1210U04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P-6148</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemical validation images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen-Strep</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>10220-718</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold Antifade Reagent</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>9071S</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemical validation images: antifade mounting medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pronase</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>10165921001</td>
			<td>Prepare pronase digestion medium: 0.15% Pronase in DMEM/Ham&#39;s F12, sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium Iodide</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11 348 639 001</td>
			<td>Viability validation images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-mouse Acetylated-Tubulin</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab179484</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemical validation images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RBC lysis buffer</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555899</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy Mini Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74134</td>
			<td>Utilized for on-column purification in text.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring form microdissection scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical</td>
			<td>RS-5610</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile 3 mL bulb pipettors</td>
			<td>Globe Scientific</td>
			<td>137135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toluidine blue</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>J66015</td>
			<td>Prepare toluidine blue solution: 1% in 1X DPBS, sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-Buffered Saline-Tween (TBST)</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemical validation images; 0.1 N NaCl, 10 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.5, 1% Tween 20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton-X-100</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt Inc.</td>
			<td>3555</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemical validation images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizol RNA Extraction Reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15596026</td>
			<td>Referred to as RNA extraction reagent. Nucelase-free water, chloroform and isoproponal are required in supplement of performing Trizol extraction per manufacturer&#39;s guidelines</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microdissection and dissociation of the murine oviduct: individual segment identification and single cell isolation

Mouse model systems are unmatched for the analysis of disease processes because of their genetic manipulability and the low cost of experimental treatments. However, because of their small body size, some structures, such as the oviduct with a diameter of 200-400 &#956;m, have proven to be relatively difficult to study except by immunohistochemistry. Recently, immunohistochemical studies have uncovered more complex differences in oviduct segments than were previously recognized; thus, the oviduct is divided into four functional segments with different ratios of seven distinct epithelial cell types. The different embryological origins and ratios of the epithelial cell types likely make the four functional regions differentially susceptible to disease. For example, precursor lesions to serous intraepithelial carcinomas arise from the infundibulum in mouse models and from the corresponding fimbrial region in the human fallopian tube. The protocol described here details a method for microdissection to subdivide the oviduct in such a way to yield a sufficient amount and purity of RNA necessary for downstream analysis such as reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and RNA sequencing (RNAseq). Also described is a mostly non-enzymatic tissue dissociation method appropriate for flow cytometry or single cell RNAseq analysis of fully differentiated oviductal cells. The methods described will facilitate further research utilizing the murine oviduct in the field of reproduction, fertility, cancer, and immunology.

The described dissociation protocol yields 100,000-120,000 cells per mouse with pooling of both oviducts. The method is gentle enough to leave multi-ciliated cell borders intact, allowing for a distinction between multi-ciliated cells and secretory cells, and verifying that the digestion method is gentle enough to prevent de-differentiation. Representative immunofluorescence images in Figure 5 show small cell clumps following step 4.2.1, fixed for 3 min in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA)/ DPBS, wa...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microdissection and Dissociation of the Murine Oviduct: Individual Segment Identification and Single Cell Isolation at JoVE.com

Microdissection and Dissociation of the Murine Oviduct: Individual Segment Identification and Single Cell Isolation

A method for microdissection of the mouse oviduct that allows collection of the individual segments while maintaining RNA integrity is presented. In addition, non-enzymatic oviductal cell dissociation procedure is described. The methods are appropriate for subsequent gene and protein analysis of the functionally different oviductal segments and dissociated oviductal cells.

Mouse model systems are unmatched for the analysis of disease processes because of their genetic manipulability and the low cost of experimental ...

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Isolation of meiotic spermatocytes is essential to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying meiosis and spermatogenesis. Although there are established ...

Cell Dissociation from the Tongue Epithelium and Mesenchyme/Connective Tissue of Embryonic-Day 12.5 and 8-Week-Old Mice

Cell dissociation has been an essential procedure for studies at the individual-cell level and/or at a cell-population level (e.g.,&#160;single cell RNA ...

Rapid Isolation of Single Cells from Mouse and Human Teeth

Mouse and human teeth represent challenging organs for quick and efficient cell isolation for single-cell transcriptomic or other applications. The dental ...