This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (Ministry of Science and ICT). (No. NRF-2021R1A2C1011380)

1. Microfluidic acoustophoresis chip design
NOTE: Figure 1 shows a schematic of the separation and collection of target microbeads from microchannels by acoustophoresis. The microfluidic acoustophoresis chip is designed with a CAD program.
<ol>
	<li>Design a microfluidic acoustophoresis chip that uses a mixture of aptamer-modified beads and streptavidin-coated polystyrene (PS) beads corresponding to the size of bacteria to study the separation p...

<ol>
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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-step+sample+preparation+of+positive+blood+cultures+for+the+direct+detection+of+methicillin-sensitive+and+-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+and+methicillin-resistant+coagulase-negative+staphylococci+within+one+hour+using+the+automated+GenomEra+CDXTM+PCR+system.">One-step sample preparation of positive blood cultures for the direct detection of methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci within one hour using the automated GenomEra CDXTM PCR system.</a> European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases. 31 (10), 2835-2842 (2012).</li><li>Swaminathan, B., Feng, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+detection+of+food-borne+pathogenic+bacteria.">Rapid detection of food-borne pathogenic bacteria.</a> Annual Review of Microbiology. 48 (1), 401-426 (1994).</li><li>Ding, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On-chip+manipulation+of+single+microparticles,+cells,+and+organisms+using+surface+acoustic+waves.">On-chip manipulation of single microparticles, cells, and organisms using surface acoustic waves.</a> Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (28), 11105-11109 (2012).</li><li>Karthick, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acoustic+impedance-based+size+independent+isolation+of+circulating+tumor+cells+from+blood+using+acoustophoresis.">Acoustic impedance-based size independent isolation of circulating tumor cells from blood using acoustophoresis.</a> Lab on a Chip. 18 (24), 2802 (2018).</li><li>Lenshof, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acoustofluidics+8:+Applications+of+acoustophoresis+in+continuous+flow+microsystems.">Acoustofluidics 8: Applications of acoustophoresis in continuous flow microsystems.</a> Lab on a Chip. 12 (7), 1210-1223 (2012).</li><li>Persson, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acoustic+microfluidic+chip+technology+to+facilitate+automation+of+phage+display+selection.">Acoustic microfluidic chip technology to facilitate automation of phage display selection.</a> The FEBS journal. 275 (22), 5657-5666 (2008).</li><li>Klussmann, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The aptamer handbook: Functional oligonucleotides and their applications. , (2006).</li><li>Ellington, A., Szostak, J. 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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aptamer+as+therapeutics.">Aptamer as therapeutics.</a> Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 57, 61-79 (2017).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+aptamer+discovery+and+application.">Recent advances in aptamer discovery and application.</a> Molecules. 24 (5), 941 (2019).</li><li>Park, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acousto-microfluidics+for+screening+of+ssDNA+aptamer.">Acousto-microfluidics for screening of ssDNA aptamer.</a> Scientific Reports. 6 (1), 1-9 (2016).</li><li>Persson, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acoustic+microfluidic+chip+technology+to+facilitate+automation+of+phage+display+selection.">Acoustic microfluidic chip technology to facilitate automation of phage display selection.</a> The FEBS Journal. 275 (22), 5657-5666 (2008).</li><li>Van Toan, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+investigation+of+processes+for+glass+micromachining.">An investigation of processes for glass micromachining.</a> Micromachines. 7 (3), 51 (2016).</li><li>Jansen, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+survey+on+the+reactive+ion+etching+of+silicon+in+microtechnology.">A survey on the reactive ion etching of silicon in microtechnology.</a> Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 6 (1), 14 (1996).</li><li>Hanneborg, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silicon-to-silicon+anodic+bonding+with+a+borosilicate+glass+layer.">Silicon-to-silicon anodic bonding with a borosilicate glass layer.</a> Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 1 (3), 139 (1991).</li><li>Mach, A. J., Di Carlo, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+scalable+blood+filtration+device+using+inertial+microfluidics.">Continuous scalable blood filtration device using inertial microfluidics.</a> Biotechnology and bioengineering. 107 (2), 302-311 (2010).</li><li>Wang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+filter+microchip+for+rapid+separation+of+plasma+and+viruses+from+whole+blood.">Simple filter microchip for rapid separation of plasma and viruses from whole blood.</a> International Journal of Nanomedicine. 7, 5019-5028 (2012).</li><li>Ai, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separation+of+Escherichia+coli+bacteria+from+peripheral+blood+mononuclear+cells+using+standing+surface+acoustic+waves.">Separation of Escherichia coli bacteria from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using standing surface acoustic waves.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 85 (19), 9126-9134 (2013).</li><li>Ohlsson, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acoustic+impedance+matched+buffers+enable+separation+of+bacteria+from+blood+cells+at+high+cell+concentrations.">Acoustic impedance matched buffers enable separation of bacteria from blood cells at high cell concentrations.</a> Scientific Reports. 8 (1), 1-11 (2018).</li><li>Park, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+dielectrophoretic+bacterial+separation+and+concentration+from+physiological+media+of+high+conductivity.">Continuous dielectrophoretic bacterial separation and concentration from physiological media of high conductivity.</a> Lab on a Chip. 11 (17), 2893-2900 (2011).</li><li>Kim, U., Soh, H. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+sorting+of+multiple+bacterial+targets+using+integrated+Dielectrophoretic-Magnetic+Activated+Cell+Sorter.">Simultaneous sorting of multiple bacterial targets using integrated Dielectrophoretic-Magnetic Activated Cell Sorter.</a> Lab on a Chip. 9 (16), 2313-2318 (2009).</li><li>Cai, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+fluidic+device+for+immunomagnetic+separation+of+foodborne+bacteria+using+self-assembled+magnetic+nanoparticle+chains.">A fluidic device for immunomagnetic separation of foodborne bacteria using self-assembled magnetic nanoparticle chains.</a> Micromachines. 9 (12), 624 (2018).</li></ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

We developed a sonic levitation microfluidic device for capturing and transferring GN bacteria from culture samples at high speed based on a continuous running method according to their size and type, and aptamer-modified microbeads. The long, square microchannel enables a simpler design and greater cost-efficiency for 2D acoustophoresis than previously reported20,21,22,23,<sup class...

Microfluidic platforms are being developed to isolate bacteria from medical and environmental samples, in addition to methods based on dielectric transfer, magnetophoresis, bead extraction, filtering, centrifugal microfluidics and inertial effects, and surface acoustic waves1,2.&#160;The detection of pathogenic bacteria is continued using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but it is usually laborious, complex, and time-consuming3,4. Microfluidic acoustophoresis systems are an alternative to address this through reasonable throughput and non-contact cell isolation5,6,7. Acoustophoresis is a technology that separates or concentrates beads using the phenomenon of material movement through a sound wave. When sound waves enter the microchannel, they are sorted according to the size, density, etc., of the beads, and cells can be separated according to the biochemical and electrical properties of the suspension medium7,8. Accordingly, many acoustophoretic studies have been actively pursued9,10,11, and recently, 3D numerical simulations of acoustophoretic motion induced by boundary-driven acoustic streaming in standing surface acoustic wave microfluidics have been introduced12.
Studies in various fields are examining how to replace antibodies2,3. Aptamer is a target material having high selectivity and specificity, and many studies are being conducted2,9,10,13. Aptamers have advantages of small size, excellent biological stability, low cost, and high reproducibility compared to antibodies and are being studied in diagnostic and therapeutic applications2,3,14.
Here, this article describes a microfluidic acoustophoresis technology protocol that can be used for the rapid, efficient separation of Gram-negative (GN) bacteria from a medium using aptamer-modified microbeads. This system generates a two-dimensional (2D) acoustic standing wave through single piezoelectric actuation by simultaneously stimulating two orthogonal resonances within a long rectangular microchannel to align and focus aptamer-attached microbeads at the node and anti-node points for separation efficiency2,11,15,16.&#160;There is a bifurcated channel at both the inlet and outlet, enabling simultaneous separation, purification, and concentration.
This protocol can be helpful in the field of early diagnosis of bacterial infectious diseases, as well as a rapid, selective, and sensitive response to pathogenic bacterial infections through real-time water monitoring.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 &#181;m polystyrene microbeads</td>
			<td>Bang Laboratories</td>
			<td>PS04001</td>
			<td>Cell size beads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 &#181;m Streptavidin-coated microbeads</td>
			<td>Bang Laboratories</td>
			<td>CP01007</td>
			<td>Aptamer affinity beads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-inch Silicon Wafer/SU-8 mold</td>
			<td>4science</td>
			<td>29-03573-01</td>
			<td>Components of chip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aptamer</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td>GN3-6&#39;</td>
			<td>RNA for bacteria conjugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate glass</td>
			<td>Schott</td>
			<td>BOROFLOAT 33</td>
			<td>Components of chip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Daihan</td>
			<td>CF-10</td>
			<td>Wasing particles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyanoacrylate glue</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>AD100</td>
			<td>Attach PZT to microchip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escherichia coli DH5&#945;</td>
			<td>KCTC</td>
			<td>KCTC2571</td>
			<td>Target bacteria</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Functional generator</td>
			<td>GW Instek</td>
			<td>AFG-2225</td>
			<td>Generate frequency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-speed camera</td>
			<td>Photron</td>
			<td>FASTCAM Mini</td>
			<td>Observation of separation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot plate</td>
			<td>As one</td>
			<td>HI-1000</td>
			<td>Heating plate for curing of liquid PDMS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KOVAX-SYRINGE 10 mL Syringe</td>
			<td>Koreavaccine</td>
			<td>22G-10ML</td>
			<td>Fill the microfluidic acoustophoresis channel with bubble-free demineralized water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS</td>
			<td>Dow Corning Inc.</td>
			<td>Sylgard 184</td>
			<td>Components of chip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB Broth Miller</td>
			<td>BD Difco</td>
			<td>244620</td>
			<td>Cell culture (Luria-Bertani medium)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus Corp.</td>
			<td>IX-81</td>
			<td>Observation of separation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS buffer</td>
			<td>Capricorn scientific</td>
			<td>PBS-1A</td>
			<td>Wasing bacteria</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEEK Tubes</td>
			<td>Saint-Gobain Ppl Corp.</td>
			<td>AAD04103</td>
			<td>Inject or collect particles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Piezoelectric transducer</td>
			<td>Fuji Ceramics</td>
			<td>C-213</td>
			<td>Generate specific wave in channel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power amplifier</td>
			<td>Amplifier Research</td>
			<td>75A250A</td>
			<td>Amplify frequency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure controller/&#956;flucon</td>
			<td>AMED</td>
			<td>AMED-&#956;flucon</td>
			<td>Control of air pressure/flow controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-HCl buffer</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>15567027</td>
			<td>Wasing particles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube rotator</td>
			<td>SeouLin Bioscience</td>
			<td>SLRM-3</td>
			<td>Modifiying aptamer and bead</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microfluidic acoustophoresis for flowthrough separation of gram-negative bacteria using aptamer affinity beads

This article describes the fabrication and operation of microfluidic acoustophoretic chips using a microfluidic acoustophoresis technique and aptamer-modified microbeads that can be used for the fast, efficient isolation of Gram-negative bacteria from a medium. This method enhances the separation efficiency using a mix of long, square microchannels. In this system, the sample and buffer are injected into the inlet port through a flow controller. For bead centering and sample separation, AC power is applied to the piezoelectric transducer via a function generator with a power amplifier to generate acoustic radiation force in the microchannel. There is a bifurcated channel at both the inlet and outlet, enabling simultaneous separation, purification, and concentration. The device has a recovery rate of &gt;98% and purity of 97.8% up to a 10x dose concentration. This study has demonstrated a recovery rate and purity higher than the existing methods for separating bacteria, suggesting that the device can separate bacteria efficiently.

Figure 5 shows the image of bead flow as a function of PZT voltage (OFF, 0.1 V, 0.5 V, 5 V). In the case of the acoustophoretic chip introduced in this study, it was confirmed that as the voltage of the PZT increased, the central concentration of the 10 &#181;m-sized beads increased. Most of the 10 &#181;m-sized beads were concentrated in the center at 5 V of the PZT voltage. Through this result, a resonant frequency of 3.66 MHz was generated in a single channel function generator, and a gen...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microfluidic Acoustophoresis for Flowthrough Separation of Gram-Negative Bacteria using Aptamer Affinity Beads at JoVE.com

Microfluidic Acoustophoresis for Flowthrough Separation of Gram-Negative Bacteria using Aptamer Affinity Beads

This paper describesthe fabrication and operation of microfluidic acoustophoretic chips using the microfluidic acoustophoresis technique and aptamer-modified microbeads that can be used for fast, efficient isolation of Gram-negative bacteria from a medium.

This article describes the fabrication and operation of microfluidic acoustophoretic chips using a microfluidic acoustophoresis technique and ...

This protocol describes our microfluidic acoustophoresis technology that can be used for the rapid, efficient separation of Gram-negative bacteria from a medium using aptamer-modified micro beads. Microfluidic acoustophoresis systems enable the Gram-negative bacteria separation with reasonable throughput and non-contact cell isolation. Microfluidic acoustophoresis can be optimized to isolate bacteria from medical and environmental samples.To begin, design a microfluidic acoustophoresis chip that collects PS beads at the target outlet and discards the rest after injecting a PS sample mixture into the sample inlet. Prepare a chip with the layers above and below the silicon layer bonded to the borosilicate glass. And a third borosilicate glass layer, using anodization, add 1000 volts and 400 degrees Celsius.Attach a PZT to the borosilicate glass layer along the microfluidic channel using less than 10 microliters of cyanoacrylate adhesive. Inoculate the GN and GP bacteria in Luria-Bertani medium and incubate it at 37 degrees Celsius and 220 revolutions per minute for 16 hours. Centrifuge the cultured bacteria at 9, 056 RCF for one minute at room temperature.Then wash twice with 1X PBS buffer. Prepare the selected GN and GP bacteria for analysis by resuspending them in the binding buffer. Resuspend the 10 micrometer streptavidin coated micro bead mixture before use.Vortex the mixture for 20 seconds. Prepare the aptamer by denaturing it at 95 degrees Celsius for three minutes, and then refolding it at zero degrees Celsius for two minutes. Transfer 250 microliters of the resuspended streptavidin coated micro bead mixture to a 1.5 milliliter tube and add 100 microliters of biotinylated DNA aptamer to the tube.Incubate the mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes while rotating at 25 revolutions per minute. Centrifuge the reaction mixture at 9, 056 RCF for 40 seconds at room temperature. Then wash the tube twice with 200 microliters of Tris-HCl buffer.Add 10 microliters of 100 milligrams per milliliter BSA to the washed sample tube and incubate for 30 minutes at room temperature while rotating at 25 revolutions per minute. Finally, wash the aptamer modified micro beads twice in Tris-HCl buffer by centrifugation at 9, 056 RCF for 40 seconds at room temperature. Connect PEEK tubes to the two inlets for injecting two samples and buffer, and the two outlets for collecting and discharging waste.Using a 10 milliliter syringe, fill the microfluidic acoustophoresis channel with bubble free demineralized water. Prepare a precision pressure controller with two or more output channels to control the fluid flow. After preparing the device, inject the sample and buffer by applying a pressure of two kilopascals to the sample inlet and four kilopascals to the buffer inlet using the precision pressure control device.Using a microscope, focus on a bead and move it to the center of the microfluidic channel using the PZT. Generate a resonance frequency of 3.66 megahertz using a single channel function generator and amplify a typical signal by 16 decibels using a power amplifier. Observe the separation and enrichment processes on the acoustofluidic chip with a fluorescence microscope and a high speed camera operating at 1, 200 frames per second.The acoustophoretic chip introduced in this study confirmed that, as the voltage of the PZT increased, the central concentration of the 10 micrometer sized beads increased. At five volts of the PZT voltage, most of the 10 micrometer sized beads were concentrated in the center. The ratio of the number of beads collected at the outlet to the total number of injected 10 micrometer sized beads was referred to as the recovery rate.The ratio of the number of 10 micrometer sized beads to the total number of beads collected was referred to as purity. The results indicated that the device had a high separation efficiency for beads with a size of 10 micrometers. The numbers of GN and GP bacteria bound to each aptamer modified micro bead were measured using a microscope with a high speed camera.All five GN bacteria were bound to the beads while significantly fewer GP bacteria were bound to the substances tested. Signal strength differed significantly between the GN and GP bacteria. The adhesive used to attach the PZT should be used as little as possible for accuracy of corrugation and the PZT and microchannel should be parallel.This device can be used to detect live bacteria or bacteria derived biomarkers in the period of early diagnosis of bacterial infectious diseases.

microfluidic-acoustophoresis-for-flowthrough-separation-gram-negative

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2.3K Views.  Inje University. This protocol describes our microfluidic acoustophoresis technology that can be used for the rapid, efficient separation of Gram-negative bacteria from a medium using aptamer-modified micro beads. Microfluidic acoustophoresis systems enable the Gram-negative bacteria separation with reasonable throughput and non-contact cell isolation. Microfluidic acoustophoresis can be optimized to isolate bacteria from medical and environmental samples.To begin, design a microfluidic acoustophoresis...