Name: cell-type specific protein purification and identification from complex tissues using a mutant methionine trna synthetase mouse line
Uploaded: 2022-04-13T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cell-Type Specific Protein Purification and Identification from Complex Tissues Using a Mutant Methionine tRNA Synthetase Mouse Line at JoVE.com

B.A-C is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Ram&#243;n y Cajal-RYC2018-024435-I), by the Autonomous Community of Madrid (Atracci&#243;n de Talento-2019T1/BMD-14057), and MICINN (PID2020-113270RA-I00) grants. R. A-P is funded by Autonomous Community of Madrid (Atracci&#243;n de Talento-2019T1/BMD-14057). E.M.S. is funded by the Max Planck Society, an Advanced Investigator award from the European Research Council (grant 743216), DFG CRC 1080: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neural Homeostasis, and DFG CRC 902: Molecular Principles of RNA-based Regulation. We thank D.C Dieterich and P. Landgraf for their technical advise and the synthesis of the DST-Alkyne. We thank E. Northrup, S. Zeissler, S. Gil Mast, and the animal facility of the MPI for Brain Research for their excellent support. We thank Sandra Goebbels for sharing the Nex-Cre mouse line. We thank Antonio G. Carroggio for his help with English editing. B.A-C. designed, conducted, and analyzed experiments. B.N-A, D.O.C, R.A-P, C. E., and S. t. D. conducted and analyzed experiments. B.A-C and E.M.S. designed experiments, and supervised the project, B.A-C wrote the paper. All authors edited the paper.

All experiments with animals were performed with permission from the local government offices in Germany (RP Darmstadt; protocols: V54-19c20/15-F122/14, V54-19c20/15-F126/1012) or Spain (Committee of Animal Experiments at the UCM and Environmental Counselling of the Comunidad de Madrid, protocol number: PROEX 005.0/21) and are compliant with the Max Planck Society rules and Spanish regulations and follow the EU guidelines for animal welfare.
1. In vivo metabolic labeling with AN...

<ol>
	<li>Alvarez-Castelao, B., Schuman, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+regulation+of+synaptic+protein+turnover.">The regulation of synaptic protein turnover.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (48), 28623-28630 (2015).</li><li>Sutton, M. A., Schuman, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+protein+synthesis,+synaptic+plasticity,+and+memory.">Dendritic protein synthesis, synaptic plasticity, and memory.</a> Cell. 127 (1), 49-58 (2006).</li><li>Dorrbaum, A. R., Alvarez-Castelao, B., Nassim-Assir, B., Langer, J. D., Schuman, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteome+dynamics+during+homeostatic+scaling+in+cultured+neurons.">Proteome dynamics during homeostatic scaling in cultured neurons.</a> Elife. 9, 52939 (2020).</li><li>Flexner, J. B., Flexner, L. B., Stellar, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memory+in+mice+as+affected+by+intracerebral+puromycin.">Memory in mice as affected by intracerebral puromycin.</a> Science. 141 (3575), 57-59 (1963).</li><li>Alvarez-Castelao, B., Schanzenbacher, C. T., Langer, J. D., Schuman, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-type-specific+metabolic+labeling,+detection+and+identification+of+nascent+proteomes+in+vivo.">Cell-type-specific metabolic labeling, detection and identification of nascent proteomes in vivo.</a> Nature Protocols. 14 (2), 556-575 (2019).</li><li>Alvarez-Castelao, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-type-specific+metabolic+labeling+of+nascent+proteomes+in+vivo.">Cell-type-specific metabolic labeling of nascent proteomes in vivo.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 35 (12), 1196-1201 (2017).</li><li>Ngo, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-selective+metabolic+labeling+of+proteins.">Cell-selective metabolic labeling of proteins.</a> Nature Chemical Biology. 5 (10), 715-717 (2009).</li><li>Mahdavi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineered+aminoacyl-tRNA+synthetase+for+cell-selective+analysis+of+mammalian+protein+synthesis.">Engineered aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase for cell-selective analysis of mammalian protein synthesis.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 138 (13), 4278-4281 (2016).</li><li>Yuet, K. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-specific+proteomic+analysis+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Cell-specific proteomic analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (9), 2705-2710 (2015).</li><li>Patel, V. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+labeling+and+label-free+mass+spectrometry-based+proteomics+approaches.">A comparison of labeling and label-free mass spectrometry-based proteomics approaches.</a> Journal of Proteome Research. 8 (7), 3752-3759 (2009).</li><li>Link, A. J., Vink, M. K., Tirrell, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+the+functionalizable+methionine+surrogate+azidohomoalanine+via+copper-catalyzed+diazo+transfer.">Preparation of the functionalizable methionine surrogate azidohomoalanine via copper-catalyzed diazo transfer.</a> Nature Protocols. 2 (8), 1879-1883 (2007).</li><li>Landgraf, P., Antileo, E. R., Schuman, E. M., Dieterich, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BONCAT:+Metabolic+labeling,+click+chemistry,+and+affinity+purification+of+newly+synthesized+proteomes.">BONCAT: Metabolic labeling, click chemistry, and affinity purification of newly synthesized proteomes.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1266, 199-215 (2015).</li><li>Kielkopf, C. L., Bauer, W., Urbatsch, I. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+proteins+by+immunoblotting.">Analysis of proteins by immunoblotting.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2021 (12), (2021).</li><li>Mellacheruvu, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+CRAPome:+a+contaminant+repository+for+affinity+purification-mass+spectrometry+data.">The CRAPome: a contaminant repository for affinity purification-mass spectrometry data.</a> Nature Methods. 10 (8), 730-736 (2013).</li><li>Szychowski, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cleavable+biotin+probes+for+labeling+of+biomolecules+via+azide-alkyne+cycloaddition.">Cleavable biotin probes for labeling of biomolecules via azide-alkyne cycloaddition.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (51), 18351-18360 (2010).</li><li>Goebbels, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+targeting+of+principal+neurons+in+neocortex+and+hippocampus+of+NEX-Cre+mice.">Genetic targeting of principal neurons in neocortex and hippocampus of NEX-Cre mice.</a> Genesis. 44 (12), 611-621 (2006).</li><li>van Geel, R., Pruijn, G. J., van Delft, F. L., Boelens, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preventing+thiol-yne+addition+improves+the+specificity+of+strain-promoted+azide-alkyne+cycloaddition.">Preventing thiol-yne addition improves the specificity of strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition.</a> Bioconjugate Chemistry. 23 (3), 392-398 (2012).</li><li>O'Fagain, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lyophilization+of+proteins.">Lyophilization of proteins.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 244, 309-321 (2004).</li><li>Shevchenko, A., Tomas, H., Havlis, J., Olsen, J. V., Mann, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-gel+digestion+for+mass+spectrometric+characterization+of+proteins+and+proteomes.">In-gel digestion for mass spectrometric characterization of proteins and proteomes.</a> Nature Protocols. 1 (6), 2856-2860 (2006).</li><li>Elinger, D., Gabashvili, A., Levin, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suspension+trapping+(S-Trap)+is+compatible+with+typical+protein+extraction+buffers+and+detergents+for+bottom-up+proteomics.">Suspension trapping (S-Trap) is compatible with typical protein extraction buffers and detergents for bottom-up proteomics.</a> Journal of Proteome Research. 18 (3), 1441-1445 (2019).</li><li>tom Dieck, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+visualization+of+newly+synthesized+target+proteins+in+situ.">Direct visualization of newly synthesized target proteins in situ.</a> Nature Methods. 12 (5), 411-414 (2015).</li><li>McShane, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+analysis+of+protein+stability+reveals+age-dependent+degradation.">Kinetic analysis of protein stability reveals age-dependent degradation.</a> Cell. 167 (3), 803-815 (2016).</li><li>Calve, S., Witten, A. J., Ocken, A. R., Kinzer-Ursem, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incorporation+of+non-canonical+amino+acids+into+the+developing+murine+proteome.">Incorporation of non-canonical amino acids into the developing murine proteome.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 32377 (2016).</li><li>David, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+translation+visualized+by+ribosome-bound+nascent+chain+puromycylation.">Nuclear translation visualized by ribosome-bound nascent chain puromycylation.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 197 (1), 45-57 (2012).</li><li>Schmidt, E. K., Clavarino, G., Ceppi, M., Pierre, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SUnSET,+a+nonradioactive+method+to+monitor+protein+synthesis.">SUnSET, a nonradioactive method to monitor protein synthesis.</a> Nature Methods. 6 (4), 275-277 (2009).</li><li>Roux, K. J., Kim, D. I., Burke, B., May, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BioID:+A+screen+for+protein-protein+interactions.">BioID: A screen for protein-protein interactions.</a> Current Protocols in Protein Science. 91, 11-15 (2018).</li></ol>

The critical aspects of the protocol are; the inclusion of negative controls, having enough biological replicates, ANL administration route, amount, and duration, alkylation of the samples, alkyne concentration, and &#946;-mercaptoethanol elimination when using DST-alkyne.
It is key to include negative control samples proceeding from ANL-labeled animals without Cre driver and therefore no MetRS* expression. These samples must be subjected to every step described in the protocol in parallel to ...

Aberrant protein homeostasis is caused by an imbalance in protein synthesis and degradation. Several diseases are related to alterations in protein homeostasis. The hallmark of some diseases is the presence of aggregates in different subcellular locations and brain areas. Protein homeostasis is not only important in disease but also plays a crucial role in normal organ and cellular function1. For example, protein synthesis is necessary for many forms of neuronal plasticity2,3, as determined by the use of chemical inhibitors that block protein synthesis4. However, it is neither clear in which cell-types the proteome is altered to support learning and memory, nor is it understood which specific proteins in each cell-type increase or decrease in their synthesis or degradation. Thus, a comprehensive study of protein homeostasis requires the capability to differentiate proteomes coming from specific cell-types. Indeed, the identification of cell-type-specific proteomes to study cellular processes occurring in a multicellular environment has been an important hurdle in proteomics. For this reason, we developed a technique using MetRS* expression combined with bio-orthogonal methods that has proven to be an effective way to identify and purify cell-type specific proteomes, filling this gap5,6,7.
The expression of a mutant MetRS* (MetRS L274G) allows for the loading of the non-canonical methionine analog ANL into the corresponding tRNA8,9 and its subsequent incorporation&#160;into proteins. When MetRS* expression is regulated by a cell-type-specific promoter, the non-canonical amino acid will be incorporated into the proteins in a cell-selective manner. Once ANL is incorporated in the proteins, it can be selectively functionalized by click-chemistry and subsequently either visualized by imaging (FUNCAT) or by Western Immunoblot (BONCAT). Alternatively, proteins can be selectively purified and identified by mass spectrometry (MS). Using this technology, we created a mouse line expressing the MetRS* protein under the control of the Cre recombinase. Considering the increasing number of available Cre-mouse lines, the MetRS* system can be used in any field to study any cell-type from any tissue for which there is an existing Cre-line. Protein labeling with ANL is possible in vitro or in vivo, and does not alter mouse behavior or protein integrity6. Labeling timespan can be adapted to the scientific question of each researcher, labeling newly synthesized proteins (shorter labeling times) or entire proteomes (longer labeling times). The use of this technique is limited by the number of cells of the type that the researcher is willing to study; hence protein isolation from cell-types with low numbers or low metabolic rates is not possible by this method. The goal of the presented method is to identify cell-type-specific proteins/proteomes labeled in vivo. In this protocol, we describe how to label cell-type-specific proteomes with ANL in live mice and purify the labeled proteins. After purification, proteins can be identified by routine mass spectrometry protocols5,10. The reduction of sample complexity achieved in this method by the selective purification of proteins from specific cellular populations allows the experimenter to detect subtle changes in proteomes, for example, in response to environmental changes. Purification of the labeled proteins can be achieved in ~10 days, not including the MS analysis or the labeling period. Here, we describe two methods for ANL administration to MetRS* expressing mice, namely (1) adding the amino acid in the drinking water, and (2) introducing ANL by intraperitoneal injections. Regardless of the method chosen for ANL administration, the isolation and purification steps are the same (from step 2 on).

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>12% Acrylamide gels</td>
			<td>GenScript</td>
			<td>SurePAGE, Bis-Tris, 10 x 8, 12%</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M6250</td>
			<td>Toxic; use a lab coat, gloves and a fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>9830</td>
			<td>Toxic; use a lab coat, gloves and a fume hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ANL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Synthesized as described previously for AHA (see references 5 and 11)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ANL-HCl</td>
			<td>IrishBotech</td>
			<td>HAA1625.0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzonase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E1014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin alkyne</td>
			<td>Thermo,</td>
			<td>B10185</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chicken antibody anti-GFP</td>
			<td>Aves</td>
			<td>1020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4693132001</td>
			<td>Toxic; use a lab coat and gloves.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper (I) bromide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>254185</td>
			<td>99.999% (wt/wt)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disulfide tag (DST)-alkyne</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Synthesized as reported in reference number 15, in which it is referred to as probe 20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>276855</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filters</td>
			<td>Merk</td>
			<td>SCGP00525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodo acetamide (IAA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I1149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IR anti chicken 800</td>
			<td>LI-COR</td>
			<td>IRDye 800CW</td>
			<td>Donkey anti-Chicken Secondary Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IR anti rabit 680</td>
			<td>LI-COR</td>
			<td>IRDye 680RD</td>
			<td>Goat anti-Rabbit IgG Secondary Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Maltose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M9171</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manual Mixer</td>
			<td>BioSpec Products</td>
			<td>1083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S9888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-ethylmaleimide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>4259</td>
			<td>Toxic; use a lab coat, gloves and a fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NeutrAvidin beads</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>29200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrocellulose membrane</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>1620112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS 1X</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>J62036.K2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS 1X pH 7.8</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation described in reference number 5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PD SpinTrap G-25 columns</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Buffer exchange</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo,</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td>Reagents in the Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit are toxic to aquatic life.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyclonal rabbit anti-biotin antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>5597</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF membrane</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>IPVH00010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS 10%</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>71736</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS-PAGE&#160; Running buffer MOPS</td>
			<td>GenScript</td>
			<td>M00138</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYPRO Ruby stain</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S4942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Table automatic Vortexer</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Mixmate</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triazole ligand</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>678937</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T9284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>W4502</td>
			<td>Molecular biology grade</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cell-type specific protein purification and identification from complex tissues using a mutant methionine trna synthetase mouse line

Understanding protein homeostasis in vivo is key to knowing how the cells work in both physiological and disease conditions. The present protocol describes in vivo labeling and subsequent purification of newly synthesized proteins using an engineered mouse line to direct protein labeling to specific cellular populations. It is an inducible line by Cre recombinase expression of L274G-Methionine tRNA synthetase (MetRS*), enabling azidonorleucine (ANL) incorporation to the proteins, which otherwise will not occur. Using the method described here, it is possible to purify cell-type-specific proteomes labeled in vivo and detect subtle changes in protein content due to sample complexity reduction.

Following the described protocol (summarized in Figure 1), ANL was administered to mice either by daily intraperitoneal injections (400 mM ANL 10 mL/kg, Nex-Cre::MetRS*) for 7 days, or via drinking water (0.7% Maltose, 1% ANL, CamkII-Cre::MetRS*) for 21 days. After labeling, the corresponding brain areas were dissected, lysed, alkylated, and clicked. Click reactions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western Immunoblot. Representative images of the experiments are shown ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cell-Type Specific Protein Purification and Identification from Complex Tissues Using a Mutant Methionine tRNA Synthetase Mouse Line at JoVE.com

Cell-Type Specific Protein Purification and Identification from Complex Tissues Using a Mutant Methionine tRNA Synthetase Mouse Line

This protocol describes how to perform cell-type-specific protein labeling with azidonorleucine (ANL) using a mouse line expressing a mutant L274G-Methionine tRNA synthetase (MetRS*) and the necessary steps for labeled cell-type-specific proteins isolation. We outline two possible ANL administration routes in live mice by (1) drinking water and (2) intraperitoneal injections.

Understanding protein homeostasis in vivo is key to knowing how the cells work in both physiological and disease conditions. The present protocol ...

This protocol makes it possible to label proteins in a cell type specific manner. This is the first technique that offers such a possibility and it can be done in vitro or in vivo. The main advantage of the technique is that the labeled cell type specific proteins can be purified unidentified, or visualized in situ by immunofluorescent.To begin prepare the tissue lysate by adding lysis buffer at a volume of 12 to 15 times the wet weight of the tissue and triturate the tissue until it is homogenized. Heat this homogenate for 15 minutes to 75 degrees Celsius to denature the protein then centrifuge the sample and transfer the supernatant to a new tube. This sample can be stored at minus 80 degrees Celsius.Next, for alkylation dilute the homogenized sample two to three times in phosphate saline buffer containing an EDTA-free protease inhibitor. Then add freshly prepared iodoacetamide to a final concentration of 20 millimoles. Leave the sample for one to two hours at 20 degrees Celsius in the dark.Repeat the iodoacetamide addition and incubation steps twice. Prepare the column as per the manufacturer's instructions by first vortexing the columns. Then removing the lid cutting the bottom part and centrifuging them.Next, perform a buffer exchange by first equilibrating the buffer exchange columns using the click chemistry exchange buffer and then exchanging all alkylated samples. To evaluate the azidonorleucine incorporation take 40 microliters of the alluded sample and add phosphate saline buffer to a final volume of 120 microliters. Then set up the click chemistry reaction by vortexing the reaction for 20 seconds.After adding each reagent in the indicated order as fast as possible, incubate the samples in the dark at four degrees Celsius overnight with continuous rotation. The following day centrifuge the samples for five minutes at 17, 000 times G after centrifugation a slightly turquoise pellet will be visible. Transfer the supernatant to a new tube and store the sample at minus 80 degrees Celsius.For labeled protein purification. Subject all the samples to a buffer exchange procedure as demonstrated to clean leftovers of free alkyne using neutravidin binding buffer as the equilibration buffer. Then wash the neutravidin high capacity beads three times by mixing the beads with the binding buffer.Centrifuge the mixture, discard the supernatant and repeat this three times. Then prepare a one-to-one slurry by adding the same volume of neutravidin dry beads and neutravidin binding buffer. Set aside 20 to 40 microliters of each sample as pre-purified lysate and store it at minus 20 degrees Celsius.After measuring the protein concentration of the sample mix one milligram of protein with 40 microliters of the beads slurry. Incubate the mixture overnight at four degrees Celsius with continuous rotation enabling the labeled proteins to bind to the beads. On the following day collect the supernatant by centrifugation.Set a 20 to 40 microliter aliquot of the supernatant aside for later analysis and freeze the rest at minus 80 degrees Celsius. Next, wash the beads three times by adding chilled neutravidin washing buffer one. Sedimenting the beads and discarding the supernatant.Then add the same buffer and incubate the beads for 10 minutes under continuous rotation at four degrees Celsius before discarding the supernatant. Repeat the wash with neutravidin washing buffers two and three, and elute the clicked proteins by incubating the beads for 30 minutes at 20 degrees Celsius with a volume of neutravidin elution buffer, corresponding to one volume of the dry beads used. During the elution, maintain the beads in suspension at 1000 revolutions per minute in a thermo block shaker elude twice and combine both elutes.Click reactions were analyzed by SDS page and Western immuno blot. Representative images of the experiments are shown for azidonorleucine administration by intra peritoneal injection and for azidonorleucine administration via drinking water. A further experiment provides an example for the determination of the optimal disulphide biotin cleavable alkyne concentration.In this example, the fold change between the labeled sample and control is highest at 14 Micromolar alkyne concentration. An example of a mass spectrometry result with a clear enrichment in the azidonorleucine labeled sample compared to the control is shown here. This difference was already visible in the total protein stain.Besides changes in peptide intensity there are also unique proteins found in both samples. This is a technically complex protocol and its a step must be carefully followed using proper negative controls alkylation, proper(indistinct)and adequate cleaning of the non click archive. Our key steps in this protocol, purified proteins can be either identified by mass spectrometry if the researchers interest is to study proteins or load it into a gel for studying proteins of interest by western blot.The ability of this method to label proteins from a specific cellular origin has a lot of applications such as the tension of proteins or the study of protein synthesis in vitro or in vivo.

cell-type-specific-protein-purification-identification-from-complex

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Preparation of Synaptoneurosomes from Mouse Cortex using a Discontinuous Percoll-Sucrose Density Gradient

Synaptoneurosomes (SNs) are obtained after homogenization and fractionation of mouse brain cortex. They are resealed vesicles or isolated terminals that break away from axon terminals when the cortical tissue is homogenized. The SNs retain pre- and postsynaptic characteristics, which makes them useful in the study of synaptic transmission. They retain the molecular machinery used in neuronal signaling and are capable of uptake, storage, and release of neurotransmitters.
The production and isolation of active SNs can be problematic using medias like Ficoll, which can be cytotoxic and require extended centrifugation due to high density, and filtration and centrifugation methods, which can result in low activity due to mechanical damage of the SNs. However, the use of discontinuous Percoll-sucrose density gradients to isolate SNs provides a rapid method to produce good yields of translationally active SNs. The Percoll-sucrose gradient method is quick and gentle as it employs isotonic conditions, has fewer and shorter centrifugation spins and avoids centrifugation steps that pellet SNs and cause mechanical damage.

A method to prepare translationally active, intact synaptoneurosomes (SNs) from mouse brain cortex is described. The method uses a discontinuous Percoll-sucrose density gradient allowing for the quick preparation of active SNs.

Synaptoneurosomes (SNs) are obtained after homogenization and fractionation of mouse brain cortex. They are resealed vesicles or isolated terminals that ...

Isolating LacZ-expressing Cells from Mouse Inner Ear Tissues using Flow Cytometry

Isolation of specific cell types allows one to analyze rare cell populations such as stem/progenitor cells. Such an approach to studying inner ear tissues presents a unique challenge because of the paucity of cells of interest and few transgenic reporter mouse models. Here, we describe a protocol using fluorescence-conjugated probes to selectively label LacZ-positive cells from the neonatal cochleae.
The most common underlying pathology of sensorineural hearing loss is the irreversible damage and loss of cochlear sensory hair cells, which are required to transduce sound waves to neural impulses. Recent evidence suggests that the murine auditory and vestibular organs harbor stem/progenitor cells that may have regenerative potential1,2. These findings warrant further investigation, including identifying specific cell types with stem/progenitor cell characteristics. The Wnt signaling pathway has been demonstrated to play a critical role in maintaining stem/progenitor cell populations in several organ systems3-7. We have recently identified Wnt-responsive Axin2-expressing cells in the neonatal cochlea, but their function is largely unknown8.
To better understand the behavior of these Wnt-responsive cells in vitro, we have developed a method of isolating Axin2-expressing cells from cochleae of Axin2-LacZ reporter mice9. Using flow cytometry to isolate Axin2-LacZ positive cells from the neonatal cochleae, we could in turn execute a variety of experiments on live cells to interrogate their behavior as stem/progenitor cells. Here, we describe in detail the steps for the microdissection of neonatal cochlea, dissociation of these tissues, labeling of the LacZ-positive cells using a fluorogenic substrate, and cell sorting. Techniques for dissociating cochleae into single cells and isolating cochlear cells via flow cytometry have been described2,10-12. We have made modifications to these techniques to establish a novel protocol to isolate LacZ-expressing cells from the neonatal cochlea.

Flow cytometry is a powerful tool allowing for the isolation and study of specific cell populations. This protocol describes steps for isolating LacZ-expressing cells from cochlear tissues from neonatal transgenic mice. Dissociated cochlear cells were labeled using fluorescent-conjugated substrates of &#946;-galactosidase prior to separation via flow cytometry.

Isolation of specific cell types allows one to analyze rare cell populations such as stem/progenitor cells. Such an approach to studying inner ear tissues ...

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Accurate detection and quantification of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) in complex matrices is required for pharmaceutical, environmental, and food sample testing. Rapid BoNT testing of foodstuffs is needed during outbreak forensics, patient diagnosis, and food safety testing while accurate potency testing is required for BoNT-based drug product manufacturing and patient safety. The widely used mouse bioassay for BoNT testing is highly sensitive but lacks the precision and throughput needed for rapid and routine BoNT testing. Furthermore, the bioassay&#39;s use of animals has resulted in calls by drug product regulatory authorities and animal-rights proponents in the US and abroad to replace the mouse bioassay for BoNT testing. Several in vitro replacement assays have been developed that work well with purified BoNT in simple buffers, but most have not been shown to be applicable to testing in highly complex matrices. Here, a protocol for the detection of BoNT in complex matrices using the BoTest Matrix assays is presented. The assay consists of three parts: The first part involves preparation of the samples for testing, the second part is an immunoprecipitation step using anti-BoNT antibody-coated paramagnetic beads to purify BoNT from the matrix, and the third part quantifies the isolated BoNT&#39;s proteolytic activity using a fluorogenic reporter. The protocol is written for high throughput testing in 96-well plates using both liquid and solid matrices and requires about 2 hr of manual preparation with total assay times of 4-26 hr depending on the sample type, toxin load, and desired sensitivity. Data are presented for BoNT/A testing with phosphate-buffered saline, a drug product, culture supernatant, 2% milk, and fresh tomatoes and includes discussion of critical parameters for assay success.

The BoTest Matrix botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) detection assays rapidly purify and quantify BoNT from a range of sample matrices.&#160;Here, we present a protocol for the detection and quantification of BoNT from both solid and liquid matrices and demonstrate the assay with BOTOX, tomatoes, and milk.

Accurate detection and quantification of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) in complex matrices is required for pharmaceutical, environmental, and food sample ...

Using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting to Examine Cell-Type-Specific Gene Expression in Rat Brain Tissue

The brain is comprised of four primary cell types including neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. Though they are not the most abundant cell type in the brain, neurons are the most widely studied of these cell types given their direct role in impacting behaviors. Other cell types in the brain also impact neuronal function and behavior via the signaling molecules they produce. Neuroscientists must understand the interactions between the cell types in the brain to better understand how these interactions impact neural function and disease. To date, the most common method of analyzing protein or gene expression utilizes the homogenization of whole tissue samples, usually with blood, and without regard for cell type. This approach is an informative approach for examining general changes in gene or protein expression that may influence neural function and behavior; however, this method of analysis does not lend itself to a greater understanding of cell-type-specific gene expression and the effect of cell-to-cell communication on neural function. Analysis of behavioral epigenetics has been an area of growing focus which examines how modifications of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structure impact long-term gene expression and behavior; however, this information may only be relevant if analyzed in a cell-type-specific manner given the differential lineage and thus epigenetic markers that may be present on certain genes of individual neural cell types. The Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) technique described below provides a simple and effective way to isolate individual neural cells for the subsequent analysis of gene expression, protein expression, or epigenetic modifications of DNA. This technique can also be modified to isolate more specific neural cell types in the brain for subsequent cell-type-specific analysis.

The goal of this protocol is to use the fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) technique to sort specific types of neural cells for subsequent analysis of cell-type-specific gene expression, epigenetic markers, and or protein expression.

The brain is comprised of four primary cell types including neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. Though they are not the most abundant ...

Purification of Mouse Brain Vessels

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and immune cells between the brain and the blood. Moreover, the huge neuronal metabolic demand requires a moment-to-moment regulation of blood flow. Notably, abnormalities of these regulations are etiological hallmarks of most brain pathologies; including glioblastoma, stroke, edema, epilepsy, degenerative diseases (ex: Parkinson&#8217;s disease, Alzheimer&#8217;s disease), brain tumors, as well as inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, meningitis and sepsis-induced brain dysfunctions. Thus, understanding the signaling events modulating the cerebrovascular physiology is a major challenge. Much insight into the cellular and molecular properties of the various cell types that compose the cerebrovascular system can be gained from primary culture or cell sorting from freshly dissociated brain tissue. However, properties such as cell polarity, morphology and intercellular relationships are not maintained in such preparations. The protocol that we describe here is designed to purify brain vessel fragments, whilst maintaining structural integrity. We show that isolated vessels consist of endothelial cells sealed by tight junctions that are surrounded by a continuous basal lamina. Pericytes, smooth muscle cells as well as the perivascular astrocyte endfeet membranes remain attached to the endothelial layer. Finally, we describe how to perform immunostaining experiments on purified brain vessels.

We describe a protocol allowing the purification of the mouse brain's vascular compartment. Isolated brain vessels include endothelial cells linked by tight junctions and surrounded by a continuous basal lamina, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as perivascular astroglial membranes.

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and ...

External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures

A neuron will fire an action potential when its membrane potential exceeds a certain threshold. In typical activity of the brain, this occurs as a result of chemical inputs to its synapses. However, neurons can also be excited by an imposed electric field. In particular, recent clinical applications activate neurons by creating an electric field externally. It is therefore of interest to investigate how the neuron responds to the external field and what causes the action potential. Fortunately, precise and controlled application of an external electric field is possible for embryonic neuronal cells that are excised, dissociated and grown in cultures. This allows the investigation of these questions in a highly reproducible system.
In this paper some of the techniques used for controlled application of external electric field on neuronal cultures are reviewed. The networks can be either one dimensional, i.e. patterned in linear forms or allowed to grow on the whole plane of the substrate, and thus two dimensional. Furthermore, the excitation can be created by the direct application of electric field via electrodes immersed in the fluid (bath electrodes) or by inducing the electric field using the remote creation of magnetic pulses.

Neuronal cultures are a good model for studying emerging brain stimulation techniques via their effect on single neurons or a population of neurons. Presented here are different methods for stimulation of patterned neuronal cultures by an electric field produced directly by bath electrodes or induced by a time-varying magnetic field.

A neuron will fire an action potential when its membrane potential exceeds a certain threshold. In typical activity of the brain, this occurs as a result ...

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health crisis which is characterized by insulin signaling impairment and chronic inflammation in peripheral tissues. The hypothalamus in the central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for energy and insulin signal response regulation. Chronic inflammation in peripheral tissues and imbalances of certain chemokines (such as CCL5, TNF&#945;, and IL-6) contribute to diabetes and obesity. However, the functional mechanism(s) connecting chemokines and hypothalamic insulin signal regulation still remain unclear.
In vitro primary neuron culture models are convenient and simple models which can be used to investigate insulin signal regulation in hypothalamic neurons. In this study, we introduced exogeneous GLUT4 protein conjugated with GFP (GFP-GLUT4) into primary hypothalamic neurons to track GLUT4 membrane translocation upon insulin stimulation. Time-lapse images of GFP-GLUT4 protein trafficking were recorded by deconvolution microscopy, which allowed users to generate high-speed, high-resolution images without damaging the neurons significantly while conducting the experiment. The contribution of CCR5 in insulin regulated GLUT4 translocation was observed in CCR5 deficient hypothalamic neurons, which were isolated and cultured from CCR5 knockout mice. Our results demonstrated that the GLUT4 membrane translocation efficiency was reduced in CCR5 deficient hypothalamic neurons after insulin stimulation.

This protocol describes a technique for observation of real-time Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) tagged Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein trafficking upon insulin stimulation and characterization of the biological role of CCR5 in the insulin&#8211;GLUT4 signaling pathway with Deconvolution Microscopy.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health crisis which is characterized by insulin signaling impairment and chronic inflammation in peripheral ...

Rapid and Specific Immunomagnetic Isolation of Mouse Primary Oligodendrocytes

The efficient and robust isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of oligodendroglia as well as the biology of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease (PMLD). Here, we present a simple and efficient selection method for the immunomagnetic isolation of stage three O4+ preoligodendrocytes cells from neonatal mice pups. Since immature OL constitute more than 80% of the rodent-brain white matter at postnatal day 7 (P7) this isolation method not only ensures high cellular yield, but also the specific isolation of OLs already committed to the oligodendroglial lineage, decreasing the possibility of isolating contaminating cells such as astrocytes and other cells from the mouse brain. This method is a modification of the techniques reported previously, and provides oligodendrocyte preparation purity above 80% in about 4 h.

We describe the immunomagnetic isolation of primary mouse oligodendrocytes, which allows the rapid and specific isolation of the cells for in vitro culture.

The efficient and robust isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of ...

Quantifying the Heterogeneous Distribution of a Synaptic Protein in the Mouse Brain Using Immunofluorescence

The presence, absence, or levels of specific synaptic proteins can severely influence synaptic transmission. In addition to elucidating the function of a protein, it is vital to also determine its distribution. Here, we describe a protocol employing immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and computer-based analysis to determine the distribution of the synaptic protein Mover (also called TPRGL or SVAP30). We compare the distribution of Mover to that of the synaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin, thereby determining the distribution of Mover in a quantitative manner relative to the abundance of synaptic vesicles. Notably, this method could potentially be implemented to allow for comparison of the distribution of proteins using different antibodies or microscopes or across different studies. Our method circumvents the inherent variability of immunofluorescent stainings by yielding a ratio rather than absolute fluorescence levels. Additionally, the method we describe enables the researcher to analyze the distribution of a protein on different levels: from whole brain slices to brain regions to different subregions in one brain area, such as the different layers of the hippocampus or sensory cortices. Mover is a vertebrate-specific protein that is associated with synaptic vesicles. With this method, we show that Mover is heterogeneously distributed across brain areas, with high levels in the ventral pallidum, the septal nuclei, and the amygdala, and also within single brain areas, such as the different layers of the hippocampus.

Here, we describe a quantitative approach to determining the distribution of a synaptic protein relative to a marker protein using immunofluorescence staining, confocal microscopy, and computer-based analysis.

The presence, absence, or levels of specific synaptic proteins can severely influence synaptic transmission. In addition to elucidating the function of a ...

Purification of Prominin-1+ Stem Cells from Postnatal Mouse Cerebellum

Most cerebellar neurons arise from two embryonic stem niches: a rhombic lip niche, which generates all the cerebellar excitatory glutamatergic neurons, and a ventricular zone niche, which generates the inhibitory GABAergic Purkinje cells, which are neurons that constitute the deep cerebellar nuclei and Bergman glia. Recently, a third stem cell niche has been described that arises as a secondary germinal zone from the ventricular zone niche. The cells of this niche are defined by the cell surface marker prominin-1 and are localized to the developing white matter of the postnatal cerebellum. This niche accounts for the late born molecular layer GABAergic interneurons along with postnatally generated cerebellar astrocytes. In addition to their developmental role, this niche is gaining translational importance in regards to its involvement in neurodegeneration and tumorigenesis. The biology of these cells has been difficult to decipher because of a lack of efficient techniques for their purification. Demonstrated here are efficient methods to purify, culture, and differentiate these postnatal cerebellar stem cells.

Purification of Prominin-1+ Stem Cells from Postnatal Mouse Cerebellum

Demonstrated here is an efficient and cost-effective method to purify, culture, and differentiate white matter stem cells from postnatal mouse cerebellum.

Most cerebellar neurons arise from two embryonic stem niches: a rhombic lip niche, which generates all the cerebellar excitatory glutamatergic neurons, ...