Name: experimental viral infection in adult mosquitoes by oral feeding and microinjection
Uploaded: 2022-07-28T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Viral Infection in Adult Mosquitoes by Oral Feeding and Microinjection at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Wuhan Science and Technology Plan Project (2018201261638501).

1. Preparation of viruses and mosquitoes
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of viruses 
	NOTE: All processes were carried out in a biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) laboratory. The level of biosafety contaiment used should be&#160;determined by the pathogen&#39;s risk assessment and regulations specific to nations and regions. The process must be performed in a biosafety cabinet.
	<ol>
		<li>Inoculate 1 x 106 C6/36 cells into a T75 culture flask. Fill the flask with 10 mL of Roswell Park Memorial Institute ...

<ol>
	<li>Yu, X., Zhu, Y., Xiao, X., Wang, P., Cheng, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+towards+Understanding+the+Mosquito-Borne+Virus+Life+Cycle.">Progress towards Understanding the Mosquito-Borne Virus Life Cycle.</a> Trends in Parasitology. 35 (12), 1009-1017 (2019).</li><li>Sukhralia, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+dengue+to+Zika:+the+wide+spread+of+mosquito-borne+arboviruses.">From dengue to Zika: the wide spread of mosquito-borne arboviruses.</a> European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases. 38 (1), 3-14 (2019).</li><li>Kuhn, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taxonomic+update+of+phylum+Negarnaviricota+(Riboviria:+Orthornavirae),+including+the+large+orders+Bunyavirales+and+Mononegavirales.">Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.</a> Archives of Virology. 166 (12), 3513-3566 (2021).</li><li>Bhatt, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+global+distribution+and+burden+of+dengue.">The global distribution and burden of dengue.</a> Nature. 496 (7446), 504-507 (2013).</li><li>Kindhauser, M. K., Allen, T., Frank, V., Santhana, R. S., Dye, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika:+the+origin+and+spread+of+a+mosquito-borne+virus.">Zika: the origin and spread of a mosquito-borne virus.</a> Bull World Health Organ. 94 (9), 675-686 (2016).</li><li>Wei, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vector+Competence+for+DENV-2+Among+Aedes+albopictus+(Diptera:+Culicidae)+Populations+in+China.">Vector Competence for DENV-2 Among Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations in China.</a> Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 11, (2021).</li><li>Morales-Vargas, R. E., Misse, D., Chavez, I. F., Kittayapong, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vector+Competence+for+Dengue-2+Viruses+Isolated+from+Patients+with+Different+Disease+Severity.">Vector Competence for Dengue-2 Viruses Isolated from Patients with Different Disease Severity.</a> Pathogens. 9 (10), (2020).</li><li>Naslund, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+Mosquito-Borne+Viruses+Linked+to+Aedes+aegypti+and+Aedes+albopictus:+Global+Status+and+Preventive+Strategies.">Emerging Mosquito-Borne Viruses Linked to Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus: Global Status and Preventive Strategies.</a> Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 21 (10), 731-746 (2021).</li><li>Lwande, O. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Globe-Trotting+Aedes+aegypti+and+Aedes+albopictus:+Risk+Factors+for+Arbovirus+Pandemics.">Globe-Trotting Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus: Risk Factors for Arbovirus Pandemics.</a> Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 20 (2), 71-81 (2020).</li><li>Liu-Helmersson, J., Brannstrom, A., Sewe, M. O., Semenza, J. C., Rocklov, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+Past,+Present,+and+Future+Trends+in+the+Global+Distribution+and+Abundance+of+the+Arbovirus+Vector+Aedes+aegypti+Under+Climate+Change+Scenarios.">Estimating Past, Present, and Future Trends in the Global Distribution and Abundance of the Arbovirus Vector Aedes aegypti Under Climate Change Scenarios.</a> Fronters in Public Health. 7, 148 (2019).</li><li>Cai, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+2021+China+report+of+the+Lancet+Countdown+on+health+and+climate+change:+seizing+the+window+of+opportunity.">The 2021 China report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: seizing the window of opportunity.</a> Lancet Public Health. 6 (12), 932-947 (2021).</li><li>Chan, K. K., Auguste, A. J., Brewster, C. C., Paulson, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vector+competence+of+Virginia+mosquitoes+for+Zika+and+Cache+Valley+viruses.">Vector competence of Virginia mosquitoes for Zika and Cache Valley viruses.</a> Parasites &amp; Vectors. 13 (1), 188 (2020).</li><li>Kumar, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosquito+Innate+Immunity.">Mosquito Innate Immunity.</a> Insects. 9 (3), (2018).</li><li>Franz, A. W., Kantor, A. M., Passarelli, A. L., Clem, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+Barriers+to+Arbovirus+Infection+in+Mosquitoes.">Tissue Barriers to Arbovirus Infection in Mosquitoes.</a> Viruses. 7 (7), 3741-3767 (2015).</li><li>Xia, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+Ebinur+Lake+Virus+and+Its+Human+Seroprevalence+at+the+China-Kazakhstan+Border.">Characterization of Ebinur Lake Virus and Its Human Seroprevalence at the China-Kazakhstan Border.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 10, (2020).</li><li>Baer, A., Kehn-Hall, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral+Concentration+Determination+Through+Plaque+Assays:+Using+Traditional+and+Novel+Overlay+Systems.">Viral Concentration Determination Through Plaque Assays: Using Traditional and Novel Overlay Systems.</a> Jove-Journal of Visualized Experiments. (93), e52065 (2014).</li><li>Xu, M. Y., Liu, S. Q., Deng, C. L., Zhang, Q. Y., Zhang, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+Zika+virus+by+SYBR+green+one-step+real-time+RT-PCR.">Detection of Zika virus by SYBR green one-step real-time RT-PCR.</a> Journal of Virological Methods. 236, 93-97 (2016).</li><li>Yang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vector+competence+and+transcriptional+response+of+Aedes+aegypti+for+Ebinur+Lake+virus,+a+newly+mosquito-borne+orthobunyavirus.">Vector competence and transcriptional response of Aedes aegypti for Ebinur Lake virus, a newly mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus.</a> bioRxiv. , (2022).</li><li>Britton, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory-acquired+dengue+virus+infection--a+case+report.">Laboratory-acquired dengue virus infection--a case report.</a> PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 5 (11), 1324 (2011).</li><li>Weger-Lucarelli, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vector+Competence+of+American+Mosquitoes+for+Three+Strains+of+Zika+Virus.">Vector Competence of American Mosquitoes for Three Strains of Zika Virus.</a> PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 10 (10), 0005101 (2016).</li><li>Elizondo-Quiroga, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vector+competence+of+Aedes+aegypti+and+Culex+quinquefasciatus+from+the+metropolitan+area+of+Guadalajara,+Jalisco,+Mexico+for+Zika+virus.">Vector competence of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus from the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico for Zika virus.</a> Scientific reports. 9 (1), 16955 (2019).</li></ol>

The goal of this method was to provide a comprehensive risk assessment of one mosquito-borne virus by evaluating vector competence through oral feeding and intrathoracic inoculation.
In the oral-feeding experiment, engorged-mosquitoes need to be picked out and transferred to a new container, posing a severe risk to the operators. The reason for this is because any mosquito, including uninfected mosquitoes, might be a source of infection19. Consequently, mosquitoes must ...

Mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs), a heterogeneous group of RNA viruses, can persist in mosquito vectors and subsequently spread to vertebrate hosts1. The clinically important MBVs are majorly distributed in four virus families, namely Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Reoviridae, and Peribunyavividae2,3. In recent decades, these viruses have been reported all across the globe, causing public health issues. As one of the most well-known MBVs, Dengue virus (DENV) has become the most prevalent emerging or re-emerging arbovirus in over 100 countries during the last 20 years4. Since the discovery of Zika virus (ZIKV) inland, almost all tropical and subtropical countries and territories of the continent have reported human ZIKV infections5. In order to assess the risk of virus transmission, numerous studies in recent years have focused on mosquito vector competence for these viruses6,7. As a result, it is critical to effectively prevent and control vector-borne diseases.
Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti), one of the most easily reared mosquitoes in the laboratory, is an important vector of DENV, ZIKV, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and yellow fever virus (YFV)8. For a long time, Ae. aegypti was solely found in the African continent and in Southeast Asia, but in recent years it has colonized nearly all continents9. Furthermore, the global abundance of Ae. aegypti has been continuously growing, with an estimated 20% increase by the end of the century10. From 2004 to 2009 in China, there was an evident increase in Ae. aegypti vector competence for DENV due to higher day-to-day temperatures11. The status of Ae. aegypti as the pathogenic vector has significantly risen in China. Consequently, to address these challenges, it is necessary to investigate the vector competence of Ae. aegypti's to transmit viruses.
As a haematophagous arthropod, the female mosquito pierces the skin of a vertebrate host and feeds on the blood. Mosquitoes do occasionally acquire viruses from virus-infected hosts and then transfer the viruses to a new host. As such, to determine vector competence, mosquitoes are fed an artificial bloodmeal containing arboviruses through a feeding system in the laboratory setting12. Individual mosquitoes are separated into heads, bodies, and saliva secretions several days after infection. To measure virus infection, dissemination, and transmission rates, virus titers have been detected by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) or plaque assay. However, not all mosquitoes develop midgut infections and the capacity to transfer a virus to the next host following blood feeding. It is linked with mosquitoes' physiological barriers, which prevent pathogens from penetrating the body and play a vital role in their innate immunity13. The midgut barriers, particularly the midgut infection barrier (MIB) and midgut escape barrier (MEB), influence whether the virus could infect the vector systemically and the efficiency with which it spreads. It obstructs the analysis of other tissues' infection, such as salivary glands which also exhibit salivary gland infection and escape barriers13,14. To better characterize the infection of midguts and salivary glands in the vector, a detailed protocol for oral feeding and intrathoracic inoculation of arbovirus in Ae. aegypti is presented herein. This protocol might be applied to additional arbovirus infections in a variety of mosquito vectors, such as DENV and ZIKV infection in Aedes spp., and could prove to be a practicable procedure.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Aedes aegypti&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Rockefeller strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated nucleic acid extraction system&#160;</td>
			<td>NanoMagBio</td>
			<td>S-48</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BHK-21 cells</td>
			<td>National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buckets</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C6/36 cells&#160;</td>
			<td>National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon dioxide spray gun&#160;</td>
			<td>wuhan Yihong</td>
			<td>YHDFPCO2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifugal machine</td>
			<td>Himac&#160;</td>
			<td>CF16RN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR Detection System&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>CFX96 Touch</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ebinur Lake virus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cu20-XJ isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Wuhan Baiqiandu</td>
			<td>B0003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glove box&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Hushi</td>
			<td>10010518</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immersion oil&#160;</td>
			<td>Cargille</td>
			<td>16908-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insect incubator</td>
			<td>Memmert</td>
			<td>HPP750T7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low Temperature Tissue Homogenizer Grinding Machine&#160;</td>
			<td>Servicebio</td>
			<td>KZ-III-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic Virus Genome Extraction Kit</td>
			<td>NanoMagBio</td>
			<td>NMG0966-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mesh cages (30 x 30 x 30 cm)</td>
			<td>Huayu</td>
			<td>HY-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>methylcellulose</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>17851</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mice feedstuff powder&#160;</td>
			<td>BESSN</td>
			<td>BS018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microelectrode Puller</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>PUL-1000</td>
			<td>PUL-1000&#160;is a microprocessor controlled horizontal puller for making glass micropipettes or microelectrodes used in intracellular recording, patch clamp studies, microperfusion or microinjection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mosquito net meshes&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanoject III Programmable Nanoliter Injector</td>
			<td>Drummond</td>
			<td>3-000-207</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>One Step TB Green PrimeScript PLUS RT-PCR Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Takara</td>
			<td>RR096A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS, pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>C10010500BT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>151140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic cupes (7 oz)&#160;</td>
			<td>Hubei Duoanduo</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic cups (24 oz)&#160;</td>
			<td>Anhui shangji</td>
			<td>PET32-Tub-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic disposable droppers</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td>BS-XG-O3L-NS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerator (-80 &#176;C)</td>
			<td>sanyo</td>
			<td>MDF-U54V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Replacement Glass Capillaries</td>
			<td>Drummond</td>
			<td>3-000-203-G/X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI medium 1640&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>C11875500BT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screw cap storage tubes (2 mL )</td>
			<td>biofil</td>
			<td>&#160;FCT010005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shallow dishes&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sponge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile defibrillated horse blood</td>
			<td>Wuhan Purity Biotechnology</td>
			<td>CDHXB413</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T75 culture flask</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430829</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The artificial mosquito feeding system&#160;</td>
			<td>Hemotek</td>
			<td>Hemotek PS6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The dissecting microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>ZEISS</td>
			<td>&#160;stemi508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The ice plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The mosquito absorbing machine&#160;</td>
			<td>Ningbo Bangning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The pipette tips&#160;</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>TF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezers</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>0203-5-PO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental viral infection in adult mosquitoes by oral feeding and microinjection

Mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs), which are infectious pathogens to vertebrates, are spread by many mosquito species, posing a severe threat to public health. Once ingested, the viruses must overcome the mosquito midgut barrier to reach the hemolymph, from where they might potentially spread to the salivary glands. When a mosquito bites, these viruses are spread to new vertebrate hosts. Similarly, the mosquito may pick up different viruses. In general, only a tiny portion of viruses may enter the salivary glands via the gut. The transmission efficiency of these viruses to the glands is be affected by the two physical barriers found in different mosquito species: midgut barriers and salivary glands barriers. This protocol presents a method for virus detection in salivary glands of Aedes aegypti&#39;s&#160;following oral feeding and intrathoracic injection infection. Furthermore, determining whether the guts and/or salivary glands hinder viral spread can aid in the risk assessments of MBVs transmitted by Aedes aegypti.

To examine EBIV distribution in the infected mosquitoes via artificial blood feeding (the viral final titer was 6.4 x 106 PFU/mL) and intrathoracic injection (the viral dose was 340 PFU), viral RNAs in saliva, heads, and guts of the mosquitoes at 10 days post infection (dpi) were determined.
For Ae. aegypti, virus titer of EBIV in the guts, heads, and saliva of the intrathoracically inoculated female mosquitoes were much higher than that in the oral-infected female...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Viral Infection in Adult Mosquitoes by Oral Feeding and Microinjection at JoVE.com

Experimental Viral Infection in Adult Mosquitoes by Oral Feeding and Microinjection

This methodology, which included oral feeding and intrathoracic injection infection, could effectively assess the influence of midgut and/or salivary gland barriers on arbovirus infection.

Mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs), which are infectious pathogens to vertebrates, are spread by many mosquito species, posing a severe threat to public ...

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Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a common blood-borne pathogen causing liver cancer and liver cirrhosis resulting from chronic infection. The virus generally ...

Modeling Tuberculosis in Mycobacterium marinum Infected Adult Zebrafish

Modeling Tuberculosis in Mycobacterium marinum Infected Adult Zebrafish

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is currently the deadliest human pathogen causing 1.7 million deaths and 10.4 million infections every year. Exposure to this ...