[رني بوساطة إسكات الجينات في البعوض ويتطلب التحضير المسبق وتنقية dsRNAs المحددة التي تستهدف هذا الجين من الفائدة. لتخليق الرنا المزدوج الجديلة ، نوصي عدة Megascript Ambion الذي يجعل من استخدام الحمض النووي الريبي بوليميراز T7 بوساطة كرد فعل النسخ المختبر. لتنقية الرنا المزدوج الجديلة ، نوصي عدة RNeasy Qiagen. وينبغي قياس عينات من الرنا المزدوج الجديلة وتعديلها إلى 3 ميكروغرام / ميكرولتر في الماء. مواد أخرى سوف تحتاج ما يلي : الغرامة ذات الرؤوس الملقط ، شريحة زجاجية ، والإبر والزجاج microcapillary ، microinjector (نستخدم دراموند Nanoject II) ، المجهر ضوء تصاعد أعلاه كتلة الباردة ، وهي تتناول طبق بيتري الزجاج ، والمناشف الورقية ودلو من الجليد . سوف تحتاج أيضا وسيلة لجمع البعوض وعاء مناسب لهم جنبا إلى جنب مع مصدر المواد الغذائية مثل كرة من القطن المنقوعة في السكروز 10 ٪. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> جمع البعوض الخاص. باستخدام الشافطة تعمل بالبطارية ، وجمع البعوض كنت ترغب في ضخ. سد فوهة مع منشفة ورقية أو القطن بحيث لا يستطيع البعوض الهرب وإزالة الخزان. درجات الحرارة الباردة منذ تخدير البعوض ، ودفن خزان في دلو من الجليد والانتظار لمدة 5-10 دقائق على البعوض لوقف التحرك. ويمكن أيضا أن يتحقق التخدير عن طريق وضع الخزان في غرفة باردة أو الثلاجة أو باستخدام ثاني أكسيد الكربون 2. خلال هذه الدقائق 50-10 ، انتقل إلى الخطوة التالية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد مجال عملك. تعيين كتلة سطح مستو الباردة إلى 2 درجة مئوية ، ووضع شريحة زجاجية على ذلك. هذا هو المكان الذي ستقع البعوض كما كنت ضخها. إبرة تعلق على الزجاج وmicroinjector واستخدام الملقط الخاص لكسر غيض من الإبرة إلى العرض المطلوب. من المهم أن العرض هو كبير بما يكفي للسماح مساحة كافية لتدفق السائل من خلال بسعر معقول ولكن ضيق بما يكفي لالحاق جرح الحد الأدنى خلال الحقن. وهناك نصيحة جيدة الإبرة يكون ضيقا بما يكفي لكسر ينحني قليلا ولكن لا. مجموعة معدات حقن الخاص لحجم الانتاج المطلوب (لرني ، ونحن نستخدم 69 NL). يغرق غيض من الإبرة الخاص في عينتك واستخلاص عينة السائل الخاص إلى الإبرة باستخدام إرشادات الشركة المصنعة. يمكن للعينة السائل يكون حلا الرنا المزدوج الجديلة ، تعليق البكتيرية ، أو غيرها ، وعملية الحقن هي نفسها للجميع. تضمين طبق بيتري الزجاج في دلو الثلج بحيث أسفل الطبق هو الاتصال تماما الجليد. هذا هو المكان الذي سوف يضع البعوض حتى تكون على استعداد لضخها. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> اعداد البعوض الخاص. 50-100 نقل البعوض من الخزان إلى طبق بيتري الزجاج. استخدام الملقط الخاص لرقيقة لهم طبقة واحدة ، والتأكد من أكثر من الاتصال مع الجزء السفلي من الطبق البارد للاحتفاظ بها تخدير. تغطي هذه البعوض مع تغطية صحن عندما لا تكون قيد الاستعمال. إعادة الخزان إلى دلو الثلج للحفاظ على ما تبقى من البعوض تخدير. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> جبل البعوض على كتلة الباردة. استخدامك غرامة يميل ملقط لنقل البعوض واحد في وقت من الطبق إلى الشريحة الزجاجية التي شنت على الكتلة الباردة تحت المجهر الخفيفة. التعامل بلطف على البعوض ، ويفضل من الساقين. خط يصل ما يصل الى 30 البعوض جنبا إلى جنب على الشريحة ، والتأكد من يمكنك الحصول على كل واحد مع microinjector والتأكد من كل واحد يجعل الاتصال مع الشريحة الباردة. تأكد من اصطف البعوض الخاص بك منظم بحيث كما تذهب على طول تعلمون التي والتي لم تحقن تم. ترك البعوض الأخرى المشمولة في طبق بتري مبردة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حقن المجموعة الأولى من البعوض. عقد الخاص غرامة ذات الرؤوس ملقط يميل في يد واحدة وعقد microinjector في اليد الأخرى مثل قلم رصاص. استخدام ملقط لنقل البعوض كما تحتاج (التعامل معها من قبل لتجنب إصابة الساقين) ، والحفاظ على البعوض مستمرة حيث يحقن. هذا يعمل بشكل أفضل في حالة استخدام الملقط لدعم جانب واحد من البعوض كما كنت تضخ من الجانب الآخر. إدراج بعناية مجرد غيض إبرة في الصدر البعوض. فمن الأفضل ليحقن في جزء مشدود بعد رقيقة من إهاب للتقليل من الاصابة. أيضا ، وتجنب الحقن العميق جدا ، أردت مجرد غيض أن تكون داخل القفص الصدري ؛ أعمق الحقن يسبب المزيد من الجروح التي سوف توفيقي البقاء. مرة واحدة في تلميح إبرة في الموقف ، والصحافة والافراج عن دواسة القدم لجهاز microinjector الذي سيلقي بك قبل تعيين حجم الرنا المزدوج الجديلة. انتظر لثانية أو اثنتين ، وإزالة الإبرة من البعوض. اذا قطرة من السائل تظهر خارج موقع الجرح ، وانتظر بضع ثوان حتى يتم امتصاصه في الجرح. اذا لم تستوعب في غضون ثوان قليلة ، وتجاهل أن البعوض وحاول مرة أخرى. الاستمرار في عملية حقن للجميع البعوض على الشريحة الزجاجية الخاصة بك. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> المتجر الخاص البعوض. عند الانتهاء ، ومكان البعوض الخاص حقنه داخل حاويات المسمى (نفضل 1 كوب الكرتون باينت الشمع مبطنة تغطيهاشبكة المعاوضة والمضمون مع عصابات المطاط وغطاء من الورق المقوى). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يستمر الحقن حتى الانتهاء. الاستمرار في مكان البعوض على الشريحة ، وضخ ونقل إلى الكؤوس حتى يكون لديك حجم العينة التي تريدها. سوف تمثل بالنسبة لبعض المبتدئين ، والبعوض وفاة العديد من يموت من صدمة الحقن. هذا سوف يتحسن مع الممارسة حتى ما يقرب من 100 ٪ من البعوض الخاص البقاء الحقن. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> عند الانتهاء ، وضع مطوية ، منشفة ورقية مبللة على الكأس مع مصدر الغذاء والغطاء والكؤوس مع شيء على الاحتفاظ بالرطوبة مثل غلاف بلاستيكي أو غطاء بلاستيكي بيتري. حقن البعوض المعرضة للجفاف وبالتالي فإن الرطوبة التي قدمتها منشفة مبللة والتي احتفظت بها من البلاستيك سيساعد على منع ذلك. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مكان البعوض الخاص في غرفة التحكم بيئيا للحضانة. </li></ol> ملاحظة : الكفاءة لإسكات الجين هو متغير جدا ويعتمد على عدد من العوامل بما في ذلك نص والبروتين بدوره على أسعار والرنا المزدوج الجديلة كفاءة امتصاص الخلايا والأعضاء. لقد وجدنا أن إسكات يبدأ في وقت مبكر يوم 1 حقن آخر ، ويمكن أن تصل إلى 6 أيام بعد الحقن. استخدام وسائل الكشف عن نص والبروتين مثل PCR الكمي والغربية للتحقق من صحة إسكات النشاف. ملاحظة : هناك عدة تنويعات على عدة خطوات لحقن البعوض ورني بوساطة تقنية إسكات الجينات. بعض الاختلافات التي وصفها : بواسون ، وآخرون (2006) وبلاندن ، وآخرون (2002)...

<ol>
	<li>Boisson, ., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> , (2006).</li><li>Blandin, ., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> , (2002).</li></ol>

كفاءة إسكات الجين هو متغير جدا ويعتمد على عدد من العوامل بما في ذلك نص والبروتين بدوره على أسعار والرنا المزدوج الجديلة كفاءة امتصاص الخلايا والأعضاء. لقد وجدنا أن إسكات يبدأ في وقت مبكر ك 1 حقن آخر النهار ويمكن أن تصل إلى 6 أيام بعد الحقن. استخدام وسائل الكشف عن نص والبروتين مثل PC...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Megascript</td>
<td>kit</td>
<td>Ambion</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>for dsRNA synthesis; T7 RNA polymerase-mediated in vitro transcription reaction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RNeasy</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Qiagen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>For dsRNA purification</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dsRNA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>should be quantified and adjusted to 3 &#x03BC;g/ &#x03BC;L in water</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>fine-tipped forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>glass slide</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>glass microcapillary needles</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>microinjector</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Drummond</td>
<td>Nanoject II</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>light microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>mounted above a cold block</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Petri dish</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>covered, glass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>paper towels</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>10% sucrose</td>
<td>food</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>A. gambiae</td>
<td>Animal</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>mosquitos</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
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protocol for rnai assays in adult mosquitoes (a. gambiae)

وقد أثبتت عكس النهج الوراثية مفيدة للغاية لتحديد الجينات التي تشكل أساس المقاومة لمسببات الأمراض في ناقلات البعوض. هذا البروتوكول الفيديو يوضح الطريقة التي يستخدمها المختبر Dimopoulos لحقن الرنا المزدوج الجديلة في الأنوفيلة غامبياي ، التي ترعى طفيل الملاريا. ويتجلى أسلوب التلاعب الإعداد الحقن وحقن الرنا المزدوج الجديلة في القفص الصدري.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for RNAi Assays in Adult Mosquitoes A. gambiae at JoVE.com

Protocol for RNAi Assays in Adult Mosquitoes A. gambiae

بروتوكول للفحوصات رني في البعوض الكبار (A. الغامبية)

Reverse genetic approaches have proven extremely useful for determining  which genes underly resistance to vector pathogens in mosquitoes.  This video ...

protocol-for-rnai-assays-in-adult-mosquitoes-a-gambiae

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Protocol for RNAi Assays in Adult Mosquitoes (A. gambiae)

12.5K Views.  Johns Hopkins University. وقد أثبتت عكس النهج الوراثية مفيدة للغاية لتحديد الجينات التي تشكل أساس المقاومة لمسببات الأمراض في ناقلات البعوض. هذا البروتوكول الفيديو يوضح الطريقة التي يستخدمها المختبر Dimopoulos لحقن الرنا المزدوج الجديلة في الأنوفيلة غامبياي ، التي ترعى طفيل الملاريا. ويتج?...

Video: Protocol for RNAi Assays in Adult Mosquitoes A. gambiae

Protocol for Dengue Infections in Mosquitoes (A. aegypti) and Infection Phenotype Determination

The purpose of this procedure is to infect the Aedes mosquito with dengue virus in a laboratory condition and examine the infection level and dynamic of the virus in the mosquito tissues. This protocol is routinely used for studying mosquito-virus interactions, especially for identification of novel host factors that are able to determine vector competence. The entire experiment must be conducted in a BSL2 laboratory. Similar to Plasmodium falciparum infections, proper attire including gloves and lab coat must be worn at all times. After the experiment, all the materials that came in contact with the virus need to be treated with 75% ethanol and bleached before proceeding with normal washing. All other materials need to be autoclaved before discarding them.

Protocol for Dengue Infections in Mosquitoes A. aegypti and Infection Phenotype Determination

Once a gene is identified as potentially refractory for the dengue virus, it must be evaluated for it's role in preventing viral infections within the mosquito. This protocol illustrates how the extent of dengue infections of mosquitoes can be assayed. The techniques for growing up the virus in culture, membrane feeding mosquitoes human blood, and assaying viral titers in the mosquito midgut are demonstrated.

بروتوكول للعدوى حمى الضنك في البعوض (بعوض ألف) ، وتحديد النمط الظاهري العدوى

The purpose of this procedure is to infect the Aedes mosquito with dengue virus in a laboratory condition and examine the infection level and dynamic of ...

Protocol for Mosquito Rearing (A. gambiae)

This protocol describes mosquito rearing in the insectary. The insectary rooms are maintained at 28&deg;C and ~80% humidity, with a 12 hr. day/night cycle. For this procedure, you'll need mosquito cages, 10% sterile sucrose solution, paper towels, beaker, whatman filter paper, glass feeders, human blood and serum, water bath, parafilm, distilled water, clean plastic trays, mosquito food (described below), mosquito net to cover the trays, vacuum, and a collection chamber to collect adults.

Protocol for Mosquito Rearing A. gambiae

This video illustrates the general techniques used to rear Anopheles gambiae in the laboratory. The methods for caring for laboratory mosquitoes are demonstrated through all stages of the organism's life cycle from larvae to pupae to blood-feeding adults.

بروتوكول للتربية البعوض (A. الغامبية)

This protocol describes mosquito rearing in the insectary. The insectary rooms are maintained at 28&deg;C and ~80% humidity, with a 12 hr. day/night ...

Protocol for Plasmodium falciparum Infections in Mosquitoes and Infection Phenotype Determination

Once a gene is identified as potentially refractory for malaria, it must be evaluated for its role in preventing Plasmodium infections within the mosquito.    This protocol illustrates how the extent of plasmodium infections of mosquitoes can be assayed.  The techniques for preparing the gametocyte culture, membrane feeding mosquitoes human blood, and assaying viral titers in the mosquito midgut are demonstrated.

Once a gene is identified as potentially refractory for malaria, it must be evaluated for its role in preventing Plasmodium infections within the mosquito. This protocol illustrates how the extent of plasmodium infections of mosquitoes can be assayed. The techniques for preparing the gametocyte culture, membrane feeding mosquitoes human blood, and assaying viral titers in the mosquito midgut are demonstrated.

بروتوكول للعدوى الملاريا المنجلية في تحديد النمط الظاهري البعوض والعدوى

Once a gene is identified as potentially refractory for malaria, it must be evaluated for its role in preventing Plasmodium infections within the ...

Building a Better Mosquito: Identifying the Genes Enabling Malaria and Dengue Fever Resistance in A. gambiae and A. aegypti Mosquitoes

In this interview, George Dimopoulos focuses on the physiological mechanisms used by mosquitoes to combat Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus infections.   Explanation is given for how key refractory genes, those genes conferring resistance to vector pathogens, are identified in the mosquito and how this knowledge can be used to generate transgenic mosquitoes that are unable to carry the malaria parasite or dengue virus.

In this interview, George Dimopoulos focuses on the physiological mechanisms used by mosquitoes to combat Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus infections. Explanation is given for how key refractory genes, those genes conferring resistance to vector pathogens, are identified in the mosquito and how this knowledge can be used to generate transgenic mosquitoes that are unable to carry the malaria parasite or dengue virus.

بناء عالم أفضل البعوض : تحديد الجينات تمكين الملاريا وحمى الضنك حمى المقاومة في الغامبية ألف وألف البعوض بعوض

In this interview, George Dimopoulos focuses on the physiological mechanisms used by mosquitoes to combat Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus ...

MISSION esiRNA for RNAi Screening in Mammalian Cells

RNA interference (RNAi) is a basic cellular mechanism for the control of gene expression. RNAi is induced by short double-stranded RNAs also known as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The short double-stranded RNAs originate from longer double stranded precursors by the activity of Dicer, a protein of the RNase III family of endonucleases. The resulting fragments are components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), directing it to the cognate target mRNA. RISC cleaves the target mRNA thereby reducing the expression of the encoded protein1,2,3. RNAi has become a powerful and widely used experimental method for loss of gene function studies in mammalian cells utilizing small interfering RNAs.
Currently two main methods are available for the production of small interfering RNAs. One method involves chemical synthesis, whereas an alternative method employs endonucleolytic cleavage of target specific long double-stranded RNAs by RNase III in vitro. Thereby, a diverse pool of siRNA-like oligonucleotides is produced which is also known as endoribonuclease-prepared siRNA or esiRNA. A comparison of efficacy of chemically derived siRNAs and esiRNAs shows that both triggers are potent in target-gene silencing. Differences can, however, be seen when comparing specificity. Many single chemically synthesized siRNAs produce prominent off-target effects, whereas the complex mixture inherent in esiRNAs leads to a more specific knockdown10.
In this study, we present the design of genome-scale MISSION esiRNA libraries and its utilization for RNAi screening exemplified by a DNA-content screen for the identification of genes involved in cell cycle progression. We show how to optimize the transfection protocol and the assay for screening in high throughput. We also demonstrate how large data-sets can be evaluated statistically and present methods to validate primary hits. Finally, we give potential starting points for further functional characterizations of validated hits.

Here we use a human esiRNA library in a high-throughput screen for genes involved in cell division. We demonstrate how to set up and conduct an esiRNA screens, as well as how to analyze and validate the results.

esiRNA بعثة لفحص رني في خلايا الثدييات

RNA interference (RNAi) is a basic cellular mechanism for the control of gene expression. RNAi is induced by short double-stranded RNAs also known as ...

Bacterial Delivery of RNAi Effectors: Transkingdom RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) represents a high effective mechanism for specific inhibition of mRNA expression. Besides its potential as a powerful laboratory tool, the RNAi pathway appears to be promising for therapeutic utilization. For development of RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapies, delivery of RNAi-mediating agents to target cells is one of the major obstacles. A novel strategy to overcome this hurdle is transkingdom RNAi (tkRNAi). This technology uses non-pathogenic bacteria, e.g. Escherichia coli, to produce and deliver therapeutic short hairpin RNA (shRNA) into target cells to induce RNAi. A first-generation tkRNAi-mediating vector, TRIP, contains the bacteriophage T7 promoter for expression regulation of a therapeutic shRNA of interest. Furthermore, TRIP has the Inv locus from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis that encodes invasin, which permits natural noninvasive bacteria to enter &beta;1-integrin-positive mammalian cells and the HlyA gene from Listeria monocytogenes, which produces listeriolysin O. This enzyme allows the therapeutic shRNA to escape from entry vesicles within the cytoplasm of the target cell. TRIP constructs are introduced into a competent non-pathogenic Escherichia coli strain, which encodes T7 RNA polymerase necessary for the T7 promoter-driven synthesis of shRNAs. A well-characterized cancer-associated target molecule for different RNAi strategies is ABCB1 (MDR1/P-glycoprotein, MDR1/P-gp). This ABC-transporter acts as a drug extrusion pump and mediates the "classical" ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype of human cancer cells which is characterized by a specific cross resistance pattern. Different ABCB1-expressing MDR cancer cells were treated with anti-ABCB1 shRNA expression vector bearing E. coli. This procedure resulted in activation of the RNAi pathways within the cancer cells and a considerable down regulation of the ABCB1 encoding mRNA as well as the corresponding drug extrusion pump. Accordingly, drug accumulation was enhanced in the pristine drug-resistant cancer cells and the MDR phenotype was reversed. By means of this model the data provide the proof-of-concept that tkRNAi is suitable for modulation of cancer-associated factors, e.g. ABCB1, in human cancer cells.

For development of RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapies, a novel strategy was developed, transkingdom RNAi (tkRNAi). This technology uses non-pathogenic bacteria to produce and deliver therapeutic short hairpin RNA (shRNA) into target cells. Here, tkRNAi was successfully applied for reversal of classical ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells.

البكتيرية تسليم المستجيبات رني : Transkingdom رني

RNA interference (RNAi) represents a high effective mechanism for specific inhibition of mRNA expression. Besides its potential as a powerful laboratory ...

RNAi Screening to Identify Postembryonic Phenotypes in C. elegans

C. elegans has proven to be a valuable model system for the discovery and functional characterization of many genes and gene pathways1. More sophisticated tools and resources for studies in this system are facilitating continued discovery of genes with more subtle phenotypes or roles. 
Here we present a generalized protocol we adapted for identifying C. elegans genes with postembryonic phenotypes of interest using RNAi2. This procedure is easily modified to assay the phenotype of choice, whether by light or fluorescence optics on a dissecting or compound microscope. This screening protocol capitalizes on the physical assets of the organism and molecular tools the C. elegans research community has produced. As an example, we demonstrate the use of an integrated transgene that expresses a fluorescent product in an RNAi screen to identify genes required for the normal localization of this product in late stage larvae and adults. First, we used a commercially available genomic RNAi library with full-length cDNA inserts. This library facilitates the rapid identification of multiple candidates by RNAi reduction of the candidate gene product. Second, we generated an integrated transgene that expresses our fluorecently tagged protein of interest in an RNAi-sensitive background. Third, by exposing hatched animals to RNAi, this screen permits identification of gene products that have a vital embryonic role that would otherwise mask a post-embryonic role in regulating the protein of interest. Lastly, this screen uses a compound microscope equipped for single cell resolution.

RNAi Screening to Identify Postembryonic Phenotypes in C. elegans

We describe a sensitized method to identify postembryonic regulators of protein expression and localization in C. elegans using an RNAi-based genomic screen and an integrated transgene that expresses a functional, fluorescently tagged protein.

[رني الفرز لتحديد الظواهر تال للمرحلة الجنينية في C. ايليجانس</em

C. elegans has proven to be a valuable model system for the discovery and functional characterization of many genes and gene pathways1. More sophisticated ...

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion rate. This method can be used to obtain a better understanding of the process of diuresis in insects and is especially useful in the study of diuresis in blood-feeding arthropods that are able to take up huge amounts of liquid in a single blood meal. 
This RNAi-mediated gene knockdown combined with an in vivo diuresis assay was developed by the Hansen lab to study the effects of RNAi-mediated knockdown of aquaporin genes on Aedes aegypti mosquito diuresis1. 
The protocol is setup in two parts: the first demonstration illustrates how to construct a simple mosquito injection device and how to prepare and inject dsRNA into the thorax of mosquitoes for RNAi-mediated gene knockdown. The second demonstration illustrates how to determine excretion rates in mosquitoes using an in vivo bioassay.

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

In this protocol we combine RNAi-mediated gene silencing with an in vivo diuresis assay to study the effects knockdown of genes of interest has on mosquito fluid excretion.

رني ضربة قاضية بوساطة الجينات و<em&gt; في الجسم الحي</em&gt; فحص إدرار البول في الإناث البالغات<em&gt; الزاعجة المصرية</em&gt; البعوض

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion ...

Endurance Training Protocol and Longitudinal Performance Assays for Drosophila melanogaster

One of the most pressing problems facing modern medical researchers is the surging levels of obesity, with the consequent increase in associated disorders such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease 1-3. An important topic of research into these associated health problems involves the role of endurance exercise as a beneficial intervention.
Exercise training is an inexpensive, non-invasive intervention with several beneficial results, including reduction in excess body fat 4, increased insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle 5, increased anti-inflammatory and antioxidative responses 6, and improved contractile capacity in cardiomyocytes 7. Low intensity exercise is known to increase mitochondrial activity and biogenesis in humans 8 and mice, with the transcriptional coactivator PGC1-&alpha; as an important intermediate 9,10. 
Despite the importance of exercise as a tool for combating several important age-related diseases, extensive longitudinal genetic studies have been impeded by the lack of an endurance training protocol for a short-lived genetic model species. The variety of genetic tools available for use with Drosophila, together with its short lifespan and inexpensive maintenance, make it an appealing model for further study of these genetic mechanisms. With this in mind we have developed a novel apparatus, known as the Power Tower, for large scale exercise-training in Drosophila melanogaster 11. The Power Tower utilizes the flies' instinctive negative geotaxis behavior to repetitively induce rapid climbing. Each time the machine lifts, then drops, the platform of flies, the flies are induced to climb. Flies continue to respond as long as the machine is in operation or until they become too fatigued to respond. Thus, the researcher can use this machine to provide simultaneous training to large numbers of age-matched and genetically identical flies. Additionally, we describe associated assays useful to track longitudinal progress of fly cohorts during training.

Endurance Training Protocol and Longitudinal Performance Assays for Drosophila melanogaster

We describe the first endurance training protocol for an important genetic model species, Drosophila melanogaster, and outline several assays to chart improvements in mobility following training.

التحمل بروتوكول التدريب والمقايسات الأداء الطولية لذبابة الفاكهة الدروسوفيلا

One of the most pressing problems facing modern medical researchers is the surging levels of obesity, with the consequent increase in associated disorders ...

A Multi-detection Assay for Malaria Transmitting Mosquitoes

The Anopheles gambiae species complex includes the major malaria transmitting mosquitoes in Africa. Because these species are of such medical importance, several traits are typically characterized using molecular assays to aid in epidemiological studies. These traits include species identification, insecticide resistance, parasite infection status, and host preference. Since populations of the Anopheles gambiae complex are morphologically indistinguishable, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is traditionally used to identify species. Once the species is known, several downstream assays are routinely performed to elucidate further characteristics. For instance, mutations known as KDR in a para gene confer resistance against DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. Additionally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) or Plasmodium parasite DNA detection PCR assays are used to detect parasites present in mosquito tissues. Lastly, a combination of PCR and restriction enzyme digests can be used to elucidate host preference (e.g., human vs. animal blood) by screening the mosquito bloodmeal for host-specific DNA. We have developed a multi-detection assay (MDA) that combines all of the aforementioned assays into a single multiplex reaction genotyping 33SNPs for 96 or 384 samples at a time. Because the MDA includes multiple markers for species, Plasmodium detection, and host blood identification, the likelihood of generating false positives or negatives is greatly reduced from previous assays that include only one marker per trait. This robust and simple assay can detect these key mosquito traits cost-effectively and in a fraction of the time of existing assays.

Malaria transmitting mosquitoes have a number of epidemiologically important characteristics that can only be detected using molecular techniques. Utilizing a MALDI-TOF based SNP genotyping platform, we developed an assay for simultaneously detecting multiple key traits (species, insecticide resistance, parasite infection and host choice) of malaria vectors.

مقايسة متعدد الكشف عن الملاريا بث البعوض

The Anopheles gambiae species complex includes the major malaria transmitting mosquitoes in Africa. Because these species are of such medical importance, ...